جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "black cumin" در نشریات گروه "زراعت"

Little is known about growth and cultivation of black cumin in cold winter regions of Iran. This research aimed to study the effect of sowing dates on agronomic and morph-physiologic traits of black cumin cultivated in Meshginshahr-Ardabil. The experiment was performed at the research farm of Meshginshahr College of Agriculture based on RCBD with three replications during 2021-2022. The seeds of black cumin were cultivated on four dates of sowing: 17 October, 22 December, 3 March, and 15 April. Results showed that the effects of the date of sowing were significant on grain and biological yield per plant, number of capsules as well as grain per plant. The highest values of these traits were observed in the fall and winter dates of sowing whereas the opposite was found in the spring date of sowing. Hundred-grain weight, test weight, and partitioning of dry matter to the different organs were not affected by the date of sowing. A positive and significant correlation was found between grain yield and biological yield per plant (r=0.96). Similarly, grain yield per plant correlated positively and significantly with the number of capsules (r=0.92) and grain per plant (r=0.96). No significant association was found between grain yield per plant and hundred-grain weight (r= –0.01), suggesting that grain yield in black cumin is regulated more by grain number than grain weight. According to the results, there is the possibility for autumn cultivation of black cumin in the area with cold winters. In case, the seedling of black cumin is established on time, they will be able to tolerate the freezing conditions.

In order to investigate the physiological responses of black cumin seed (Nigella sativa L.) under different concentrations of silver nanoparticles (0, 2.5, 5, 10, 20, 40, and 80 mg/L AgNPs), a completely randomized design experiment is conducted with 5 replications in the greenhouse of Shahed University in 2018. In the present study, growth traits, photosynthetic pigments, anthocyanins, proline content, glycine betaine, soluble and insoluble sugars, phenolic compounds and gas exchange, and fluorescence parameters of the photosynthetic apparatus are investigated. The results show that the AgNPs treatments significantly inhibit biomass production and the growth of root and shoot, decreasing the contents of chlorophyll a and b at high concentrations (20, 40 and 80 mg/L), while the AgNPs treatments increase the content of carotenoids, proline, glycine betaine, soluble sugars, anthocyanins, and phenolic compounds, compared to the control. By increasing the concentration of AgNPs, photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, the maximal quantum yield of PSII photochemistry, photochemical quenching coefficient, and effective quantum yield of PSII photochemistry decline. Measurement of fluorescence show strong evidence of inhibitory effects on energy transfer from light harvesting complexes to reaction centers, the deterioration of the PSII water splitting system and the inactivation of PSII reaction centers at high concentrations of AgNPs. In conclusion, the results demonstrate that AgNPs induce an inhibitory mechanism on photosynthetic processes and biomass of black seed plants.

There are some reports on seed development in medicinal plants, but no information has been reported in seed development of Nigella sativa. The purpose of this study was to investigate seed quality traits including time to maturity and physiological maturity, germination and dormancy changes in 14 different ecotypes of black cumin.

A randomized complete block design was conducted at the Aburaihan Campus of University of Tehran in 3 replications and 7 harvest times during two years of 2018 and 2019. Treatments were 14 native black cumin ecotypes (across Iran), germination temperature and post-flowering time during seed development on the mother plants. The studied traits included seed weight and moisture content and seed germination percentage during seed development. For germination test, a factorial experiment was conducted based on completely randomized design in three replicates which treatments consisted of different incubation temperatures and 14 ecotypes of N. sativa.

The results showed that the moisture content during development on the mother plants had a decreasing trend. In the first sampling, the highest percentage of moisture was observed in Arak ecotype and had a decreasing trend until harvest. At full maturity, seed moisture content in all ecotypes were less than 18%. Ecotypes of Zabol1, Bajestan, Sarayan, and Ashkedaz required the lowest time after flowering to reach their maximum seed weight, thus there was recommended for regions with short growing season. The Khaf ecotype with 2.3 mg seed weight had the highest weight and the Hamadan ecotype with 0.072 mg/day had the highest seed filling rate. In the ecotypes of Tafresh, Zabol2, Eghlid, Semirom, Arak, Hamadan, Razan, and Gerdmiran germination started 20 days after flowering and had an increasing trend until physiological maturity. In ecotypes such as Isfahan, Eshkezar, Zabol1, Sarayan, and Khaf germination started from 20 days after flowering and up to 30 days after flowering there was an increase in germination percentage, but after this time the percentage of germination decreased and reached zero until the full maturity, which in fact primary dormancy induced to the seeds.

Therefore, if the planting of seeds is done immediately after harvest, ecotypes of Tafresh, Zabol2, Eghlid, Semirom, Arak, Hamadan, Razan, Gerdmiran are suitable. Incubation temperature also showed that the highest germination percentage for all ecotypes was observed at 10 °C and decreased with increasing temperature and reached zero at 30 °C. Ecotypes of Hamadan, Semirom, Zabol1, Tafresh, and Gerdmiran had the highest germination percentage at 10 °C among the studied ecotypes. Therefore, dormancy in black cumin is probably Type 1 of nondeep physiological dormancy.

Drought stress is considered as one of the most important constraints to the crop production, including medicinal plants in many arid and semi-arid regions. This study was carried out to determine the most effective indices for drought tolerance and identification of tolerance genotypes under drought conditions in N. sativa. For this purpose, 36 genotypes of N. sativa were tested as a split plot experiment based on a randomized complete block design with three replications at Agricultural Research Field of Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran under two irrigation conditions (non- stress and drought stress) at 2017-2018. The results showed that there were significant differences among different genotypes in terms of all drought stress tolerance indices. A modest correlation was observed between grain yield under normal and stress conditions (R2 = 0.43). Grain yield showed a positive and significant correlation with all indices under normal conditions, except for yield stability index (YSI). The MP, GMP and STI had positive and significant correlations with grain yield under both normal and drought stress conditions. According to principal component analysis, the first component explained about 63% of the total variation, which was correlated positively with YP, MP, GMP, and STI indices. Therefore, MP, GMP and STI could be used to select drought-tolerant genotypes. Based on the high grain yield potential and high drought tolerance observed for Nige53, Nige59 and 38923 genotypes, these genotypes could be recommended for cultivation under drought stress conditions and further studies in breeding programs.

Water deficiency causes crop yield loss, especially in flowering and pollination stage. This investigation was conducted out as a field experiment in Agriculture Faculty of University of Mohaghegh Ardabili in 2018, to evaluate drought tolerance of ecotypes at flowering stage. All plots were arranged in split plots based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. The main factor of experiment included two irrigation levels (full irrigation and irrigation until flowering stage) and sub-factor consisted of 10 different ecotypes of black cumin. Analysis of variance showed that the effect of drought stress on all studied traits except flowering date was significant. Drought stress significantly reduced the mean of all traits except flowering date and oil percentage. Comparison of mean data showed that the highest grain yield and oil content were observed in Semirom and Kazemain ecotypes, respectively. Also, the highest 1000-grain weight was obtained and in Ardestan and Khomeini Shahr ecotypes at full irrigation. Based on the results of cluster analysis under drought stress condition, the studied ecotypes were divided into three groups. Ecotypes of third group including Khomeini Shahr, Semirom, Isfahan, Ardestan and Shahreza had higher yield and yield components than ecotypes in other groups. Therefore, these ecotypes were identified as high yielding and drought tolerant. Also, three-dimensional plots based on stress tolerance index (STI), yield stability index (YSI), yield under full irrigation (Yp) and end-season drought stress (Ys) showed that the ecotypes of Khomeini Shahr, Semirom, Isfahan, Shahreza and Ardestan are considered as superior ecotypes in both conditions.

Drought stress is one of the major factors limiting plants growth. Salicylic acid (SA) is a natural phenolic compound playing an important regulatory role in plant different processes. Studies have indicated that external application of SA increased plant tolerance to several abiotic stresses, including osmotic stress, drought, salinity, ozone or UV radiation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the interactive effects of different humidity regimes and application methods of SA on some physiological and biochemical parameters, grain yield and determination of the most suitable application method of salicylic acid in black cumin.

This study was conducted based on randomized complete design with factorial arrangement of treatment and three replications at Gonbad Kavous university research field in 2018 growing season. Different irrigation regimes at four levels including no irrigation (rainfed), once irrigation at flowering stage, once irrigation at grain filling stage and double irrigation at flowering and grain filling stages and salicylic acid factor at three levels including non- application (control), seed priming (with 0.5 mM concentration), foliar spraying (with 0.5 mM concentration) were studied. After applying of treatments, some traits including total chlorophyll content, antioxidant enzymes activity (catalase, peroxidase and ascorbate peroxidase), leaf relative water content, leaf water saturated deficiency, 1000 grain weight, grain yield, biological yield and harvest index were evaluated.

The results showed that interaction effects of irrigation and salicylic acid on all evaluated traits were significant except for biological yield. Salicylic acid foliar spraying increased activity of peroxidase and ascorbate peroxidase antioxidant enzymes in all irrigation treatments while not significantly affecting catalase enzyme activity. Means comparison revealed that the highest total chlorophyll content (26.2 mg/g FW), RWC (72.44%) and seed yield (1329 kg/ha) obtained from SA foliar spraying application and double irrigation treatment.

Results indicated that SA application especially foliar spraying activated antioxidant system and also improved plant moisture condition and chlorophyll content which finally resulted in enhanced growth and desirable yield under different humidity treatments. Therefore, application of SA can be introduced as an effective approach for regulation and decrease of stress effects and desirable yield production in areas subjected to water deficit.

In order to investigate the effect of plant density and phosphorus resources on yield and yield components of black cumin (Nigella sativa L.), medicinal plant, at dryland conditions, a split-plot experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted at Soil and Water Conservation Research Center, University of Tehran, located in kouhin dryland farms in Qazvin Province, Iran in 2016-2017. Phosphorus resources were chemical Phosphorus (150 kg/ha di-ammonium phosphate or control) (p1), 50% chemical Phosphorus + 50% biological Phosphorus (p2), biological Phosphorus Barvar II® alone (p3) and plant density levels were (d1)20, (d2) 30 and (d3)40 plants/m2. Results showed that interaction effect between plant density and phosphorus resource were significant on number of capsule per plant, number of grain per capsule, number of grain per plant, grain yield, biological yield and harvest index. Also number of grain per carpels was affected by phosphorus treatment, but the number of carpels per capsule and 1000 grain weight were not significant. The highest grain yield (206.25 kg/ha) was obtained from biological Phosphorus fertilizer application (P3) with 40 plants/m2 plant density and the lowest grain yield (42.34 kg/ha) was recorded for control (P1) treatment with 40 plants/m2 plant density. So, application of biological phosphorus and high plant density (40 plant/m2) had the highest grain yield however, chemical phosphorus (control) in high plant density produced the lowest grain yield.

Seed priming has been used to improve germination and to enhance seedling vigour of field crops especially under environmental stresses. The present research was designed in order to evaluate the advantage of seed priming with calcium and zinc on seed germination indices and seedling growth of black cumin under salt stress. For this purpose, a factorial experiment was carried out based on RCB design with four replicates. Experimental factors included five priming methods (non-priming control, priming with calcium nitrate, nano zinc oxide, calcium nitrate+nano zinc oxide and hydro-priming) and three salinity levels (0, 50 and 100 mM NaCl). In this experiment, seed germination indices, sodium, potassium and calcium content of seedlings and peroxidase activity of seedlings were measured. The results of the present research indicated that despite the inhibitory effect of salinity on black cumin seed germination and seedling growth characteristics, seed priming substantially alleviated the deleterious impacts of salt due to enhancement of prescribed parameters. When NaCl concentration increased, K and Ca contents of seedling was reduced and Na amount and guaiacol peroxidase activity was increased, while seed priming caused increase of K and Ca and decrease of Na under salinity. Among the applied priming methods, seed priming with calcium nitrate+nano zinc oxide had the highest efficacy and the best performance in ameliorating inhibition of measured parameters of black cumin induced by salt.

Organic production ensures the safety and security of medicinal plants products and drugs. To evaluate grain yield and quality of black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) in intercropping with chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) under organic farming condition, a field experiment was conducted using randomized complete block design with three replications on a filed located in Naghedeh,West Azerbaijan province, Iran, in 2012-2013. The planting ratios were 0:100, 25:75, 50:50, 75:25 and 100:0 (chickpea: black cumin) using replacement method. Results showed that different planting ratios had significant effect on studied traits in chickpea (except plant height and number of grain.pod-1) and black cumin (except essential oil content). In chickpea, the highest pod.plant-1, 1000 grain weight, biological and grain yield were obtained in sole cropping, however, the highest protein content (24.8%) was achieved in planting ratio of 25:75 (chickpea: black cumin). Results showed that in black cumin the highest follicule.plant-1, grain.follicule-1, biological yield, grain yield and essential oil yield were obtained in sole cropping, however, the tallest plant height and the most heavy1000 grain weight were obtained in planting ratio of 75:25 (chickpea: black cumin). There was no significant difference between treatments in essential oil content. The highest LER values (1.45) were obtained in planting ratio of 25:75 (chickpea: black cumin). This means that grain yield in intercropping improved by 45% as compared with sole cropping. According to the grain yield and LER, it seems that 75% black cumin + 25% chickpea was suitable for increasing the income of farmers and land use efficiency.

In order to investigate the effect of planting date on qualitative and quantitative characteristics of medicinal plant of black cumin was investigated in a split plot experiment based on randomized complete block design with four replications at Khomeini – shahr, in the province of Isfahan, Iran, during growing season of 2009-2010. In this study India and Isfahan populations were assigned to main plots and four sowing date (16 Nov, 16 Dec, 6 Mar and 4 Apr) to sub plots. The results indicated that planting date, populations and their interactions had significant effect on most of the traits measured. It was also observed that the two populations were significantly different in phenological, morphological and qualitative characteristics. Isfahan population due to its compatibility to the climate of Isfahan produced highest seed yield and oil percent than the Indian population at 6 Mar. planting date. Also, late planting date resulted in reduced values of most of the traits related to yield and yield components. It was also observed that highest dry matter, manganese, sodium, calcium and zinc contents were obtained from the Isfahan and highest content of ash, potassium, phosphorus, magnesium, copper and iron from Indian populations. It may conclude that if it is aimed to have higher seed yield and oil percent it is better to plant Isfahan population at the second and third and Indian population at the third planting dates.

In order to evaluate the effect of priming on germination of Black cumin under different levels of salinity, a factorial experiment on base of completely randomized design was conducted with three replications. The main factors consisted of five levels of priming (osmopraiming with KNO3 (1 and 3%), salicylic acid (SA) (0.2 and 0.5 mM) and a hydropriming)) and four salinity levels (zero, 75, 125 and 175 mM of NaCl), respectively. With out Stress condition, the highest percentage and rate of germination was obtained by 3% KNO3 priming and the highest length and weight of shoot and rootlet and seed vigor by hydropriming. In saline with 75 mM NaCl, 1% KNO3 priming resulted to increase in rate and percentage of germination and seed reserves were consumed. Maximum shoot length and seed vigor were also associated to hydropriming and priming with 0.5 mM (SA) had more shoot weight and conversion efficiency of seed reserves. With increasing salt concentration to 125 mM, 3% KNO3 priming improved germination, vigor, and shoot and rootlet length. Priming with 0.5 mM (SA) had more weight of transferred reserves and in 0.2 mM (SA) priming the highest shoot weight was observed. At the highest level of salinity (175 mM NaCl), priming with 3% KNO3, showed a higher shoot length, vigor and weight of rootlet. The highest germination percentage was observed with the use hydropriming. Maximum weight of consumption seed reserves was belonge to 0.5 mM SA, and 0.2 mM SA, showed higher shoot and rootlet length and weight.

Effects of water stress on plants are complex and depend on the developmental stage and their growth stages. Limitation of the amount of moisture in the soil will be adversely affected plants yield through reductions in photosynthesis, leaf area production, nutrient absorption and assimilates transportation to grains. To evaluate effects of water stress applied at various growth stages combined with different nitrogen fertilizer amounts on grain yield, yield components, essential oil and thymoquinone content of Black Cumin (Nigella Sativa L.) a split plot experiment based on RCBD was conducted with three replications in 2011 at Agricultural Research Station, Zahak, located at 20 km south of Zabol. Water stress was considered as the main plot and stress treatments were created by withholding irrigation at different plant growth stages including: W1 (control), W2 (withholding irrigation at stem elongation stage until flowering), W3 (withholding irrigation at flowering stage until the beginning of grain filling) and W4 (withholding irrigation at flowering stage until the termination of grain filling) and four levels of nitrogen fertilizer including N1 (control), N2 (30 kg N.ha-1), N3 (60 kg N.ha-1) and N4 (90 kg N.ha-1) were assigned as sub plots. Results showed that water stress imposed at each growth stage led to a reduction in grain yield of Nigella Sativa. The maximum reduction rate (about 40.9%) was observed at W4 treatment. Water stress significantly reduced the biological yield, number of branches per plant, number of follicles per plant, number of seeds per follicle, number of seeds per plant and 1000- seed weight, whereas significantly increased the essential oil and thymoquinone contents. The maximum impact on all these traits was observed at W4 treatment. Among the nitrogen levels, N3 had the greatest impact on yield, yield components, essential oil percentage and thymoquinone in Nigella Sativa. In this experiment, interaction effect between water stress and nitrogen had only significant impact on essential oil and seed thymoquinone content, while it had no significant effect on all other studied traits. The maximum amount of essential oil and thymoquinone was obtained at W4N3 treatment.

In order to investigate the effect of micronutrients foliar application and irrigation regimes on black cumin, a field experiment was carried out in Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center of Bojnord, Iran, in 2009. The experiment was conducted as split plots in randomized complete blocks design with 3 replications. Irrigation regime included: 7, 14 and 21-day irrigation intervals as main factor and sub-plots included micronutrients foliar application in five treatments: No-foliar application (control), Zn foliar application with concentration of 3‰, B foliar application with concentration of 2‰, Fe foliar application with concentration of 4‰, and mixture of the three elements. Results showed that the effect of irrigation regime on 1000-seed weight, seed yield, and the percentage and yield of essential oils was significant. By increasing the irrigation interval, all of the above mentioned traits were decreased, except the essential oils percentage that was increased. Also, micronutrients foliar application affected seed yield, Fe, Zn and B concentration, and the percentage and yield of essential oils. Interaction between irrigation regime and micronutrients foliar application on percentage of essential oils showed significant effects. Maximum seed yield was obtained from 7-day irrigation regime and foliar application with a mixture of the three elements. Besides, maximum essential oils percentage was observed in interaction of 21-day irrigation regime and foliar application with a mixture of the three elements. Therefore, it appears that foliar application of micronutrients, along with proper irrigation interval, increases the seed yield and qualitative traits in black cumin.

In order to study the effects of water stress and different amounts of sulfur fertilizer on grain yield, nutrient status and chlorophyll content in black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) a field experiment as split plot design with three replications was conducted at Ghaen city in 2009. Treatments included three levels of irrigation after 50, 100 and 150 mm evaporation from Class A pan as main plot and four levels of sulfur fertilizer including 0, 75, 150 and 225 kg/ha from bentonite-sulfur source as sub-plot. Statistical analysis of the results showed that water stress has significant effect on grain yield and essential oil of black cumin. At the level of 150 mm evaporation from Class A pan, the grain yield decreased by 22.8% and essential oil by 27.6%. Application of 225 kg/ha sulfur fertilizer increased grain yield up to 7.2%. Water stress and sulfur fertilizer treatments had only significant effect on chlorophyll a content. However, water stress decreased chlorophyll a content, but sulfur fertilizer application up to 225 kg/ha increased the content of chlorophyll a. In this study, water stress decreased potassium content in black cumin leaves, but increased the sodium and calcium accumulation. Although application of sulfur fertilizer affected significantly the potassium and magnesium contents in shoots, but did not have significant effect on sodium and calcium contents.

Black cumin (Nigella sativa) belongs to Ranunculaceae family, is one of the most useful medicinal plants which grows wildly in some region of Iran inclucling; Kermanshah. Considering the importance of this medicinal plant, a study with main objective of determination of phonological development cycle of the plant, and to find the best row spacings, was carried out in 2000 in the Faculty of Agriculture of the University of Razi, Kermanshah, Iran. Effect of four row spacings (40, 50, 60 and 70 cm) were studied using randomized complete block design with four replications. The measured traits were as follows; plant height, the number of follicle per plant, the number of seeds per follicle, 1000 kernel weight, biological yield, grain yield, harvest index, oil, and essence percentage. Mean comparison for grain yield, using Duncan Multiple Range Test, revealed that when the seeds were planted in 40 centimeters row spacing, the grain yield was highest (660 Kg/ha), and was significantly different when compared with means of the other treatments. The average oil and essence percentages of seeds in this study were 28% and 0.148%, respectively.