جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « efficiency » در نشریات گروه « زراعت »

The competition between weeds and sugar beets for essential resources ultimately impacts the sugar beets yield and quality. Hence, it is crucial to implement effective weed control measures to preserve the desired yield and quality of sugar beets. To assess the impact of various cultivation and weed control methods on weed control effectiveness, a study was conducted using split plots in a randomized complete block design with four replications over two consecutive crop years, 2021 and 2022, in Karaj. The findings revealed significant year-to-year variations affecting product yield and quality. The interaction between the year and cultivation method notably influenced molasses sugar, K+, and alpha amino N. The primary impact of weed control was observed solely on weed fresh weight. Its interaction with the year's environmental conditions affected root yield, sugar content, Na+, K+, alpha amino N, white sugar yield, extraction efficient of sugar, molasses sugar, and leaf area index. Additionally, the interaction of weed control with cultivation method and year conditions significantly influenced sugar content, K+, extraction efficient of sugar, and molasses sugar. Notably, manual weeding and herbicide spraying led to improved weed control, resulting in a suitable sugar beet yield. In conclusion, the study underscores the pivotal role of weed control in determining both the quantitative and qualitative yield of sugar beets.

In order to investigate the effects of mycorrhizal fungus and superabsorbent on growth traits and yield components of maize under water stress conditions, this study was conducted in Hamadan province in the crop year 2019. In this experiment, low irrigation treatments including optimal irrigation (irrigation at 3-bar soil water potential), moderate drought stress (irrigation at 7-bar soil water potential) and severe drought stress (irrigation at 11-bar soil water potential) as the main factor and Mycorrhizal and superabsorbent polymer biofertilizer and their combination with non-consumption of mycorrhiza and superabsorbent as a sub-factor, were studied in factorial split plot experiment based on a randomized complete block design. The studied traits included plant height, leaf area index, ear length, ear periphery, row number per ear, number of seeds per row, 100 seed weight, grain yield, biological yield and harvest index. The results showed that all growing traits and yield were significantly affected by superabsorbent and mycorrhizal application. By increasing the drought stress intensity, the growth and yield components decreased, but the decrease was significantly lower in comparison to application of mycorrhiza and superabsorbent polymer. The use of mycorrhiza and superabsorbent in severe stress condition could increase biological yield by about 12% and 22% as compared with control. Lowest grain yield (4.25 t/ha) was obtained by severe stress without application of bio-fertilizer and superabsorbent.

Species diversity of natural enemies of Eurygaster integriceps Puton, 1881 (Hemiptera: Scutelleridae), and percent parasitism of egg parasitoids of sunn pest were studied in three regions, Saveh, Shahriyar and Qom. Upon the results of faunistic surveys, five species of Tachinidae (Diptera) including, Phasia crassipennis (Fabricius, 1794), Phasia subcoleopterata (Linnaeus, 1794), Ectophasia rubra (Girschner, 1888), Elomya lateralis (Meigen, 1824), Gymnosoma desertorum (Rohdendorf, 1947), and seven species of egg parasitoids, Trissolcusbasalis (Wollaston, 1858), Trissolcus grandis Thomson, 1861, Trissolcus pseudoturesis (Ryakhovskii, 1959), Trissolcus manteroi (Kieffer, 1909), Telenomus chloropus (Thomson, 1861),Trissolcus semistriatus (Nees, 1834) (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae), and Ooencyrtustelenomicida (Vassiliev, 1904) (Encyrtidae) were collected and identified. In Saveh, T. semistriatus and T. grandis were the dominant species which the highest percent parasitisms were 24.39% in 19th May 2015 for T. semistriatus and 21.42% in 27th May 2015 for T. grandis. In Shahriyar, T. semistriatuswas the dominant and its hieghst percent parasitism was obtained 13.41% in 18th May 2015. In Qom, T. basalis, as the dominant species, showed 19.74% percent parasitism in 22th May 2015.

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the most important grain products in the world which is the main food of the people in many parts of the world and provides about 20% of the calories needed by the world population. The late stages of wheat growth in the Mediterranean regions are usually accompanied by drought stress. Supplemental irrigation is one of the appropriate strategies to reduce the damaging effects of drought stress and improve yield and sustainability. Nitrogen is the most important nutrient in rainfed farming after wheat planting is the most important tool available to increase yield. Nitrogen fertilizer application to soil at late vegetative stage may not be appropriate due to dry soil surface and reduced root activity, Therefore Nitrogen spraying can be used as a quick and efficient way to meet plant nutrition due to its advantages such as faster and more uptake by the plant.

In order to study the effect of supplemental irrigation and different rates of urea fertilizer and urea foliar application on dry matter remobilization, yield and yield components and Grain protein contents experimental wheat in split –split plot in randomized complete block design with three replications It was designed and implemented in the research farm of Kurdistan University in 2016-2017. Treatments included irrigation levels (no irrigation and irrigation at booting stage) as main factor, three dry wheat cultivars (Rejaw, Sardari and Azar 2) as sub factor of different rates of nitrogen fertilizer (50 kg urea in fall (A), A + 50 kg urea in the spring (B) and B + foliar solution (20 kg urea in the booting stage) were used as a sub-factor. The studied traits included leaf dry matter, stem + leaf pod and spike in flowering and ripening stages, leaf dry matter remobilization, stem + leaf pod and panicle seed, total soil remobilized dry matter, soil yield. Dry leaf remobilization, stem + leaf pod and pod straw, total remobilization efficiency, remobilization share in grain yield, spike number per square meter, spike number per grain, 1000-grain weight, biological yield, yield, harvest index and grain protein content.Leaf dry matter, stem + Sheath dry matter and spike dry matter in flowering and maturity stages, leaf dry matter remobilization, stem + Sheath dry matter, Chaff dry matter, total dry matter remobilized, leaf,, stem + sheath, chaff and total dry matter remobilization efficiency, remobilization share in grain yield, spike number per square meter, kernals per spike, 1000-grain weight, biological yield, yield, harvest index and grain protein content were measured.                                                        

Results showed that the amount of stem + sheath, dry matter at flowering and maturity, leaf, stem + sheath, spike remobilization dry matter, total remobilization, stem+ sheath remobilization efficiency, remobilization share in grain yield, weight Spike, kernals per spike, 1000-grain weight, yield and biological yield were affected by supplemental irrigation.Among cultivars in terms of stem + sheath and chaff dry matter at flowering and maturity, leaf, stem + Sheath, spike remobilized dry matter, total remobilization, leaf remobilization efficiency, remobilization share in grain yield, weight Spike, kernals per spike, 1000-grain weight, yield, biological yield, harvest index and grain protein were different. Rejaw cultivar had more grain number per spike and yield than Azar2 and Sardari.Different rates of nitrogen fertilizer had a significant effect on stem + sheath, spike and total dry matter remobilization efficiency and remobilization share on grain yield.Supplemental irrigation at the booting stage increased dry matter stored in stem + sheath and increased the amount of remobilized dry matter during grain filling.Irrigation at booting stage increased grain yield by 12.4%. Increasing urea fertilizer and urea foliar application at the end of growth stages increased plant yield and grain quality by providing more nitrogen and stay-green.

Accumulation of nitrogen in vegetative organs and its translocation to grain of wheat are important processes that determine the yield and quality. In order to investigate the effect of supplemental irrigation nitrogen fertilizer on dry matter remobilization, yield and yield components of three wheat cultivars a split-split plot experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with 3 replications at Research Field of Kurdistan University, Sanandaj, west of Iran, during 2016-2017. Treatments were two levels of Irrigation (rainfed and irrigation at the booting stage) as main-plots, three rainfed cultivars (Sardari, Azar2, and Rejaw) as subplot and three rates of nitrogen (50 kg/ha N (N1), 100 kg/ha N (N2) and 100 kg/ha N plus 20 kg/ha N (N3) foliar application in Heading stage) as sub-subplot. The results showed that supplementary irrigation increased the concentration of leaf chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, proline, and glycine betaine and decreased the electrolyte leakage. Supplemental irrigation also increased leaf nitrogen, chaff and total nitrogen content at flowering stage. Rejaw cultivar had the highest leaf nitrogen remobilization efficiency and the lowest total nitrogen remobilization efficiency. N1 fertilizer treatment led to the lowest concentration of leaf chlorophyll a and b, proline, glycine betaine, and nitrogen, and stem, chaff and total nitrogen in both flowering and maturity stages. Nitrogen remobilization was affected by supplementary irrigation and different rates of nitrogen fertilizer. It seems that supplementary irrigation in the booting stage leads to an increase in nitrogen content in the vegetative organs, which is transferred to the grain during the seed filling stage.

The study carried out to measure the impact of different tillage methods and the rate of crop residue on soil characteristics, yield and yield components of barley. Excessive traditional tillage and residue removal practices caused to soil erosion and physical, chemical and biological degradation. As a result, improved or new varieties of crops (such as barley) as well as the use of other inputs are not able to deliver their potential contribution. Recently, many concerned farmers have begun to adopt and adapt improved crop management practices that lead towards the ultimate vision of sustainable farming. The term Conservation Agriculture (CA) removes the emphasis from the tillage component and addresses an enhanced concept of the complete agricultural system; it involves major changes in many aspects of the farm cropping operation. Normally starting CA with reduced or zero tillage, it progresses to the retention of adequate levels of crop residue on the soil surface, then to appropriate crop/cultivar selection and rotations.
This experiment using a split-plot design based on randomized complete block with 3 replications was conducted at agricultural research station of Gonabad during 2012-13 growing seasons. Main factor was 3 tillage methods (conventional tillage (CT), reduced tillage (RT) and no tillage (NT)) allocated to main plots and 3 residue management (Zero (R0), 30% (R1) and 60% (R2) of residue retention) were assigned in sub plots.
Results showed that the highest level of potassium (K) was obtained from (NT) treatment and under this treatment the amounts of pH and EC were decreased. In addition, under residue management treatments the amounts of EC was decreased and the amounts of phosphorus (P) and K were increased. Furthermore, the nutrition use efficiency (NUE) of nitrogen (N), P and K, were higher in NT treatment in comparison with the other tillage treatments. Interaction effects of NT with 0% of residue (R0) had higher level of agronomic efficiency of nitrogen. On the other hand, different tillage methods and the rate of residue management had no significant effects on biological yield (BY), grain yield (GY), and harvest index (HI). The highest and the lowest level of BY were obtained from NT (8500 kg. ha-1) and RT (with 7470 kg. ha-1) treatments, respectively. The highest amount of BY (8398 kg. ha-1) were obtained from retention of 30% residue (R1) and the highest amount of GY (5224 kg. ha-1) from R0 treatment. The highest BY (9122 kg. ha-1) were obtained from NT retention of 60% residue treatment (R2). The highest of GY (3897 kg. ha-1) and harvest index (HI) were related to NT R0 treatments. Finally, change in tillage method from conventional to conservation (no tillage) had no significant effects on yield and yield components of barley. Moreover, increasing of crop residue had positive effect on increasing amount of P and K and decreasing of soil EC.

Rice can be irrigated like wheat and corn as an aerobic plant (1 and 3). Studies show that at certain stages of plant development, materials development, production photosynthetic processes are surplus to requirements. This material is for Ghyrsakhtmany compounds in plant vegetative organs such as stems, pods and leaves are stored and to pursue the establishment of a strong physiological destinations, during remobilization to the grain moves (2). Potential remobilization is a physiologically acceptable index to a variety of factors including genotype and lack of water or too dependent (4). With regard to water crisis, it’s essential to increase knowledge level and awareness about water tension loss. This study aims at realization of this purpose and reducing the negative effects of water tension. An experiment Was carried out Study of irrigation regimes on rice genotypes remobilization and grain yield of Khuzestan province in a split-plot arrangement using randomized comlete bloks design with three replication in 2014 and 2015 cropping seasons at Shavoor Agricultural Research Station, Dependent in Research Center of Agricultural and Natural Resources of Khuzestan. For exposing rice genotypes to Four different irrigation regimes (1, 3, 5 and 7 days), and 12 genotypes were randomized in sub-plots. The combined analysis results showed that all of these attributes among different irrigation regimes, genotype and interaction of two factors have significant difference, at the level of five percent and in property remobilization efficiency, between the irrigation regimes and this story was true for other levels and the qualities at one percent level. And only in the interaction of two factors of irrigation regime and total genotype distribution, no statistically significant difference was observed. The amount of remobilization, apart from the leave that saw decrease from Flood irrigation regime to 3-day period, in the other organs saw increase and then by increasing the number of decreasing irrigation intervals, according to the dry matter of organs. Regarding the efficiency of remobilization, apart from the leave that experienced a decreasing trend from flood irrigation regime to 5-day irrigation period, and then in 7-day irrigation period it experienced an increasing trend, while stem experienced a totally an inverse trend. The share of Leaves in redistribution share of three-day irrigation frequency decreased and then increased with increasing and decreasing irrigation, in a way that inverse share of stem and total had the largest share under the condition of increased drought around the plant by seven- day irrigation period. And the ability and difference of leave source could be the reason for its being different from the other organs. Probably due to low tank volume and reduced ability to produce the active tank, the main factor is reducing the amount of supply, efficiency and contribution of remobilization in irrigation regimes. Correlation coefficients show that grain yield with greatest average of 6555.10 kg per hectare in second irrigation regime with three-day irrigation period in the genotype IR 81025-B-327-3. Biggest significant and positive correlation was with panicle redistribution (0.207**), stem (0.136*) and total (0.129*) but the other attributes had negative correlation with the grain yield. According to the results stem maximum value, efficiency and remobilization of dry matter in the main sink plant, The genotypes with greater resistance and frequency of irrigation regimes with one, three and five days filling an important role in providing seed, and this could be one of the reasons for the superior yield of these genotypes is under irrigation

In order to study the effect of intercropping and sole cropping of barley (Abidar cultivar) with broad leaf vetch (Line 2561) under conditions of used compost on yield of dry forage and utility indices, this experiment in cropping years 2014-15 and 2015-16 was conducted with four levels of compost (control, 20, 40 and 60 ton.ha-1) and five levels of complementary components of intercropping, 100:0 (sole cropping of broad leaf vetch), 40:100 (broad leaf vetch: barley), 70:100, 100:100 and 0:100 (sole cropping of barley) in additive series intercropping in dry land conditions of khorramabad in the college of Agriculture of Lorestan University in the form of factorial in RCBD with three replicates. Results showed that biomass produced in the interaction control×100:40 (broad leaf vetch: barley) in the first and second years, was equal to 5.03 and 5.28 ton.ha-1 and the second year was 4.77 percent lead. The results showed that by increasing the use of compost (40 and 60 ton.ha-1) and broad leaf vetch seed ratio (100: 100), Total Land Equivalent Ratio (TLER) to 2 and even more than it does the desire, Area Time Land Equivalent Ratio (ATER), in all interactions of year×compost×intercropping, was more than 1 (ATER> 1). The max of Land Use Efficiency (LUE) of barley was obtained in the seed ratio of 100:100 and at all levels of the compost and the lowest The E in the first and second year was belonged to the interaction of control×40:100 that was equal to 1.25 and 1.26, respectively.

In this study, the pattern and efficiency of energy consumption for wheat production was investigated through data envelopment analysis in Chardavol Township, Ilam Province. The results showed that among the energy inputs, fuel energy, seed and Ness fertilizer with respective percent of 48, 22 and 19 had the highest and work force energy, pesticide and oil with respective percent of 24, 45 and 64 had the lowest share was among inputs energy. The average oftotal Entranceenergy input and output for producingdry farming wheat in the region were 10532.90 MJ/ha-1 and 31568.98 MJ/ha-1 respectively. The meanof energy ratio, energy productivity, energy intensity and net surplus energy were 3.04, %13 kg/MJ-1, 8.21 MJ/kg-1 and 21036.07 MJ/ha-1 respectively. The share of direct and indirect, form the total consuming energy were %49/15 and %51/85 respectively. Farmers’ efficiency was calculated through data envelopment analysis (DEA) in CCR and BCC models using EMS software. Technical efficiency, pure technical efficiency and scale efficiency were %88, %97 and %91 respectively. The amount of input energy optimizedby the return model to the scale variablewas 8397.37 MJ/ha-1. The amount of total savable energy in the current condition of the studied region was %17.97 in the BCC model.

Considering modifications in the usual alfalfa planting pattern is critical for expansion of alfalfa seed and forage dual-purpose cultivation idea between seed growers so that, an experimental design based on randomized block design run in two years 2013 and 2014 in Zanjan province. Four planting patterns including hand-spreading, 25, 50 and 75 cm row spacing put on the main plots and three seeding rates including 10, 20 and 30 kg/ha put on the subplots. Results of combined analysis revealed that highest dry forage yield produced from 25 and 50 cm row spacing which had not meaningful difference with each other. The same results happened for seed rates of 20 and 30 kg/ha which had the highest dry yield. Germination as a seed quality index was not affected by planting pattern and seeding rate. But seed weight produced from 10 kg/ha seeding rate was heavier than other treatments. Economic value of dry forage was higher in 25 and 50 cm row spacing and 20 to 30 kg/ha seeding rate which were the same as each other. Based on these results, the highest economic value of alfalfa dual-purpose forage and seed production acquired from planting pattern 50 cm row spacing and 10kg/ha seeding rate and may use for alfalfa seed stand establishment as a recommendation

To investigate the effect of nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients from organic and chemical fertilizers sources, on their efficiency in purslane, a field experiment based on complete randomized block design was conducted at the Research Farm of Shahrekord University in 2014. Treatments were 13 t.ha-1 broiler litter (T1), 14.4 t.ha-1 broiler litter (T2), 39 t.ha-1 cattle manure (T3), 16.8 t.ha-1 cattle manure 150 kg.ha-1 urea (T4), four chemical fertilizer levels equivalent to organic manure treatments, 260 kg.ha-1 urea 뚸ꦕ super phosphate, respectively (T5), 287 kg.ha-1 urea triple super phosphate, respectively (T6), 260 kg.ha-1 urea triple super phosphate, respectively (T7), 260 kg.ha-1 urea triple super phosphate, respectively (T8) and control (T0). The results showed that T2 treatment produced 8345 kg.ha-1 of dry matter as compared with those of other fertilizer treatments (P

In this study technological gap ratio of different sizes of saffron farms were analyzed using the concept of metafrontier function that estimated with data envelopment analysis. For this purpose, information of 81 farmers that were interviewed with simple random sampling in 2014 was used. Samples collected from saffron farmers were divided into three sizes; small, medium and large.The results of estimating group technical efficiency showed that mean technical efficiency for selected provinces varies between 0.86 and 0.90. This implies that, there are possibilities for either increasing total production of saffron using the same inputs or decreasing input for the current level of saffron production or a mixture of both by filling the gap between the best producer and other producers. The result of technological gap showed that large farms had a better technical performance and in comparison with small and medium farms the large farms had a higher technological gap ratio. In addition the age of farmer, ownership, number of years of experience in saffron farming were positively and significantly associated with technical efficiency of saffron production in the study area. Farmers having production problem in saffron production would have statistically lower level of technical efficiency as compared to those did not have production problem. This study suggested that training programs to accelerate farmer experience and immediate farmer's problem-solving program as measures to increase technical efficiency in saffron production.

Current study aimed at determining the most reliable drought tolerant criteria for identification of sugar beet genotypes. A split plot design based on randomized complete block design with three replications was applied at Motahari Research Station, Karaj, Iran in 2012. Two irrigation treatments including normal irrigation after 80-90 mm and irrigation after 270 mm evaporation (stress condition) from class A evaporation pan were allocated to main plots and 36 sugar beet genotypes to sub-plots. Stress susceptibility index (SSI), harmonic mean (Harm), tolerance (TOL), mean productivity (MP), yield stability (YSI), drought response (DRI), stress tolerance (STI), geometric mean productivity (GMP), yield index (YI), drought resistance (DI), modified stress tolerance (MSTI), stress non-stress production (SNPI), abiotic tolerance index (ATI), stress susceptibility percentage (SSPI), relative decrease in yield (RDY) indices were estimated. According to the abovementioned criteria, genotypes 3, 35, 32, 5, 34, 13, 26, and 36 with high yield under both normal and stress conditions were ranked in group A. Comparison of the 16 indices showed that GMP, Harm, MSTI (based on K2STI), SNPI, STI, YI and YS indices could identify the group A genotypes accurately. However, the results of correlation coefficient between drought tolerance indices and raw sugar yield under normal and stress conditions showed the indices SSPI, ATI, MP, TOL, GMP, STI, RDY, Harm, YI, SNPI and DI as superior criteria.

In order to study the effect of integrated chemical and biological fertilizer in competition with weeds on accumulation and remobilization of dry matter, a field study was conducted at 2010-2011 in Agricultural Faculty of Shahid Chamran University of Ahwaz. The experimental design was split-plot based on randomized complete block with 3 replications. The main plot included 5 integrated nutrient managements and the sub-plot also included 3 competitions intensity. Lengths and dry weight of main stem internodes and dry matter remobilization efficiency were calculated. Our results showed dry matter accumulation and translocation efficiency was changed by changing the chemical fertilizer ratio in integrated treatments. The treatment of 50% chemical fertilizer with biological fertilizer had the highest translocation efficiency (43/30), percent of dry matter translocation (51/10), and also, dry matter translocation (2/09). Different integrated nutrient management treatments had higher effect on dry matters translocation efficiency than weed competition treatments. In addition, weight changed more than length in all 3 types of stem internodes. Finally, our results showed that integrated VS. biological methods had more consisted sitvation for wheat in ternods characters.

In order to comparison of different mechanical control methods of weed of rice field, a field experiment was carried out in Babol city- during 2011. The experiment in the basis of randomized complete block design with four treatments in three replications including powered weeder, conoweeder weeder, hand weeding and no weeding were used. Number of weeds was counted before and after weeding. There was significant effect among treatments on grain yield, weeding efficiency, number and dry weight of weeds after weed control. There was not any significant different between powered and conoweeder weeder regarding weeding efficiency, while there was significant different with hand weeding treatment. Number and dry weight of weeds forhand weeding was least. Average field capacity for powered weeder was 0.025 ha/h. Regarding economical considerations, powered weeder and hand weeding had the highest (5.86 percent) and least (1.68 percent) efficiency respectively. Therefore, treatments were ranked from powered weeder, conoweeder weeder and powered weeder, respectively.

Various additive and substitutive series of mixed intercropping of maize (Zea mays L.) with broad bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) was compared in a growing season (2007-2008) at the Agricultural Research Field of Ferdowsi University, in Mashhad, Iran. The treatments were sole maize and sole broad bean at their optimum density, and additive and substitutive series of them (%) including 50:50, 50:100, 50:150, 100:50, 100:100, 100:150, 150:50 and 150:100 (maize:bean). A randomized complete block design replicated three times was used. Mixed cropping was significant for grain yields of each crop species. The highest total grain yield, maize yield equivalent (MYE), land equivalent ratio (LER) and system productivity index (SPI) were obtained when maize plants were mixed at a rate of 150% with full and 50% seed rate of broad bean relative to their optimum densities (i.e. 150:50 and 150:100). Also, these treatments were superior in terms of relative crowding coefficient (RCC or K) compared with the others. According to the aggressivity index (A), with increasing the proportion of each component in intercropping, the aggressivity was escalated and dominance occurred. All in all, it is inferred that mixed intercropping of maize with broad bean at a density of more than 150% of the sole maize density (i.e. 150:100) may give better overall yield and income than sole culture of each crop species.