جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « spike » در نشریات گروه « زراعت »

Wheat is one of the most widely used crops in Iran and the world, which provides about 60 to 70% of human food energy. In sustainable soil management, in addition to soil fertility, it is also important to maintain the balance of its nutrients. In general, reducing the use of chemical fertilizers is necessary to maintain yield and maintain the beneficial properties of the soil, as well as to contribute to the sustainable production of wheat as a strategic product of the country. For this purpose, this study was conducted to investigate the effect of combined use of organic fertilizers and phosphorus on wheat properties and the purpose of reducing the use of chemical fertilizers in order to maintain yield and maintain useful soil properties and ultimately protect the environment.

This experiment was carried out in a field located in Sarbisheh city in 2020 year using Arg wheat cultivar as a split plot and based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. In this study, the application of organic fertilizer at 5 levels in the main plots before planting and the use of phosphorus based on soil test at 4 levels in the sub-plots was done simultaneously with planting with a tiller. In this experiment, plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, plant dry weight, number of tillers, number of spikes per plant, grain yield and protein percentage were measured.

The highest plant height was related to the level of non-application of phosphorus fertilizer and the level of 20 tons per hectare of local compost with a 32.8% increase compared to the control level. It was observed that in the interaction of organic fertilizer and phosphorus fertilizer, the highest leaf area of wheat was related to the level of 20 tons of local compost fertilizer combined with 100% phosphorus fertilizer. It was found that the highest plant dry weight was 20 tons per hectare of local compost, which caused a 50% increase in this trait compared to the control. Also, in the treatment of phosphorus fertilizer, it was found that the highest amount of plant dry weight at the level of 100% of the recommended amount was 4.48 g, which was 34.5% higher than the control level. The interaction of the two factors tested showed that the highest number of tillers was related to the level of 150 kg of phosphorus fertilizer and the level of 20 tons per hectare of local compost, which caused an increase of 1.3 times compared to the control level. The level of 25 tons of manure per hectare increased the number of spikes per plant by 13.7% compared to the control. Also, the level of 20 tons of local compost increased this trait by 15.6% compared to the control. The simple effect of phosphorus fertilizer was observed that the levels of 150 and 100 kg / ha had the highest number of spikes. Phosphorus fertilizer treatment showed that the highest grain yield at the level of 150 kg / ha was 6117 kg / ha, which was an increase of 39.6% compared to the control level.

The results of this study showed that the effect of different fertilizers on most of the studied traits such as plant height, leaf area, leaf and plant dry weight, grain yield and grain protein percentage were significant. The most positive effect on most of the traits due to the simple effect of treatments was local compost treatment and had better results than manure and phosphorus fertilizer.

Drought stress and consequent lack of available water for plants is one of the main causes of accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in various organs of plants, which is effective in reducing the yield of cereals such as wheat. The antioxidant system, which contains various enzymes and genes, is responsible for removing and detoxifying plants from ROS. Unfortunately, genes responding to drought stress and their enzymatic activities associated with spike and flag leaf of wheat have received less attention. Therefore, in the present study, photosynthetic parameters, key enzymes of the antioxidant system, and expression analysis of some genes involved in this system under field capacity (FC) and drought stress (DS) conditions in spike and flag leaves of wheat were investigated.

The present study was performed in Azadshahr Research Center, Golestan Province, Iran in 2021. The wheat cultivar used in this study was Qaboos. This cultivar was cultivated under two experimental conditions of field capacity and drought stress in a randomized complete block design with three replications in the field. In the present study, differences in net photosynthesis (PN) rate, transpiration (E), stomatal conductance (gs), chlorophyll (Chl), relative water content (RWC), and the activity of APX, DHAR, MDHAR, and GR enzymes involved in the antioxidant system of flag leaf and spike of wheat were examined under field capacity and drought stress conditions. Transcription levels of APX, DHAR, MDHAR, and GR genes were measured using qRT-PCR under drought stress and field capacity conditions. Flag leaf and spike of Wheat for photosynthetic parameters and enzymatic activities at 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 and relative gene expression at 0, 1, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 days after anthesis (DAA) were harvested. The recorded data were analyzed by analysis of variance and all analyzes were performed by SPSS software. Mean differences were compared using Duncan's multiple range test at 5% probability level.

general, the spike had a better capacity to maintain net photosynthesis, transpiration, stomatal conductance, chlorophyll, and relative water content under drought stress conditions. This superiority reached its peak on the fifth day after anthesis. The enzymatic activity of the antioxidant system was normal under field capacity conditions. However, with the application of drought stress, APX, DHAR, MDHAR, and GR enzymes were affected in both spike and flag leaf of wheat and their activity increased, which indicates more activity of the antioxidant system in spikes and flag leaf of wheat for controls the level of ROS. After more days of grain filling, the activity of enzymes increased, and finally, after the plant entered the senescence stage, the activity of enzymes decreased to some extent. With drought stress, the antioxidant system in spike, especially from the 10th day after anthesis onwards, had a better performance. However, enzymatic activity in flag leaves under drought stress was not significantly different from field capacity conditions. Transcriptional levels of APX, DHAR, MDHAR, and GR genes associated with the antioxidant system increased under drought stress compared to field capacity conditions. It seems that the increase in enzymatic activity simultaneously with the increase in the level of transcription of the genes of the antioxidant system in the spikes and flag leaves of wheat is to counteract the oxidative damage.

the present study, spikes of wheat played a more important role in responding to water deficiency through the antioxidant system than its flag leaf. The results of this study showed a high potential of the spike compared to flag leaf in the face of drought stress and this results in future breeding programs in wheat can play a key role in selecting drought-resistant cultivars with high yield.

Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is a widely cultivated cereal crop in many rainfed areas in the Mediterranean region where drought is considered the main yield-limiting factor. In such marginal lands, yield losses are associated with drought conditions resulting from low and inconsistent precipitation during the whole plant growth cycle, either early in the fall or winter (initial drought conditions) or late during spring (terminal drought). Drought stress reduces grain yield of barley by negatively affecting the yield components i.e., number of plants per unit area, number of spikes and grains per plant or unit area and single grain weight, which are determined at different stages of plant development.

In order to investigate the effect of sources limitation on yield and physiological characteristics in barley cultivars and advanced lines in various environmental conditions, an experiment was done in the Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Station of Miandoab in cropping 2016-2017. In this study, 12 varieties and lines of barley were evaluated in five sources limitation treatments including control (without limitation), leaf removal under flag leaf, flag leaf removal, half spike removal and spike coating in normal irrigation and water deficit conditions were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with three replications. In this study spike weight, leaf weight, peduncle weight, internode weight, seed number per spike, total plant weight and single plant yield were measured. Analysis of variance was performed using the SAS9.4 and SPSS programs.

The results of the combined analysis of variance showed that the effect of year on leaf weight and seed yield was significant at the level of 0.01. There was a significant difference between irrigation levels on all studied traits at the level of 0.01, the interaction effect of year in irrigation was also significant on all traits except total plant weight at the level of 0.01 probability. The effect of resource constraint, irrigation on resource constraint, genotype and the interaction of genotype on resource constraint were significant on all studied traits at the level of 0.01 probability. The interaction effect of year on resource constraint on leaf weight, peduncle weight, number of seeds per spike and seed weight was significant at 0.01 probability level. The interaction effect of year on genotype on total plant weight and number of seeds per spike was also significant. The interaction effect of irrigation in genotype was also significant on all traits at 0.01 probability level. Finally, the triple interaction of irrigation in source restriction in genotype on leaf weight and total plant weight was significant at the level of 0.01 and the number of seeds per spike and grain yield at the level of 0.05 probability was significant. Comparison of the mean of genotype with source restriction interaction treatments showed that most of the studied genotypes under normal irrigation conditions showed the lowest grain yield in treatments of flag leaf removal restriction, half spike target and spike cover, while under water deficit stress conditions, the lowest grain yield was recorded in the studied genotypes under the treatments of flag leaf removal and spike cover. Under normal irrigation conditions under control and removal under the flag leaf, genotypes No. 10, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 12 had the highest grain yield and there was no significant difference between them. Under water deficit stress conditions, in the control treatment, all genotypes except genotype No. 11 and in flag removal treatment, all genotypes, except for genotypes No. 2 and 11, had higher yields compared to genotypes. Under normal irrigation conditions and Water-deficit stress in genotype 3, there was no significant difference between control treatment and resource limitation treatments of remove below the flag leaf, flag leaf removal and half spike removal. In this study, the studied advanced lines did not show a significant advantage over the released barley cultivars in terms of grain yield.

It can be concluded that in this study, the studied advanced lines did not show a significant advantage over the released barley cultivars in terms of grain yield.

In order to investigate the effect of mycorrhizl fungi on dry matter remobilization of barley in dryland conditions, a field experiment has been carried out in factorial analysis based on randomized complete block design with three replications at the farm station of Sarablah Agricultural Research Cente, Ilam during 2019-2020 cropping season. Experimental factors include different barley cultivars (Mahali, Mahoor, Khoram, and Fardan) and fertilizer application is the control (without fertilizer application), 50% P chemical fertilizer, mycorrhizal fungi (Glomus mosseae, Glomus etunicatum and Rhizophagus irregularis), mycorrhizal fungi along with 50% P chemical fertilizer and 100% P chemical fertilizer. The results of this study indicate that the interaction of cultivar along with fertilizer application have had significant influence on dry matter remobilization efficiency from spike, contribution of spike reserves to grain yield, dry matter remobilization efficiency from stem, contribution of stem reserves to grain yield, current photosynthesis rate, contribution of current photosynthesis, and grain filling rate. Thus, the interaction of Fardan cultivar and mycorrhizal fungi along with 50% P chemical fertilizer has had the highest dry matter remobilization effeciency from spike, contribution of spike reserves to grain yield, current photosynthesis rate, contribution of current photosynthesis, and grain filling rate. In return, in this study the highest stem dry matter remobilization effeciency, contribution of stem reserves to grain yield, have been obtained from the interaction of Mahali cultivar along with control treatment. According to the results, in dryland conditions of the region, new cultivar of Fardan as well as mycorrhizal fungi along with 50% P chemical fertilizer can be recommended.

Since water deficit during plant growth period is one of the main important limiting crop yield. An easy and inexpensive way to reduce the impact of water deficiency is essential. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of seeds osmo-priming on growth, yield and yield components of wheat cultivar Anfarm 4 under field conditions, a factorial experiment based on a completely randomized block design with three replications was conducted at Research Field of Agriculture College, University of Birjand in 2017-2018. The treatments consisted of three levels of irrigation (include 100, 75 and 50% of the plant water requirement) and four levels of seed priming (include 0 (control), -0.3, -0.6 and -0.9 MPa induced by PEG 6000). The results of this experiment showed that irrigation levels had a significant effect on measured traits including plant height, tiller number, spike number, spike length, grain number per spike, 1000 seed weight, biological yield, grain yield (P <0.01). However, no significant effect was observed on harvest index. Seed priming had significant effect on plant height and spike length (P <0.01), number of tillers, number of seeds per spike, biological yield, grain yield (P <0.05). Interaction effects showed a significant effect on all of the traits except harvest index. The results of this study showed that the application of osmotic priming seeds -0.3, -0.6, -0.9 MPa resulted in 2.13, 2.62 and 2.15 times of seed yield at 50% water requirement treatment compared to without seed priming treatment. The results of means comparison showed that osmotic seed priming by polyethylene glycol, resulting in a pressure of -0.6 MPa, under 50% of the water requirement treatment showed the highest grain yield compensate ability. However, in 75% of water requirement treatment, pre-treatment had no significant and positive effect on grain yield, even in -0.9 MPa treatment, had a negative and significant effect on seed yield. Therefore, the application of osmotic seed priming somewhat compensated the damage caused by water shortage on grain yield under stress conditions of 50% of water requirement. While in non-stress conditions, osmotic seed priming had no positive effect on grain yield.

In order to investigate path analysis of grain yield and yield components, an experiment was carried out with 20 genotypes of wheat in a randomized complete block design with four replications in two places in North Khorasan Province, dry land Research Station of Shirvan and Sisab, Iran. In 2015-2016. During the growth stages and after harvesting, traits like plant height, number of days to heading, numbers of spikes per square meter, number of grains per spike, number of days to maturity, seed weight and seed yield were recorded. according to the analysis of variance, between genotypes in terms of number of days to heading, days to maturity, numbers of spikes per square meter, number of grains per spike and grain yield, differences were significant. According to the comparison of the averages, genotypes 17 and 12 with 2522 and 2364 kg.ha-1 had the highest grain yield respectively and genotype 20 with 1190 kg.ha-1grain yield was the lowest. Based on the path analysis results, the number of spike per square meter (69.8%), the number of grains per spike (64.9 %) and grain weight (38.9 %) had the highest direct effect on grain yield. The correlation coefficients showed that seed weight and number of grains per spike and number of spikes per square meter had a significant negative correlation and the number of grains per spike and number of spikes per square meter were significant positive correlation with yield.

The present research was performed for studying morphological variation and investigating the presence of relationship between molecular markers related tillering in some genotypes of bread wheat under the field farm and laboratory conditions. In the field experiment, three seed densities including 150, 300 and 450 seed per square meter as the main plot factor and also 10 genotypes including the cultivars of Arta, Inia, Tajan, Darya, Shirudi, Golestan, Gonbad, Morvarid, Moghan3 and Line N-87-20 as sub plot factor at three replications were applied. Evaluating characteristics were included of the number of secondary spikes, the weight of main and secondary spikes, the contribution of main and secondary spikes, seed yield per plant and plot, length of main spike and the height of plant. The results of analysis of variance showed that genotypes had significant different on all investigating characteristic, while the effect of factor density was significant only for the weight of the spikes, yield per plant and plot and the length of main spike. None of the characteristic was not affected by the interaction of genotype  density. Based on the results, density and genotype had important effect on seed yield of the genotypes, however the effect of genotype was more than density. Mean comparison of the genotypes showed that secondary spikes had more contribution in the grain yield. In molecular experiment, SSR marker namely Xgwm136 associated to gene tin (tiller inhibition gene) was tested. Evaluation of the PCR product of this marker showed that the presence of band with the size of 300 to 350 base per is relating to reduction that tillering was confirmed in cultivar Tajan, Shirudi, Golestan, Darya and Gonbad genotypes that their low number of spikes had already been proven. So the efficiency of tin marker was proved for screening wheat for tillering.

  Winter wheat is the most important staple food crops in the country, with a total farming area of nearly 6.33 million ha and a production exceeding 14 million ton in 2015. Wheat is a thermo-sensitive crop, and change in air temperature may alter the length of its growing period and subsequently grain yield (Chattaraj et al., 2014). Wheat reproductive period duration is determined by a combination of planting date and variety (Wang et al., 2015). Extreme weather events, such as spring heat stress, can have substantial impacts on crop growth and grain yield. Therefore, improving tolerance to high temperature stresses during flowering and grain filling is great significance to wheat production. The present study was performed to evaluate the effect of planting date and variety management strategies on winter wheat production in Kerman.
Material and In order to investigate the response of three common cultivars of wheat to various planting dates in Kerman region, the two-factor experiment was set up in a Split-plot arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications to assess the growth, yield and morphological traits of three different varieties of irrigated wheat with different maturity length at different planting dates (20 October, 5 November and 20 November). These varieties included early maturing (Mihan), medium maturity (Arg) and late maturity (Omid). According to the local soil test recommendations, basal doses of 220 kg ha-1 Urea and 100 kg ha-1 Triple Super Phosphate were incorporated into the soil. As soon as the seeds were sown, irrigation continued every 10 days. Experimental field soil in the 0-30 cm depth was silty loam with pH 7.2, containing total N (0.071 %), total P (21 ppm), and total K (348 ppm) with an EC of 2.69 ds m-1. Combined analysis of variance showed that planting date had a significant effect on plant height, number of grain per spike, length of growth period, grain and biological yield. 1000 grain weight, leaf area index, harvest index and grain protein contents were not affected by planting date. The highest plant height (112 cm) and length of growth period (206 days) were obtained at the first planting date (20 October). The cultivation of wheat on 15th November produced the highest number of grain per spike (32.71), biological yield (14.45 t ha-1) and grain (5.16 t ha-1). The effect of variety on all the traits except 1000-grain weight was significant. Omid cultivar had the highest plant height (134 cm) and growth period (209 days). The others of the studied traits were significantly higher in Mihan variety than Arg and Omid varieties. For example, grain yield in the Mihan, Arg and Omid was 6.33, 4.7 and 4.63 t ha-1, respectively. The interaction of planting date and variety showed that the highest grain yield for Omid (4.99 t ha-1) was produced in the first planting date (20 October) and in Arg (4.3 t ha-1) and Omid (6.27 t ha-1) was obtained to the second planting date (5 November). The lowest grain yield of all the three varieties was assigned to the third planting date (20 November). The grain protein contents varied from 10.11 to 11.61%, which the highest value was gained in Omid variety, cultivated on 20 November. The period centered on anthesis constituting the most sensitive stage of wheat to high temperature (Eyshi Rezaei et al., 2015). The observed sensitivity of wheat yields to high temperatures has been attributed to accelerated development, reduced photosynthesis and the direct impacts on reproductive processe). The negative correlation between high temperature around reproductive stage and reduced grain numbers, with significant negative impacts on grain yield was previously illustrated. A threshold temperature of 31° C for wheat is generally accepted as an upper limit to temperature near flowering without reductions in grain yield (Porter and Gawith, 1999). Planting the short maturity variety allows the wheat to escape the hot weather and led to non-coincidence of the reproductive stage with high temperature especially in future climate conditions. In general, the best planting date for Omid variety is October 30, and for Arg and Mihan varieties is proposed the 5 November.

According to Ministry of Jihad e Agriculture in 2016, Wheat is the most important cropin Iran and the wheat area with 63.1 percent shares most of wheat cultivated area in Iran. Also according to the latest statistics, 357 thousand hectares were sown wheat in the Golestan province (Ministry of Jihad e Agriculture, 2016). Increasing wheat yield requires an understanding of appropriate management method that are most important introducing new cultivars and appropriate seeding dates. Planting date, particularly in areas with environmental constraints such as extreme heat and cold early or late and end of the season is mid-summer, crop production is an important option in the management decisions. Often with a change in planting date, soil and ambient temperature change, which will cause different reactions in different growth stages of the plant (Eshraghi-Nejad et al., 2011; Tomaret al., 1993).
To investigate studying the response of yield and yield components of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes to in normal and late seeding dates, this experiment was carried out at Gorgan research station of Golestan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center in 2015-2016 growing season. The soil type in the experimental station is silty clay loam. This investigate was done in two experiment. Each experiment was done including nine genotype with three replication. Each plot consisted of six rows that were 6 m long. Both experiments were conducted without nutrient limitations. Fertilizers were applied based on the soil test results. The first experiment was in normal seeding date ( 6th December, 2015) and the second was in late seeding date (5th January 5, 2016).
Results and Disruptions: The results of analysis of variance showed that the effects of seeding date was significant on high plant, day to anthesis, day to maturity, number of spike per square, grain yield, biomass and harvest index. Also the interaction effects of seeding date × Genotype was significant all of traits under study. The highest grain yield reductions were observed in the second seeding date (late seeding dates) And with increase the temperature, days to anthesis, days to maturity, high plant, day to anthesis, day to maturity, number of spike per square, grain yield, biomass and harvest index decreased. The results showed that seeding date on yield and yield components of wheat were impressive. In the late planting date plant flowering under thermal stress that is above 30 degrees reduces the number of spikes per square meter, number of grains per spike and grain yield.
Before sowing, it is necessary to know crop yield responses to seeding dates. Results of the current study showed that the yield and yield components were limited by delayed seeding date. Investigated of grain yield of genotypes showed that all genotypes in both seeding dates in term of grain yield were higher or equivalent (in a statistical group) with the control cheek (Gonbad), and can be introduced to farmers for increasing diversity in cultivars.

Drought stress is a major cause of reduction in crop production. According to the role of various plant parts, especially the spike photosynthesis in grain filling and the regulatory roles of IAA in formation of grain yield, a split plot-factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications was conducted at the experimental field of the Campus of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Razi, Kermanshah, in 2010-2011 growing season using two wheat cultivars (Marvdasht and Pishtaz). Results indicated that water stress after pollination significantly decreased grain yield and 1000 grain weight but it did not affect grain no. spike-1, number of fertile and infertile spikelet per spike and spike length as compared well-watered conditions. Drought stress caused 25.7 and 22.6 percent reduction in grain yield and 1000 grain weight of varieties under study respectively. Cultivars differed in grain no. spike-1, 1000 grain weight, number of fertile and infertile spikelet per spike and spike length significantly. Water stress also reduced grain yield of Marvdasht cultivar (31.8%) as compared to Pishtaz cultivar (18.7%). Pishtaz cultivar possessed larger spikes which resulted in grain yield increase under drought stress. Photosynthesis of spike during grain filling stage increased yield under well watered condition by 42.5% and under post-anthesis drought stress by 23.8%, respectivly. Foliar application of IAA did not have any effect on yield reduction when photosynthesis was stopped. This shows the importance of spike photosynthesis in increasing grain yield.

Among different cereal crops, wheat has the most cultivation areas and yield in the world. Also, wheat is the major crops grown in arid and semi-arid regions. The occurrence of drought stress during grain filling is the prominent and inevitable characteristic of these areas. The objectives of this research were to determine the effect of water deficiency and the role of current and storage sources of assimilates on grain filling, grain yield and carbohydrates remobilization. Therefore, an experiment was carried out in a split-plot factorial arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications during 2010-2011 cropping season at the Research Farm of Razi University in Iran. The main factor was the irrigation treatments including control or non-stressed treatment (irrigating plants at all growing stages based on crop water requirement and climatic conditions) and water deficit stress (irrigation cessation after anthesis). The combination of eight wheat cultivars including Bahar, Parsi, Pishtaz, Pishgam, Chamran, Zarin, Sivand, Marvdasht and one line DN-11 along with the photosynthetic sources limiting treatments including control (no limitation of photosynthetic sources), defoliation of the flag leaf, defoliation of all leaves except the flag leaf), de-awning and shading over the ear were considered as the sub plots. The results showed that post-anthesis water deficiency significantly decreased grain yield (22.2%) and removal of photosynthetic sources reduced grain yield through reducing the grain weight. In this case the role of spike photosynthesis in grain filling (35.4%) was greater than the flag leaf and lower leaves roles (18.6 and 18.5%, respectively) and awns had the lowest role in grain filling (3.3%). Under removing of assimilate sources, remobilization of stored material from the different parts of stem internodes was increased, suggesting the compensatory role of them in yield loss prevention. Water deficit stress could not increase the remobilization efficiency, but in terms of mentioned traits, there were differences amongst cultivars and different removing photosynthetic sources. In both control and water deficiency stresses treatments, the amounts of remobilization from different parts of stem and spike to the growing grains were similar. Under well water condition, the grain yield increased due to higher photosynthesis rate compared to water deficiency stress conditions.

This study was designed to evaluate the effects of post anthesis moisture stress on agronomy traits، storage of stem water soluble sugars and dry matter remobilization of wheat. The pot experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) in a factorial arrangement with three replications in Campus of Agriculture and Natural Resources، Razi University in Kermanshah state in the west of Iran during the growing season from 2011 to 2012. In the experiment، moisture stress was applied at grain growth stage (soil moisture was around 30% of field capacity from the anthesis stage to the maturity - 65 to 99 Zadoks scale) and different wheat varieties (such as Pishtaz، DN-11، Sivand and Marvdasht) were evaluated as the second factor. The results show that، water stress application at grain growth stages significantly decreased grain yield by decreasing of grain weight. Under application of water stress at grain growth stage، Marvdast and DN-11 cultivars had the lowest grain yield. The occurrence of water stress in experiment، significantly decreased stem dry mater and remobilization. In contrast to this results، in water stress condition stem soluble sugars concentration significantly increased. In water stress conditions، the amount of dry matter remobilization from stem lower internodes (internodes below penultimate) to grain، its efficiency and contribution of its in grain yield increased by 11%، 32% and 121%، respectively. Also، penultimate and stem lower internodes had the highest water soluble sugars concentration under water stress. Water deficiency stress could not increase the remobilization efficiency but in terms of mentioned traits، there were significant differences between cultivars. So، indicated that these traits can be used for identifying drought tolerant high yielding genotypes in winter wheat breeding programs.

To evaluate the effect of irrigation intervals and different mulches on some traits of gladiolus cv. Rose Superme، an experiment was carried out as factorial arrangement in randomized complete block design with three replicutions in 2007-2010 growing seasons at Varamin Agricultural Research Center، Varamin، Iran. Experimental factors included: three levels of irrigation intervals; 7، 10 and 15 days and five mulches; no mulch، white plastic، wheat straw، pine dry leaves and black plastic. Plant height، spike length، floret number، flower diameter، corm diameter، corm and cormels weight were measured and recorded. Results showed that irrigation interval × mulch interaction effect was hightly significant (P < 0. 01) on floret number، corm and cormels weight، and cormel number. Growing season also significantly (P<0. 01) affected all traits except corm diameter. In conclusion، irrigation at 10 days interval with black plastic mulch can improve quantity and quality of gladiolus production.