جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « supplementary irrigation » در نشریات گروه « زراعت »

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is one of the most important legumes in the world (Keifer, 2018). After India, Australia, and Pakistan, Iran has taken the fourth rank in terms of chickpea cultivation area, and the decrease in rainfall and especially the plant's exposure to heat and drought stress at the end of the season is the reason for the decrease in crop yield (SabaghPour et al., 2010; FAO, 2018). In general, drought stress and its relationship with the reduction of yield and its components in crops plants can be primarily attributed to the closing of stomata in response to low soil water content, during which the entry of carbon dioxide into the leaf is reduced, and as a result, it causes a reduction in photosynthesis.

In order to investigate the effect of irrigation regimes on the yield and yield components of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), an experiment was conducted at the research farm of Shahed University during 2021–2022 as a split plot design in the form of random complete blocks. The first factor is irrigation systems at three levels: 1) supplementary irrigation (Irrigation at two sowing times and before flowering based on 20% available soil water, 2) complete or control irrigation (irrigation based on 20% available soil water), 3) Low irrigation regime (irrigation based on 40% available soil water) is the second factor of autumn (November 15) and spring (March 15) sowing dates. Irrigation was carried out in the form of streams and stacks, and the ends of the plots were completely closed to prevent water from escaping. Data analysis and calculations related to simple Pearson correlation coefficients between traits were performed with SAS (ver 9.4) and SPSS (ver 23) software, respectively, and the average of treatments was compared by LSD test at a statistical level of 5%. The graphs were drawn using Excel software.

The results of the variance analysis of the interaction between irrigation regime and planting date showed that there is a significant difference between the traits of number of branches per plant, number of pods per plant, plant height, number of seeds per plant, harvest index, biological yield and seed yield. The results of comparing the averages also showed the highest number of branches per plant (9.83), the number of pods per plant (30.5), plant height (51.08) cm, and the number of seeds per plant (26.66). The harvest index was 0.48 percent, the biological yield was 4670 kg ha-1, and the seed yield was 2384.17 kg ha-1 for the autumn planting date treatment under the autumn irrigation regime (irrigation based on draining 20% of crop capacity moisture). The highest correlations with grain yield were obtained by traits: plant height (r = 0.986**), number of branches per plant (r = 0.966**), harvest index (r = 0.962**), number of seeds per plant (r = 0.961*), biological yield (r = 0.956**), hundred seed weight (r = 0.933**) and number of empty pods per plant (r = 0.880*).

In general, the results of this experiment indicate that the Low irrigation regime is more efficient than Supplementary irrigation in all traits after the control irrigation regime in autumn sowing. Therefore, the Low irrigation regime is suggested as a low irrigation regime suitable for the conditions of the tested region for the sowing of chickpeas in autumn, and in addition, other autumn sowing dates of this variety should be studied.

Drought stress is known as one of the most important factors limiting the growth and production of agricultural plants in most parts of the world and Iran. It is a multidimensional stress and affects plants at different levels. From a physiological point of view, drought stress causes several changes in the relative water content of leaves and photosynthetic pigments of plants, which in turn causes a decrease in the efficiency of photosynthesis and a significant reduction in plant growth parameters and ultimately grain yield. In Iran, drought stress usually occurs during the filling stage of wheat grains, and due to the limitation of irrigation, supplementary irrigation can play an important role in dealing with drought stress. Durum wheat (Triticum durum, Desf) is an important food product due to its heavy gluten properties and non-sticky dough, ideal for preparing pasta products such as macaroni and spaghetti.
To investigate the physiological characteristics, yield, and yield components of durum wheat cultivars under drought conditions and supplemental irrigation, 10 durum wheat genotypes were evaluated in the form of a split-plot design with the basis of randomized complete blocks in dryland and supplemental irrigation with 3 replications during Crop years 2017-2018 and 2018-2019 in Kohdasht city of Lorestan province. Grain yield and yield components (weight of 1000 seeds, number of seeds per spike, number of spikes per plant) as well as biochemical and physiological properties of photosynthetic pigments, greenness index, relative leaf water, leaf protein and light consumption efficiency were investigated.
Variance analysis showed a significant variation among the examined cultivars, moisture conditions, as well as the interaction of cultivar × humidity conditions for most of the traits except the interaction effect of cultivar × humidity conditions for chlorophyll b and leaf protein. The effect of year and interaction effects of year with other factors were not significant for most of the traits. Performing supplementary irrigation compared to rainfed conditions caused all traits to increase significantly, except greenness index and protein content. Mean comparison of interaction effect of cultivar × moisture environment with Duncan's method at 5% level showed that the genotypes reacted differently for the traits in two moisture conditions and in dry conditions, Omrabi3, Hana, Aria and Saji genotypes were superior to other genotypes in terms of agricultural and physiological traits, and with supplementary irrigation, these for genotypes maintained their superiority, and two genotypes, Shabrang and Behrang, were added to this group.
In general, it can be said that the results were almost the same in the two years studied. Supplementary irrigation compared to rainfed conditions improved the agronomic and physiological characteristics of the cultivars. Among the genotypes, there was a high diversity for all the examined traits and this diversity was different in two humidity conditions. Considering the two-year mean yield, the genotypes of Omrabi3, Saji, Arya and Hana for rainfed conditions and Omrabi3, Hana and Behrang for supplementary irrigation conditions of the studied area are recommended.

In order to study the effect of cytokinin, gibberellin, and cycocle on yield and yield components of two wheat cultivars under different irrigation regimes, a study was conducted as a split-split experiment based on a randomized complete block design with three replications at the Agricultural Research Station of Kurdistan University in 2016. There, the irrigation factor at four levels: dryland, irrigation at booting stage, irrigation at booting + flowering and irrigation at booting + flowering + grain filling stages have served as the main plots, two wheat cultivars (Sirvan and Homa) as sub-plots, and levels of plant growth regulators foliar application including, i.e. control, gibberellin (100 µm), cytokinin (100 µm), and cycocel (3gr. lit-1) at the wheat stem elongation and grain filling stages as the sub-sub plots. Results show that in the foliar application during the stem stage, compared to the dryland treatment, yield increase in one, two, and three irrigation treatments have been 29%, 33%, and 43%, and at the grain filling stage; 22%, 28%, and 33%, respectively. Homa cultivar produced higher yield compared to Sirvan. In the foliar application during the stem stage, the highest grain yield (504 g m-2) belongs to application of three irrigation treatments as well as addition of cytokinin, and at the grain filling stage, the highest grain yield (477.6 g m-2) has been obtained from Homa cultivar under three times irrigation condition and cycocel consumption. Therefore, using even one stage irrigation and the application of cytokinin and cycocel can increase the grain yield of wheat.

Release of new wheat cultivars with good characteristics such as high yield performance and resistance to diseases for specific regions under rainfed condition is an essential task for sustainability of wheat production. Saein was generated by crossing between: Azar2 and 87Zhong291 (with facultative growth type, high yield performance, good thousand kernel weight and resistance to diseases) in 1999-2000 in Maragheh Research Station. Grain yield means of Saein and Azar2 (as check cultivar) during 2006-2013 cropping seasons in Maragheh Research Station were 2601 and 2493 kgha-1 under rainfed condition and 3529 and 3223 kgha-1 with a supplementary irrigation at the sowing time, respectively. Results showed that Saein had also a specific adaptability in Ardabil regions and grain yield means of Saein (new cultivar), Ohadi and Azar2 (as check cultivars) in Ardabil were 1604, 1267 and 1355 kgha-1, respectively. Results of an on-farm study, in the farmer field in Ardabil province, showed that grain yield means of Saein and Azar2 during 2013-2014 cropping season were 2307 and 2275 kgha-1, respectively. The new cultivar is resistant to yellow rust, resistant to moderately resistant to leaf rust and also resistant to common bunt and dwarf bunt as well as resistant to cold damage, lodging and seed shuttering. New cultivar has winter growth type, white grain color, 76 cm plant height and 33 gr 1000 kernel weight. Based on its good characteristics, this line was released as a new wheat cultivar with the commercial name of Saein in 2015 and was recommended for cultivation in rainfed regions in Ardabil province, in the cold dryland areas in the north west of Iran and also in areas with the potential of supplementary irrigation.

In the present work, an experimental study on seven different wheat cultivars is carried out to assess the most suitable supplementary irrigation stage and the understanding of physiological and biochemical processes associated with drought tolerance. During the years 2015 and 2016, this experiment is conducted in experimental field of Agriculture and Natural Resources of Kurdistan University as split plot in randomized complete block design with 3 replications under supplementary irrigation conditions at the stemming, boating and flowering stages, respectively. For this purpose, the amount of Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2), Malondialdehyde (MDA), total protein, the activity of Catalase antioxidant enzymes (CAT), Ascorbate peroxidase (APX), Guaiacol peroxidase (GPX) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) are measured. The analysis of variance showed that there was a significant interaction between cultivars and complementary irrigation in most traits. Based on the obtained results, supplemental irrigation resulted in a decrease in H2O2 levels compared to control. The highest levels of H2O2 and MDA are obtained for Aras, Abughraib and Tamuz cultivars, respectively, whilst the lowest one is obtained for Azar 2. Applying the supplementary irrigation during stemming, boating and flowering stages increased the total amount of protein (except Aras), the activity of CAT and SOD in all cultivars, and also increased the activity of APX in Acsed 65, Rozgari, Semito and Azar 2. Furthermore, it is found that the cultivars Azar 2, Rezgari and Ocsede 65, with supplementary irrigation at flowering stage, were able to control the existing conditions by defining their defense mechanisms.

Abiotic stress limits crop productivity, and plays a major role in determining the distribution of plant species across different types of environments. Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is an important legume crop in Iran. Genetic diversity information is crucial for the choice of proper parents to establish new breeding programs. A number of molecular techniques have been developed to unveil the genetic potentials of plant materials. One of the most important methods for studying genetic diversity is using of Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) analysis of seed protein.SDS-PAGE seems to be a reliable molecular marker to investigate the genetic diversity of chickpea genotypes in IRAN. SDS-PAGE is practically a reliable method because seed storage proteins are largely independent of environmental fluctuation. The main objectives of present research was: (1) to investigate the power of SDS-PAGE markers for estimation of genetic diversity among some chickpea genotypes in west of Iran, (2) to investigate the genetic relationships between chickpea genotypes and (3) to determine and studying main drought indexes in chickpea genotypes could be selected main cultivars in drought and non-drought condition. This information will be useful to improve techniques for sampling chickpea genetic variation which might increase efficiency of conservation of germplasm.
 

Field experiment was carried out with four chickpea cultivars, based on randomized complete blocks design (RCBD) with three replications at the research farm of the Payame Noor University center of Asadabad in two different conditions (Drought conditions and supplementary irrigation) during 2010 cropping season. The cultivars were taken from Dryland Agricultural Research Institute, Sararood. In this study, seed protein profile of four chickpea cultivars include Arman, Hashem, Azad and ILC-482, were analyzed by Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE using 12/5% polyacrylamide). Protein extraction and gel electrophoresis was done By Laemmle (1970) Method. The seeds were powdered separately by liquid nitrogen. Cultivars seed protein were extracted by extraction buffer. At end of electrophoresis, protein bands were revealed by Coomassie Brilliant Blue R-250 staining. Biplot, 3D Plot, coefficient jaccard, cluster analysis and other analyses were done using the statistical software MSTAT-C, NTSYS and SPSS. The data for each cultivar was collected on a plot basis.
 

SDS-PAGE analysis showed significant differences between four cultivars chickpea at 17 and 25 kilo Dalton (kDa) bands. There are strong and weak proteins bands differences between cultivars. On the basis of SDS-PAGE results, 28.75 protein bands were observed with the Molecular Weight (MW) of 14 to 100 kDa. The presence of protein bands about 17 (kDa) in protein pattern of ILC-482, Hashem and Azad Cultivars and the absence of protein bands with approximate molecular weight 14 (kDa) in protein pattern of Arman cultivar can be used as protein markers for these chickpea cultivars. The specific proteins bands of seed may be used as markers for identification of the genotypes. Correlation between agronomic and molecular traits was assessed using Mantel test and significant positive correlation was observed between them. The results of drought stress indices and Biplot analysis suggested Arman genotype was the most tolerant. Biplot analysis also showed HAM and YI selection indices were the best to identify drought tolerant genotypes.
 

In most cases, an intermediate level of polymorphism have been reported with SDS-PAGE markers, and this study showed a considerable amount of polymorphism. We recommend further studies to be conducted by using number of chickpea genotypes as well as bigger and DNA molecular markers. Results of this study can be used in germplasm management practices, developing plant geneticist and breeders for planning future explorations, and crop improvement purposes.

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is grown predominantly in Mediterranean environment where yield is faced with abiotic stresses such as water deficit. Due to shortage of water resources and sequential cropping in many areas, it is necessary to manage the irrigation water, because this would cause inadequate irrigation. Therefore, in order to achieve the maximum yield and efficient use of available water, prevention of waste of water is necessary. One of the reasons for the use of zeolite in agricultural production and productivity of soil, is the moisture absorption and maintain the property for a long time and prevent environmental pollution. Zeolite acts as a slow release fertilizer, giving the plant access to water and nutrients for more times. Also zeolite caused significant saving in water use and reducing the amount of fertilizer. Thus helping to decrease the amount of water used per crop and the contamination of aquifers due to overuse of chemical fertilizers. Adjustment of drought negative effects by maintaining inflammation pressure, transpiration reduction and increase of water use efficiency has been through consumption of potassium. Although potassium unlike N and P, does not enter into the composition of any product. Potassium has an important role either direct or indirect, under different environments, in major plant processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, protein synthesis, enzyme activation, water uptake, osmoregulation, growth and yield of plant. Considering the importance of chickpea in nutrition of human and weather conditions of arid and semiarid, supplementary irrigation is necessity for cultivation of this plant in Iran; with regard to role of zeolite and potassium in reducing sensitivity of plants to water deficit and since there is limited published work about the effect of application of potassium sulphate combined with zeolite, this research was conducted to compare their effects on some of characteristics and yield of chickpea. In order to study the effect of different irrigation regimes and different Zeolite and Potassium application on quality characteristics and yield of chickpea cv Azad, an experiment was conducted as split factorial arrangement in a randomized complete block design with three replications in Research Station of Agriculture and Natural Resource Research center of Hamadan, during 2015 cropping season. Main plot included supplementary irrigation (check as non-irrigation, supplementary irrigation at flowering, irrigations at both flowering and pod setting and irrigation at pod setting stages) and subplot included three levels of zeolite (Z0=0, Z1=15 and Z2=30 ton ha-1) and three levels of potassium fertilizer (K0=0, K1=150 and K2= 250 kg ha-1 K2SO4) that located as split factorial in each sub plot. In this study, the amount of proline, potassium, protein, chlorophyll content (flowering and pod setting stage), seed yield and Plant weight were determined. Software SAS Ver. 9.1 was used for the statistical analysis and the means were compared by using Least Significant Difference (LSD) test at 0.05 level of significance. The results showed that the different irrigation regimes, Zeolite and Potassium fertilizer levels had significant effect on proline, potassium, protein, chlorophyll (flowering stage), chlorophyll (pod setting stage) and seed yield. The results indicated that drought stress significantly decreased leaf potassium and leaf chlorophyll whereas protein percent and proline were increased. Interaction between irrigation and Zeolite was significant except for chlorophyll (pod setting). In this study, the highest plant weight and seed yield were obtained under irrigations at both flowering and pod setting along with 30 ton ha-1 zeolite. Enhanced proline accumulation during stress indicates that proline is thought to play a cardinal role as an osmoregulatory solute in plants. The flowering stage in chickpea cultivars is the most sensitive stage to drought stress and in deficit watercondition supplemental irrigation in this stage may considerably increases yield of chickpea. Production in dry land farming systems in Iran is limited by deficiency of water. Chickpea has good potential to increase production in dry land conditions. Zeolite and potassium consumption can be positive effects on yield and quality characteristic of chickpea in severity and moderately stress conditions. It is concluded that zeolite and potassium consumption with ameliorate damages due to water stress could be effective on plant and formation economical yield in conditions of Hamadan region. Zeolite application in lands which are exposure to late season drought stress can keep soil water content and improve seed yield and production. Therefore, considering water shortage in drought area of the country, application of zeolite can be useful to save more water that leads to produce more yield. According to results of this study, potassium sulfate consumption has been enhanced 8 to 13 percent grain yield.

IntroductionChickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), an annual with indeterminate growth, is one of the most important food legumes. Loss of seeds due to pod borer (Heliothis armigera) attack is prevalent. Such loss of pods may affect the yield and yield components. The source-sink relationship changes during growth stages. Some factors influence this relationship including nitrogen fertilizer and water. This experiment was conducted in order to study the effects of nitrogen fertilizer, supplementary irrigation and depodding on yield and yield components of chickpea (var. ILC482).
Materials & MethodsThe experiment was conducted as split-split plot based on a randomized complete block design with three replications at Agricultural Research Station of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, during growing season of 2012. Main plot was nitrogen fertilizer including 30, 75 and 150 kg N/ha and sup plot was irrigation regimes including full irrigation, supplementary irrigation at flowering and supplementary irrigation at flowering, seed podding and depodding including 0, 25%, 50% and 75% as sub subplot. Leaf and stem dry weight, seed weight per plant, shoot weight, pod number per plant, grain number per plant, 100-seed weight and harvest index of chickpea were all recorded.
Results & DiscussionThe results indicated that all traits excluded of harvest index were higher in 150 kg N/ha treatment than other treatments. Nitrogen rate of 150 kg/ha produced the highest seed weight (3.8 g/plant). The highest harvest index (36%) was obtained from 30 kg/ha N treatment. Supplementary irrigation at flowering and podding stages with grain yield 4.4 g/plant was higher than full and supplementary irrigation at flowering. Supplementary irrigation at flowering and podding stages produced the highest harvest index (39%). In irrigation regimes including full irrigation and supplementary irrigation at flowering stage, 75% depodding decreased seed weight to 60%, but this was 45% in Supplementary irrigation at flowering and podding stages. In this interaction, full irrigation and 0% depodding (control), produced the highest seed weight (195 g/m2). The lowest seed weight (40 g/m2) was obtained from supplementary irrigation at flowering stage and 75% depodding. Supplementary irrigation at flowering and podding stages with 25% depodding produced the highest harvest index (45%) too. Increase of harvest index mostly was related to improve photosynthesis and remobilization in mid drought stress and also low depodding (by devotion photosynthetic assimilates to un-removed pods). The highest shoot weight was obtained from 150 kg N/ha (12.8 g/plant) and full irrigation (14.3 g/plant). Depodding decreased the most of mentioned traits significantly. 75% depodding decreased seed weight and shoot dry weight to 56% and 30% respectively compared to control. The lowest harvest index (23%) was obtained from 75% depodding. In nitrogen rate of 75 kg/ha, the highest (177 g/m2) and lowest (46 g/m2) seed weight was obtained from 0% and 75% depodding, respectively. This result also was observed in traits of seed number and pod number in this interaction. High N application improved the ability of plant to compensate the pods that removed. All of traits including pod number, seed number, harvest index and shoot dry weight had positive and significantly correlation with seed weight. Pod number (75%) had highest correlation with yield.
ConclusionGenerally, increasing depodding intensity decreased grain yield. But nitrogen fertilizer application decreased the negative effects of depodding in low levels. Among irrigation regimes, supplementary irrigation at flowering and depodding stages was best treatment, therefore under water deficit condition, supplementary irrigation at flowering and podding stages recommend. Under severe stress condition (supplementary irrigation at flowering stage), high nitrogen application did not effect on seed weight. In this condition, favorite yield will obtain by 30 kg nitrogen fertilizer application as starter.

To assess of grain yield and agronomic traits of triticale in comparison with wheat under supplementary irrigation an experiment was carried out during 2009-10 year in Qamloo dryland Research station located in Kurdistan. A split plot with RCBD arrangement in four replications was used. Moisture regimes including irrigation at planting time, irrigation at early grain filling and no irrigation (rainfed conditions) considered as main plots. Six genotypes including three genotypes of triticale (Juanillo and two promised lines) and three genotypes of bread wheat (Azar2 and two promised lines) were included as sub plots. Even though there was not significant difference between irrigation at planting time and rainfed conditions, irrigation at grain filling with grain yield of 3805 Kg/ha averagely produced 17.5 % over than them. However, triticale produced 26 %, 49% and 48 % more grain yield than wheat in irrigation at planting, milking and rainfed conditions, respectively. This superiority was related to better performance of triticale in yield components, biological yield, plant height and grain filling period.

In order to study the effect of supplementary irrigation and different plant densities on grain yield and yield components of chickpea cv Hashem، an experiment was conducted as split plot arrangement in a randomized complete block design with three replications in Sirvan، Ilam during 2008-2009 cropping season. Main plot included supplementary irrigation (check as non-irrigation، supplementary irrigation at flowering and podding stages) and subplot included plant density (20، 30، 40، 50 plant. m-2). The results showed that supplementary irrigation had significant effect on plant height، number of sub branch، number of pod per plant، 1000-grain weight، protein content، grain yield and biological yield. The highest grain yield (1504 kg. ha-1) was obtained from supplementary irrigation at flowering and the lowest grain yield (613 kg. ha-1) Observed from check treatment respectively. Plant density had significant effect on studied traits expect protein content and harvest index. The highest grain yield was obtained from 50 plant. m-2 and the lowest obtained from 20 plant. m-2 respectively; but there was not significant difference between 40 and 50 plant. m-2. Interaction effect of supplementary irrigation and plant density was significant on number of main branch، number of pod per plant، grain yield and biological yield. The highest grain yield (2006 kg. ha-1) was obtained from supplementary irrigation at flowering stage and 50 plant. m-2 and the lowest grain yield (488 kg. ha-1) observed from check treatment and 20 plant. m-2، respectively.

To investigate the effects of supplemental irrigation and foliar application of zinc on yield and yield components of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)، an experiment was conducted during the 2011-2012 in Sabzevar، Iran. Treatments were supplemental irrigation time (dry farming without irrigation، irrigation at flowering، irrigation at pod formation، irrigation at both flowering and pod formation) as main plot and time of Zinc foliar application with 2% concentration (control، foliar application at vegetative، foliar application at flowering and foliar application at both vegetative and flowering) as sub plot in a split block experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replicates. Results showed that supplemental irrigation at both flowering and poding had significantly higher grain yield (49. 57 g m-2)، biological yield (65. 04 g m-2)، pod number in plant (24. 84) and height (27 cm) compared to other irrigation regimes، whereas thousand grain weight had not response to supplemental irrigation. Yield and yield components had different responses to zinc foliar application. Although Zinc foliar application at both vegetative and flowering stages had the highest economic yield (47. 44 g m-2)، biological yield (65. 59 g m-2)، and seed per plant (26. 65)، Zinc foliar application at flowering stage increased 1000 grain weight (173. 7 g). Overall، supplemental irrigation at both flowering and poding with zinc foliar application at both vegetative and flowering stages was a suitable treatment to achieve maximum yield in Sabzevar conditions.

To investigate the effects of supplementary irrigation and application of different compost levels on morphological traits, yield and yield components of two chickpea cultivars under dry land conditions, a field experiment was conducted at the research field in Khoramabad, Iran in 2009-2010. The experiment was split split plot based on randomized complete block design with four levels of irrigation (no irrigation as control, supplementary irrigation at flowering, at grain filling, and at flowering + grain filling stages along) with three levels of compost (0, 10 and 15 t.ha-1 as sub factors) and two chickpea cultivars (Greet and Filip93-93) as sub-sub factors. Results indicated that the highest number of main shoot (3.63), branches (14.61), pod/plant (36.68), seed/plant (39.26), plant height (38.6 cm), 1000 seed weight (291.5 g), grain yield (1688 kg/ha) and biological yield (4898 kg/ha) were obtained from supplementary irrigation at flowering + grain filling stages from Greet cultivar. The maximum grain yield was obtained from interaction of supplementary irrigation and application of 15 t.ha-1 compost. Due to increase of chickpea cultivar yield under supplementary irrigation and compost in dry farming conditions, therefore such plant is recommended for dry farming at Khoramabad region.

In order to investigate the effect of on-farm seed priming and supplementary irrigation on the emergence rate and yield of two chickpea cultivars, a field experiment was conducted in Hamedan as split plot factorial, in the randomized complete block design of three replications. Main plots were representative of three supplementary irrigation treatments (irrigation at flowering stage and irrigation at flowering and podding stages) and without irrigatiion treatment (rainfed), while subplots included combinations of chickpea cultivars (Azad and Hashem) and priming treatments (primed with water and no-primed). Of course the emergence rate was analyzed as factorial because of no-irrigation treatments. Results showed that emergence rate was increased about 31% in two chickpea cultivars under on-farm seed priming treatment. In other investigated traits (emergence percentage, number of seed per pod, number of pod per area, hundred grains weight, biological yield and grain yield) except harvest index, priming caused an considerable increase and the economic yield was increased about 13.5% in comparison to no-primed plots. Also supplementary irrigation especially at flowering and pudding stages improved most of the traits. In comparison of two cultivars, Azad had better reaction to supplementary irrigation. It seems that on-farm seed priming by improving chickpea stand establishment and yield components plus supplementary irrigation at reproductive stages could increase considerable rainfed chickpea production.

In order to study drought tolerance in 21 advanced bread wheat genotypes and two check cultivars Azar 2 and Alvand، an experiment was conducted using randomized block design with three replications under drought stress and supplementary irrigation during 2008-09 cropping season at Maragheh research station، Iran. The combined analysis of variance showed significantly differences among the genotypes over the environments. Significant differences were also found among the environments and GE interaction effects. The large magnitude of the GE interaction related to genotypic effect، suggested the possible existence of sub-environmental groups for the genotypes. The GGE (G + GE) biplot analysis was able to differentiate of environments to sub-environmental groups with top yielding genotypes as highly adapted genotypes to each environmental group. Based on GGE biplot، the genotypes No. 9 (Sabalan/4/VRZ/3/ORFI. 148/TDL/BLO) and 11 (BAYRAKTAR) can be recommended as genotypes which integrating yield with stability performance and the genotype No. 12 (F10S-1//ATAY/GALVEZ87) was highly adapted to supplementary irrigated environment. Lines No. 3 (Azar2/78Zhong291-99) and No. 12 with 2691 and 3597 kgha-1 under drought and supplementary irrigated conditions respectively produced the highest grain yield. Two irrigations increased 9. 2g TKW، 652kgha-1 yield، 6. 4cm plant hieght and 5. 6% harvest index compared to drought condition. Under supplementary irrigation 1mm irrigation increased 8. 15 kgha-1 grain yield.

In order to study the effects of nitrogen and complementary irrigation on yield and its components of rainfed barley Sahand cultivar، an experiment was conducted on split plot based on randomized completely block design with four replication in Baft area at 2009-2010. Factors were: four levels of nitrogen (0، 20، 40 and 60 kg/ha as pure nitrogen) from Urea source as factor B and four levels of complementary irrigation as factor A (I1: without irrigation، I2: irrigation at sawing date، I3: irrigation at anthesis and I4: irrigation at grain filling stage). The results showed that complementary irrigation has significant effect on grain yield، number of spike per m2، number of seed in spike، 1000 kernel weight، plant height and biological biomass. The maximum and minimum amount of grain yield was related to I2 (1810 Kg/ha) and I1 (1004 Kg/ha) respectively. Complementary irrigation had no significant effect on spike length، number of tillage and number of plant leaf. Nitrogen application on dry land conditions had high significant effect on grain yield and biological biomass. Nitrogen×irrigation interaction effect was not significant.

To consider supplementary irrigation and application of different level of Zinc sulfate on yield and yield components and some physiological traits of chickpea c.v. "Hashem", this research was This study carried out in a split plot experiment based on randomized complete block design with four replications at the Research Farm of the Islamic Azad University of Arak.. Treatments applied consisted of two levels (supplementary irrigation and rain-fed condition) and three rates of the foliar zinc sulfate application (12, 24 and 36 grams). Results showed that the effects of supplementary irrigation and foliar application of fertilize grams/liter on seed yield and biological yield were significant at 1% level of probability. Highest seed yield (567.2 kg/ha) was obtained from applying supplementary irrigation.

In order to study the effect of supplementary irrigation on grain yield of 20 advanced bread wheat lines from population of recombinant inbred lines, selected from Azar2/87Zhong291, this experiment was conducted using randomized block design with three replications under supplementary irrigation during 2008-09 seasons at the Dryland Agricultural Research Institute (DARI) of Maragheh. Characters under study were: days to heading, plant height, days to maturity, 1000 kernel weight, tiller number, spike length, seed number per spike, spikelet number per spike, peduncle length, leaf sheath length, grain and biologic yields. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences among genotypes with respect to the most of the traits studied. Results showed that the lines No. 4 and 16 with 3400 and 3680 kg/ha grain yield were significantly superior under supplementary irrigation conditions. Based on the results the traits such as leaf sheath length, seed number and spike weight, tiller number and HI showed positive and significant correlation with grain yield. Path analysis indicated that leaf sheath length, seed number per spike and 1000 kernel weight were important traits to select lines for high yield potential under supplementary irrigation condition, but days to maturity showed negative effect on grain yield. As a whole, the line no. 16 (Azar2/78Zhong291-53) with high yield (3680 kg/ha) under supplementary irrigation, early maturity, 1000 kernel weight and HI, can be selected as a suitable genotype.

In order to study the effect of supplementary irrigation on yield, yield components and protein percentages of three cultivars of chickpea an experiment carried out as split plot, based on randomized complete blocks design, with three replications in Ilam, in 2009-2010 growing season. Irrigation treatments were: control, without irrigation (I0), irrigation at the stage of %50 blooming, irrigation at the stage of %50 flowering, irrigation at the stage of pods filling, which were allocated to main plots and genotypes, ILC482, Filip93-93 and local variety to sub plots. Irrigation treatments had significantly effect on seed and biological yields, harvest index, pod numbers per plant, seed numbers per pod and 100 seed weight. The Filip93-93 produced highest (1140.51 kg/ha) and the local variety lowest seed yields (1056.98 kg/ha).Irrigation at the stage of pod filling and blooming increased by seed yield %41.3 and %29.3 respectively as compared to control .Irrigation at the pod filling period produced the highest seed yield. The Filip93-93 produced highest yield (1263.31 kg/ha) when the field irrigated at pod filling stage and the local variety at control treatment (without irrigation) the lowest seed yield (893.26 kg/ha).