جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « ازتوباکتر » در نشریات گروه « زراعت »

With the increase in population and improvement in diet diversity, there is a growing need for the quantitative and qualitative development of oil seeds. Camelina (Camelina sativa), an oil seed plant from the Brassicaceae family, is an ideal candidate as it contains 50 to 60% unsaturated fatty acids and omega-3 fatty acids, and has the ability to thrive in adverse environmental conditions. By introducing this new oil plant into cultivation programs, it can significantly contribute to the production of high-quality edible or non-edible oil in the developing countries such as Iran. However, achieving maximum grain yield and appropriate fatty acid composition in camelina oil relies heavily on selecting the appropriate planting date. Additionally, providing necessary nutrients, particularly nitrogen, to the plants is a key aspect of agricultural management to achieve desired quality and quantity of crop products. This research aims to investigate the impact of planting date and different levels of chemical and biological nitrogen fertilizers on the growth characteristics, yield, and oil content of camelina plants in the Eghlid, south of Iran.

This research was conducted in the cropping year of 2021-2022 at the Eghlid Agricultural Research Station in Fars province, south of Iran (Long. 52 42, Lat. 30 55, and Alt. 2375 m above sea level). The experiment was performed as a split-plot design based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. The main plots included different nitrogen fertilizers at four levels: 100% chemical nitrogen (250 kg/ha urea), 75% chemical nitrogen (187 kg/ha urea) + nitrogen biofertilizer, 50% chemical nitrogen (125 kg/ha urea) + nitrogen biofertilizer, and non-use of nitrogen fertilizer (control). The sub-plots included four planting dates: September 11, 2021, September 26, 2021, April 9, 2022, and April 24, 2022. The experimental plots (sub-plots) were determined to be 5 x 2 meters. Each plot consisted of 4 stacks with a distance of 50 cm between them. The distance between sub-plots was 50 cm, the distance between main plots was 150 cm, and the distance between replications (blocks) was 300 cm. On both sides of each stack, seeds were planted in two rows with a distance of 25 cm to achieve a density of 120 plants/m2. One-thirds of the urea nitrogen fertilizer was added to the plots of each treatment before planting, one-thirds at the 6-8 leaf stage, and the remaining third at the stemming stage of camelina. In the biofertilizer treatment, the camelina seeds were inoculated with biofertilizer containing Azotobacter sp. and Azospirillum sp. before being sown. The cumulative growth degree days of seedling emergence, flowering, and ripening, as well as plant height, chlorophyll index, grain yield, yield components and seed oil percentage were evaluated.

With delaying planting from September 11, 2021, to April 24, 2022, the GDD (Growing Degree Days) for camelina emergence decreased, additionally, a delay in planting led to a shorter growth period until full flowering of the camelina plants. Planting in September 26, 2021, led to the longest growth period until full maturity of the camelina plants, while spring planting resulted in a decreased length of the growth period until maturity. The highest plant height (43 cm) was achieved in the presence of 75% chemical fertilizer + biofertilizer nitrogen and the lowest (41 cm) was in the absence of nitrogen fertilizer application. The planting date of September 11, 2021 and April 24, 2022 showed the highest (43 cm) and lowest (37 cm) plant height of camelina. The decrease in plant height during the late planting date was primarily due to the decrease in internode elongation as a result of changes in day length and a shorter vegetative growth period. The highest chlorophyll index (66) was achieved by using 100% nitrogen chemical fertilizer, while the lowest chlorophyll index (52) was observed in the control, lack of fertilizer application. This trait decreased when the planting was delayed. The delay in planting led to a decrease in leaf area, resulting in a decrease in the chlorophyll index during the late planting date. No application of nitrogen fertilizer had the highest seed oil percentage (29.4%), while the application of 75% chemical fertilizer + biofertilizer nitrogen resulted in the lowest oil percentage (18.5%). The delay in planting from early autumn to late spring led to a decrease in the seed oil percentage. This decrease can be attributed to increase in nitrogen content, which promotes the formation of nitrogenous protein precursors. Consequently, more photoassimilates are allocated to protein formation, reducing the available photoassimilates for fatty acid synthesis and, ultimately, limiting oil production capacity. The decrease in oil percentage observed in the most delayed planting dates is likely due to the increase in temperature during the seed filling stage and the reduction in net photosynthesis.
Mean comparison of the interaction between nitrogen fertilizer and planting date on camelina grain yield showed that applying 75% chemical fertilizer + biofertilizer nitrogen, compared to no nitrogen fertilizer, on planting dates of September 11, 2021, September 26, 2021, April 9, 2022, and April 24, 2022, increased grain yield of camelina by 80, 100, 150, and 190 percent, respectively.

The Findings show that in the Eghlid region, autumn-sown camellia out-yields spring-sown one. Additionally, by using a combination of 75% chemical fertilizer and nitrogen biofertilizer, a higher grain yield is achieved compared to using 100% nitrogen chemical fertilizer alone. Considering the importance of production of oilseed plants, like camellia, in Iran and the need for sustainable plant production programs, it appears that growth-promoting bacteria can play a significant role in reducing the need for nitrogen fertilizers.

Water deficit stress is considered as one of the most important factors affecting soil microbial activities in dry and semi-dry ecosystems, which reduces microbial activity by limiting access to nutrients. To evaluate the effect of water stress (30%, 50%, 70%, and 100% of field capacity), urea chemical fertilizer (100, 200, and 300 kg/ha), and the impact of biological fertilizers (inoculation with mycorrhiza alone, co-inoculation with mycorrhiza and nitrogen-fixing bacteria, co-inoculation with mycorrhiza and azospirillum, and control) on the yield characteristics of Zea mays hybrid Sc706, a field experiment was conducted as a split-split plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications in two cropping seasons (2018-2019 and 2019-2020) on a farm in Firoozabad, Fars province, Iran. Dual and triple interactions of water stress, urea chemical fertilizer, and biological fertilizer showed significant differences in all yield characteristics. In most traits, the application of urea chemical fertilizer (200 and 300 kg/ha) along with biological fertilizers (mycorrhiza-azospirillum and mycorrhiza-nitrogen-fixing bacteria treatments) produced the best results. Overall, it can be concluded that the use of 200 and 300 kg/ha of urea fertilizer along with a combination of biological fertilizers, mycorrhiza-azospirillum and mycorrhiza-nitrogen-fixing bacteria, can be suitable options for improving the yield and morpho-physiological characteristics of corn under regional conditions.

This experiment was performed to investigate the effect of microbial inoculation and urea fertilizer on Echinacea purpurea under water stress in two cropping years 2017-2018 and 2018-2019 in Ijan village located in Khondab city of Markazi province.

The experiment was performed in the form of 2 split plots with 3 replications. The first factor included the lack of irrigation in the main plot at 3 levels of 60, 90 and 120 mm evaporation from the Class A evaporation pan. The second factor included animal manure (cattle) in the sub-plot at two levels, no fertilizer and 20 tons per hectare. The third factor of biofertilizer and urea fertilizer in the sub-plot in four levels of application of biofertilizer was Azotobacter+Azospirillum, Mycorrhiza, Aztobacter+Azospirillum+Mycorrhiza and application of urea fertilizer (300 kg ha-1). Flower number and weight, total dry matter yield, chlorophyll, relative water content, proline, catalase, carotenoid, chicoric acid and electrical conductivity of cytoplasmic membrane were measured.

The results showed that the interaction effect of manure and biofertilizer on flower weight was significant. The highest flower weight was obtained in the treatment of combined use of Azotobacter+Azospirillium+ Mycorrhiza and application of animal manure (295.9 and 236.3 g m-2, respectively), which was significantly different from urea consumption. The lowest flower weight was obtained in the treatment of separate mycorrhizal application and non-application of animal manure (0.216 236.3 g.m-2). The difference between the highest flower weight in the mentioned treatment with the lowest value was 36%. In the treatment of non-use of manure, the highest flower weight was obtained in the treatment of Azotobacter+Azospirillium+Mycorrhiza (236.3 g m-2). The interaction effect of manure and biofertilizer on chicory acid was significant. The highest chicoric acid was obtained in the treatment of combined use of Azotobacter+Azospirillium+Mycorrhiza and application of animal manure (7.53 mg g-1 fresh leaf weight). The lowest chicoric acid was obtained in the treatment of separate application of mycorrhiza and no application of animal manure (5.76 mg g-1 fresh leaf weight). The difference between the highest chicoric acid in the mentioned treatment with the lowest amount was equal to 30%. In the treatment of non-application of animal manure, the highest chicoric acid was obtained in the treatment of Azotobacter+Azospirillium+Mycorrhiza (7.17 mg g-1 fresh leaf weight).

In general, microbial inoculation was able to achieve close quantitative and quantitative performance and sometimes more than urea fertilizer treatment, which can be a guide for identifying soil strains and producing biofertilizers compatible for areas with similar climates or soils.

Safflower is an oilseed plant tolerant to water deficit, and have an important role in oil production. Drought stress is the most important factor limiting crop yields in many parts of the world, including Iran. Nitrogen plays a key role in plant growth and this role is highly related to the amount of water and how it is distributed. Bacteria of the genus Azotobacter are one of the most important growth-promoting bacteria in plants due to their abundance and extent of spread, which is able to improve the availability of nitrogen. In areas where most rainfall occurs in winter and early spring, crops will face water constraints at the end of the growing season. In such conditions, finding cultivars and lines that have good performance in non-stress and drought stress conditions and have a suitable response to Azotobacter and nitrogen fertilizer is of special importance.The aim of this experiment was to evaluate the response of safflower genotypes to the application of Azotobacter and nitrogen fertilizer under different moisture conditions.

This experiment was carried out during two growing seasons (2015/2016 and 2016/2017), in Sarableh Agricultural Research Station, Ilam Province. The factorial scheme 4 × 6 experiment was performed in both years in a randomized complete block design with three replications under terminal drought stress and non-stress conditions. The distance between these two environments was considered to be 10 meters so that the humidity of the two adjacent environments did not affect each other. Experimental factors included seed inoculation with A. chroococcum using urea chemical fertilizer at four levels [without using any N fertilizer source (control), seed inoculation with A. chroococcumalso without use N fertilizer, seed inoculation with A. chroococcum + 50% N of urea fertilizer source, and 100% N of urea fertilizer source], and six safflower genotypes (312-S6-697, PI-401478, PI-253895, PI-306974, Padideh, and Sina).After harvesting and determining grain yield in both experimental conditions, stress tolerance indices including stress sensitivity index (SSI), mean productivity (MP), tolerance (TOL), geometric mean yield (GMP), stress tolerance index (STI) and Modified stress tolerance indices (MSTI) were calculated. Statistical calculations of analysis of variance and mean comparisons were performed using SAS 9.1 software. STATGRAPH software was used to principal component analysis and drawing biplot diagrams.

The results showed that among the nitrogen source treatments, the highest percentage of grain yield reduction with 48% in drought stress conditions compared to non-stress conditions was related to the application of 100% nitrogen chemical fertilizer. This result shows that in drought stress conditions, the application of 100% nitrogen fertilizer due to the increase of biological substances, causes an imbalance between the roots and plant aerial parts in water absorption and water loss through transpiration by aerial organs, which in Extremely serious damage to the economic sector of the plant.Azotobacter inoculation + 50% nitrogen fertilizer application had the highest mean productivity index and the lowest stress sensitivity index among nitrogen source treatments, although it was not significantly different from other nitrogen source treatments. These results indicate that the use of Azotobacter in combination with the application of 50% nitrogen fertilizer reduces the damage caused by drought stress in safflower. Sina cultivar was the most tolerant genotype under drought stress under Azotobacter inoculation and 100% nitrogen fertilizer application. In conditions of inoculation with Azotobacter + 50% of nitrogen fertilizer application, Sina and Padideh cultivars are located in the area of high production potential and low drought sensitivity in the vicinity of vectors related to drought tolerance indices

Sina cultivar in inoculation treatment with Azotobacter and consumption of 100% nitrogen fertilizer, Padideh cultivar in addition to Sina cultivar in combined application of Azotobacter + 50% nitrogen fertilizer had the highest tolerance to terminal drought stress; Therefore, in selecting drought tolerant genotypes, special attention should be paid to nitrogen source factor.

If there is enough nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus in the soil, the crops will have vegetative growth, more leaf area and proper performance. Due to the arid and semi-arid nature of Iran, the amount of organic matter in the soils is low and as a result, they have low nitrogen levels. Most plants suffer from nitrogen deficiency in the conditions, so it is necessary to provide nitrogen through chemical and organic fertilizers. Nowadays, due to the problems caused by the excessive use of chemical fertilizers, biological fertilizers have attracted more attention. Biological fertilizers are defined as a set of preservatives with a large number of one or more beneficial soil micro-organisms or their metabolic products, which are mostly consumed to provide the nutrients required by the plant and create suitable physical and chemical conditions for the growth of the plant. Bio-fertilizers are produced in the form of live inoculum for use in the soil or use with seeds.

The experiment was carried out as a factorial design based on a randomized complete block design with four replications. The factors used included: corn cultivars in two levels (Simon and BC), the second factor was Azotobacter chrocooccum bacteria in two levels (use of bacteria and no bacteria) and the third factor nitrogen fertilizer in two levels (use of nitrogen and no nitrogen). The attributes of plant height, number of ears per plant and per unit area, number of seeds per ear, ear diameter, weight of seeds per ear, fresh weight, dry weight, hundred seed weight, total harvest index, ear harvest index, seed yield per hectare, leaf area index, chlorophyll a, and chlorophyll b were measured.

Based on the results of mean comparisons, the highest plant height, the number of ears per plant and per unit area, the number of seeds per ear, ear diameter, weight of seeds per ear, fresh weight, dry weight, weight of 100 seeds, total harvest index, seed yield per hectare, leaf area index, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b were obtained in the treatment of nitrogen and azotobacter in the Simon cultivar, and the lowest amounts were recorded in the control treatment (no nitrogen and no azotobacter) in the B.C. cultivar.

The use of nitrogen fertilizer along with seed inoculation with azotobacter in comparison with no seed inoculation leads to an increase in plant height, number of seeds in a row, ear diameter, number of leaves, harvest index, leaf area index, fresh and dry weight of leaves and finally grain yield. Combining biological and chemical fertilizers seems to be a suitable method for improving the performance and consumption of nitrogen fertilizers. Therefore, to increase grain yield, it could be suggested that azotobacter be used in seed inoculation and optimal use of nitrogen to reduce the consumption of chemical fertilizers.

Drought stress, permanent or temporary, limits the growth and the distribution of natural vegetation and the production of cultivated plants more than any other environmental factor. Water deficit stress has changed plants ‘metabolism significantly, by attenuating the growth, photosynthesis, and ultimately yield of the plants. The recent global trend in production of medicinal plants is in favor of sustainable agriculture. One of the efficient practices of sustainable agriculture is the application of biological fertilizers for quantitative and qualitative yield improvement in medicinal plants, such as fennel, which is of great significance in food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industry. Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) is an umbelliferous plant. Due to the high potential of West Azerbaijan province, especially Mahabad region, the present study was conducted to investigate the effect of biofertilizers on the increase of water tolerance in fennel.

In order to investigate the effect of different irrigation regimes and biofertilizers on the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of fennel, an experimental experiment was conducted in 2020 in an agricultural farm in Mahabad city. In this experiment, four irrigation regimes (irrigation after 60, 90, 120 and 150 mm evaporation from Class A evaporation pan) in main plots and inoculation of seeds with biofertilizers (including control, inoculation with mycorrhiza, azotobacter  and phosphate Fertile 2) were placed in subplots. In this study, plant height, number of sub-branches, number of umbrellas and umbrellas per plant, number of seeds per umbel, thousand kernel weight, biological yield, grain yield, essential oil content, phenol and flavonoid content were measured. The data obtained from the experiment were analyzed using SAS 9.2 software. The means obtained were statistically compared using Duncan's test at a level of 5% probability.

Based on the results of the analysis of variance of the data, a significant difference was observed between the levels of the irrigation regime in terms of the effect on all the studied traits at the level of 1% probability. Effect of biofertilizer on the number of branches, number of umbrellas per plant, number of umbrellas per umbrella, on thousand kernel weight, biological yield, grain yield, percentage of essential oil, total phenol content and flavonoids at a probability level of 1% and on plant height, number of seeds per umbel and flavonoid content were significant at 5% probability level. Among of irrigation with biofertilizer interaction treatments in terms of effect on plant height, number of sub-branches, number of umbrellas per plant, number of umbrellas per umbrella, number of seeds per umbrella, grain yield, essential oil percentage and phenol content at a probability level of 1% and in terms of effect on thousand kernel weight there was a significant difference at the level of 5% probability. The results showed that the highest plant height, number of sub-branches, number of umbrellas per plant, on thousand kernel weight and grain yield were allocated to irrigation regime after 90 days and seed inoculation with mycorrhiza, Also, the highest percentage of essential oil and total phenol content in the irrigation regime was observed after 120 mm of evaporation and inoculation of seeds with mycorrhiza. The results of mean comparisons also showed that although grain yield decreased with increasing severity of water deficit stress, but in all irrigation regimes, the use of biofertilizers significantly increased grain yield compared to the control treatment. Also, the use of biofertilizers under irrigation regime stresses after 120 and 150 mm of evaporation was able to show higher grain yield than the control treatment in irrigation regimes after 60 and 90 mm of evaporation. In this study, water deficit stress increased the percentage of essential oil in fennel plant. Also, the use of mycorrhiza in irrigation regimes after 60 and 90 and the use of mycorrhiza and Azotobacter in irrigation regimes after 120 and 150 mm of evaporation significantly increased Essential oil percentage compared to control treatment.

In this study, the most suitable quantitative and qualitative characteristics of fennel were obtained in the irrigation regime after 90 mm, so the irrigation regime is recommended to achieve the maximum quantitative and qualitative characteristics of fennel in the study area. The results also showed that the application of Mycorrhiza and Azotobacter biofertilizers in both normal irrigation and water deficit conditions can improve the quantitative and qualitative properties.

In order to investigate the effects of irrigation, planting date, and biofertilizers on phenological traits, yield, and some qualitative traits of quinoa as a new plant, an experiment has been conducted on a farm located in Bilehsvar region of Ardabil Province in two cropping years from 2019 to 2021 in split - split plot design based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. Experimental factors include irrigation at three levels, including (complete irrigation, irrigation termination in budding stage, and irrigation termination in seed filling stage) as the main factor, planting date at three levels (namely 27 July, 11 August, and 27 August) as the sub-factor, and four levels of nitrogen biofertilizer (the control, seed inoculant with Azotobacter, inoculant with Azospirillum, and inoculation with a mixture of Azotobacter and Azospirillum) as the sub-sub-factor. The results show that the use of complete irrigation with a planting date of 27 July and inoculation of Azotobacter and Azospirillum biofertilizers has increased the length of phenological stages and 1000-seed weight. In terms of harvest index, complete irrigation treatment with planting date of 27 July, and combined inoculation of biofertilizers have had the highest value, in terms of protein percentage and saponin content of seed, irrigation interruption at the budding stage with planting date of 27 July, while co-inoculation with biofertilizers has given the best results, and the highest biological yield (620 g/m2) and grain yield (304.97 g/m2) have been obtained from complete irrigation treatment with planting date of 11 August and co-inoculation of biofertilizers.

In recent years, the importance of producing healthy crops has led to special attention to production methods and applied inputs used. For the purpose, a two-year factorial experiment was conducted a randomized complete block design with three replications at the research site of Rice Research Institute, Rasht, during 2019-2020 to reduce the problems caused by chemical fertilizers and replacing them with biological resources. Experimental factors including eight levels of inoculation: control (without fertilization), Pseudomonas, Azospirillium, Azotobacter, Azospirillium and Pseudomonas, Azotobacter and Pseudomonas, Azotobacter and Azospirillium, Azotobacter, Pseudomonas and Azospirillium, and Hashemi and Gilaneh rice varieties were considered. The results showed that the effect of inoculation and variety on yield components and yield of rice varieties was significant at 5% and 1% probability levels, so that the highest plant height (119.6 cm), number of tillers (12.3), number of panicles per square meter (165.1), number of filled grain (126.3) and minimum number of unfilled grain (7) from the combined treatment of Azotobacter and Azospirillium and Pseudomonas were obtained. Also, application of combined treatment of Azotobacter and Pseudomonas and Azospirillium increased 79.3% and 30.6% of paddy yield and biomass of Hashemi variety and increased 90.2% and 55.9% of paddy yield and biomass of Gilaneh variety compared to the control treatment. According to the results, the application of Azotobacter, Azospirillium and Pseudomonas treatment is recommended due to maintaining and improving some chemical properties of paddy soil and compensating for 47.4% and 56.7% yield of Hashemi and Gilaneh rice varieties compared to chemical fertilizer treatment.

The most important problem that threatens food security of any country and the world is the lack of adequate water resources, so one of the ways to deal with this crisis is to use plants with low water requirements and high water use efficiency. Among the plants, we can name Quinoa, which is one of the plants that has been less studied and exploited in Iran. Since the planting date has the greatest impact on the physiological characteristics of the crop compared to other cropping treatments, so choosing the appropriate planting date can also create the greatest correlation between plant growth trends and climatic conditions. Undoubtedly, the use of biological fertilizers, in addition to the positive effects it has on all soil properties, is also economically, environmentally and socially fruitful and can be a suitable and desirable alternative to chemical fertilizers. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the response to deficit irrigation, planting date and application of different biofertilizers in quinoa.

This experiment was carried out during two cropping years 2019 and 2020 in a farm located in Moghan region. The site has latitude of 39◦27 N, a longitude of 48◦12 E and is 120 m above mean sea level, with an average annual rainfall of 250-300 mm. In this experiment, Titicaca cultivar of quinoa was cultivated in summer in the form of a double split plot design based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. Experimental factors include irrigation at three levels (Conventional irrigation, Irrigation cut-off in budding stage and Irrigation cut-off in seed filling stage) as a main factor, planting date at three levels (27 July, 11  and 27 August) as a sub-factor and four levels of nitrogen biofertilizer (without inoculation, seed inoculation with Azotobacter, seed inoculation with Azospirillum and inoculation with a mixture of Azotobacter and Azospirillum) were considered as a sub-sub-factor. Plant height, stem diameter and panicle length in each plant were measured at the physiological maturity stage by randomly selecting 10 plants using a ruler with millimeter accuracy. Leaf area was measured by selecting 5 plants from each plot randomly and with the model Leaf area meter Li-cor. At the end of the growing season, the product of two middle planting lines with a length of 4 meters was harvested by observing the half-meter margin effect and after drying in a ventilated oven at 70 °C for 24 hours, grain yield was determined. Leaf carbon concentration was estimated by dry combustion with air flow in an electric furnace, Kjeldahl method (Sharpe et al., 2001) was used to measure nitrogen concentration. Experimental data were analyzed before analysis of variance for homogeneity of test errors through Bartlett test and then analyzed using SAS (9.1) software and comparison of means at 5% probability level using Duncan multi-range test.

The results showed that conventional irrigation with planting date of 27 August and inoculation of Azotobacter and Azospirillum biofertilizers had the best effect in terms of morphological traits and leaf nitrogen concentration and The highest grain yield (304.97 g.m-2) was obtained from conventional irrigation treatment with planting date of 27 August and inoculation of biofertilizers of Azotobacter and Azospirillum. Also, quinoa seed yield had a positive and significant correlation with plant height (r = 0.85), stem diameter (r =0. 64), leaf area (r = 0.86), panicle length (r = 0.86) and leaf carbon concentration (r = 0.38) showed.

The results of this study showed though conventional irrigation with planting date of 20 August and inoculation of Azotobacter and Azospirillum biofertilizers had the highest number of studied traits, especially grain yield (304.97 g.m-2), but with interruption of irrigation treatment at the stage of seed filling with planting date of 20 August and inoculation of biofertilizers were included in a statistical group, so in terms of the importance of water consumption, it can be said that in conditions of limited water resources, irrigation cut-off treatment in the stage of grain filling has the most favorable results.

In order to investigate the effects of integrated management of chemical and biological fertilizers on physiological traits, and grain yield of black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) under different irrigation levels, a split-plot experiment has been conducted based on a randomized complete block design with four replications at research farm University of Kurdistan in the spring of 2016. Two irrigation levels (irrigation at 100% and 70% of the plant water requirement) are randomized on the main plot. Five fertilizer levels (including 100% chemical fertilizers, 80% chemical fertilizers + biofertilizers, 60% chemical fertilizers + biofertilizers, 40% chemical fertilizers + biofertilizers, and non-fertilizer application) are randomized on a sub-plot. The results reveal that under irrigation at 70% of the plant water requirement conditions, proline concentration, soluble carbohydrates concentration, and lipid peroxidation have increased, while the values of other studied physiological parameters as well the grain yield have dropped. The combination of biological and chemical fertilizers positively affect the studied physiological traits and grain yield, such that the highest grain yield belongs to the combined treatment of 60% chemical fertilizers + biofertilizers (798.18 kg ha-1), showing an increase of 37.22% compared to the control (without fertilizer). Due to the positive effects of combining bio-chemical fertilizers on physiological parameters and grain yield, it is recommended to replace the combination of bio-chemical fertilizers instead of employing only chemical fertilizers.

Application of Azotobacter as a substitute or suitable companion of nitrogen chemical fertilizer with higher efficiency of inputs in safflower plant as a plant adapted to different climates is one of the sustainable agricultural strategies. Therefore, in order to study the effects of Azotobacter chroococcum and nitrogen fertilizer on nitrogen uptake, grain nitrogen and straw, nitrogen efficiency indices and grain yield of six safflower genotypes under rainfed conditions, a factorial experiment has been conducted based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in during growing season of 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 at the Agricultural Research Station Sarableh in Ilam Province. Experimental factors inoculate a combination of seed inoculation with Azotobacter chroococcum with urea chemical fertilizer application at four levels (non-inoculated with Azotobacter chroococcum and urea as control, seed inoculation with Azotobacter, inoculation with Azotobacter chroococcum + 50 Percent N from urea, and inoculation with Azotobacter chroococcum + 100% N from Urea) and six genotypes of safflower. The combined analysis of variance for two years show that the main effects of nitrogen source and genotype and also year× nitrogen source have had significant effect on all of the measured traits and nitrogen efficiency indices. The results from comparison of means show that inoculation treatment with Azotobacter chroococcum + 50% nitrogen fertilizer had higher Nitrogen use efficiencythan 100% nitrogen fertilizer use, with no significant difference in grain yield between the two treatments. Sina genotype with the highest grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency, compared to other genotypes, is more desirable for cultivation in rainfed conditions of the region.

In order to investigate the effect of chemical and biological nitrogen fertilizer on canola, a field experiment was conducted as a split plot based on a randomized complete block design with three replications at the research station of the Faculty of Agriculture, Yasouj University, located in Deshtrum region, in 2019. The main factor consisted of nitrogen fertilizer (zero, 25, 50, 75, 100 and 125 kg/ha of pure nitrogen from urea source) and the secondary factor consisted of nitroxin biofertilizer contained Azotobacter and Azospirillium bacteria (use and non-use). The results showed that nitrogen fertilizer and nitroxin had a significant effect on all investigated traits. Nitrogen fertilizer significantly increased plant height, number of lateral branches, chlorophyll index and oil yield. The highest grain (8790.60 kg/ha) and biological (23910.93 kg/ha) yield were obtained in 125 kg/ha of nitrogen and the use of nitroxin. With the consumption of 125 kg/ha of nitrogen and nitroxin, the lowest percentage of seed oil, and contrastingly the highest percentage of seed protein (36.65%) was obtained. In general, combined application of biofertilizer with chemical nitrogen increased grain, biological and oil yield. Nitroxin bio-fertilizer could reduce the consumption of chemical nitrogen fertilizer. The results showed that there was no significant difference between the application of 50 kg/ha of nitrogen + bacteria and the application of higher levels of nitrogen (75, 100 and 125 kg/ha) alone in most of the investigated traits.

Azotobacter is an aerobic, gram negative and chemoorganotrophic bacterium, that is able to stabilize molecular nitrogen nonsymbiotically. The role of Azotobacter in plant growth is due to the production of growth-promoting hormones, the ability to dissolve insoluble phosphates, nitrogen fixation, increase stress resistance and biocontrol of plant pathogens. The aim of this study was to isolate and identify the indigenous Azotobacter from the soil of different areas of Tehran. The effect of tomato plant inoculation with isolates on growth promoting was also investigated. Finally, the growth conditions of the superior isolate were optimized.  Azotobacter isolates were obtained from soil samples using serial dilution method and identified by conventional biochemical tests. The nif H gene, encoding nitrogenase enzyme, was identified in isolates using real-time PCR technique. Then the tomato seeds were inoculated with isolates and seedling growth rate including stem and root length were measured during 34 days. The parameters of temperature, pH, aeration rate, and carbon and nitrogen sources were optimized for superior isolate. In this study, 27 isolates were identified as nitrogen fixing Azotobacter. Considering the results, all isolates showed a significant increase (p <0.05) in stem and root length of tomato plants compared to standard strain and negative control. Among them, isolate No. 21 had the greatest effect during 34 days of study and its best growth conditions in the presence of mannitol carbon source, peptone nitrogen source, 200 rpm rotation, 30°C and pH 7were acquired. According to the results of this study, the obtained indigenous isolates particularly isolate No.21 have the potential to be used as biological fertilizer after further investigations.

In order to evaluate the yield and nutrient accumulation in different cultivars of rapeseed under the effect of azotobacter in irrigation conditions, a factorial split experiment based on randomized complete blocks design with four replications was conducted in Khorramabad agricultural research station in 2016-2017. Experimental factors included the withholding irrigation from 30% flowering and 30% pod forming, and normal irrigation (control) as the main plot and inoculation of  Neptune, Oktane and Okapi rapeseed cultivar seeds with azotobacter strains (63, 70) and non inoculation (control)as subplots. The results showed that the irrigation regimes had a significant effect on grain yield and the accumulation of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and manganese in shoot and seeds. The effect of azotobacter was significant on all nutrients (except magnesium) uptake in green tissue and seeds. The interaction effects of irrigation regime, bacteria and cultivar were significant on phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, manganese, and zinc levels in shoot and grain. Maximum grain yield was obtained from optimal irrigation treatment with 4559 kg.ha-1. It was found that Oktane and Neptune cultivars with 4584 and 4290 kg grain.ha-1were superior compared to okapi cultivar. With regards to the positive effect of potassium concentration and inoculation of rapeseed seeds with azotobacter due to its solubilizing properties, increasing the application of potassium in soil and seed inoculation can moderate the negative effects of stress and improve grain yield in rapeseed.

The management of soil elements using biofertilizers and seed priming is one of the sustainable agricultural pillars that can be a good strategy in providing healthy food, environmental health and human health. Priming shortens the planting time until the seeds germinate and protects the living and non-living factors in the critical stage of seedling establishment. Also, this treatment causes uniformity of seedling emergence, which leads to uniform stability and improved crop yield. Also, one of the ways to achieve sustainable agricultural goals is to use microorganisms that play an important role in meeting the nutritional needs of plants. Biofertilizers contain microorganisms. When used on seeds, rootstocks, or in the soil, they stimulate the growth of the roots or the plant itself, and by increasing the availability of minerals, they increase plant growth an environmental point of view, they are acceptable. This experiment was performed as a factorial in the form of a randomized complete block design with three replications on the Field of the Agricultural Research and Natural Resources Center of West Azerbaijan in the 2013 crop year. Experimental treatments included five levels of priming (control, hydropreaming, smoopriming, soaking and hydropriming) and four levels of biofertilizer (control, Azobacter, Phosphate, Azobacter + Phosphate) on marigold seeds. Under pre-treatment conditions, the seeds were soaked in different solutions at room temperature for eight hours before sowing and immediately after sowing on Filter paperand re-dried for 24 hours. In order to inoculate seeds into biofertilizers (Azobacter and Phosphate), first mix the seeds thoroughly with gum arabic and bacterium Azobacter and Phosphate and stir to increase the contact surface of gum arabic and bacterium with marigold seeds. Seed inoculation with growth-promoting bacteria was performed in shady conditions. The results showed that the highest plant height (44.12 cm), flower weight (16.95 g/plant), flower yield (339.13 g/m2), petal yield (294.13 kg/ha), seed yield (1840.13 kg/ha) and essential oil yield (2.21 kg/ha) were related to the interaction of the effect of hormone priming interaction and combined application of Azobacter + Phosphate fertilizer. The highest biological yield (5768.30 kg/ha) was obtained under the influence of hormone preming and Azobacter. The maximum grain harvest index (35.43%) was observed in hormone priming treatment without the use of biofertilizer, which was not significantly different from the combined treatment of osmopriming and hormone priming under the application of fertile Phosphate fertilizer.The highest number of branches (30.15) was related to hormone treatment and in terms of biofertilizer, the highest number of branches (29.77) was observed in the combined treatment of Azobacter + Phosphate fertilizer Flower yield, seed yield, percentage of essential oil and marigold essential oil yield with combined application of biofertilizers (Azotobacter + Phosphate fertilizer) under the influence of hormone priming compared to other treatments, respectively 52, 40, 30 and 58% (at a significant level of probability 1 %) increased. In general, the findings of this study show that priming of marigold seeds was superior to control treatment (without priming) due to increased yield components. Also, the use of a combination of Azobacter + Phosphate fertilizer increased yield, grain yield components and marigold essential oil yield significantly compared to other fertilizer treatments. Therefore, according to the findings of this study, in order to increase and improve the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of marigold plant, the combined use of the Azotobacter with Phosphate fertilizer under the influence of hormone priming can be desirable in the direction of sustainable agriculture.

Drought stress is one of the most important factors in reducing crop production in many arid and semi-arid regions of the world. In recent years, the use of growth stimulants to prevent the excessive use of chemical fertilizers and induce tolerance to environmental stresses has increased in order to achieve the goals of sustainable agriculture. Unlike chemical fertilizers, these compounds with the least adverse environmental effects are involved in increasing crop yields and conserving natural resources. The use of growth stimulants is one of the promising ways to overcome drought stress. Based on reports expressing the positive effects of growth stimulants drought tolerance, the present study was designed to investigate the moderating effect of growth stimulants at different irrigation intervals on improving yield, yield components and nutrient concentration in wheat.

The experiment was performed as a split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications. This research was conducted during the growing seasons of 2017-2018 and 2018-2019 in Fars Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center (Darab Agricultural Research station). The main factor includes different irrigation intervals at two levels (irrigation after 70 and 140 mm of cumulative evaporation from Class A evaporation pan) and the secondary factor includes the use of growth stimulants at seven levels (control, soil application of humic acid, foliar spray of amino acids, fulvic acids and seaweed extract, seed inoculation of Azotobacter and the combination of growth stimulants). The amount of irrigation water required in irrigation treatments was determined based on soil moisture supply at the depth of root development to reach the field capacity. Soil moisture was measured by weight method and through soil sampling in the middle of each plot to determine the evacuated moisture after reaching the desired cumulative evaporation. Foliar application of amino acids, fulvic acids and seaweed extract was performed at the concentration of 5 kg m-3of water in two stages of tillering and complete emergence of spike. Humic acid fertilizer at a rate of 5 kg.ha-1 was applied in the early stages of growth with the second irrigation. Seed Azotobacter inoculum was used at a rate of 1.5%. Finally, the concentration of nutrients in straw and grain, straw and grain dry weight, biological yield, harvest index and yield components were measured. Analysis of data variances was performed using SAS software version 9.1. Bartlett test was performed on all studied traits.

The results showed that the highest concentration of macro and micro nutrients in grain and straw were obtained in the combined treatment of growth stimulants. After this treatment, a significant increase in the concentration of nutrients was observed in the individual consumption of growth stimulants. Combination treatment of growth stimulants increased wheat biological yield by 18% compared to the control. Also, at a lower level, individual application of growth stimulants improved the biological yield compared to the control. The combination of growth stimulants and subsequently the individual application of these compounds improved the yield components of wheat. In the first and second year, irrigation after 140 mm of cumulative evaporation reduced the biological yield by 14 and 25% compared to 70 mm of cumulative evaporation, respectively. Also, irrigation after 140 mm of cumulative evaporation reduced the dry weight of straw, grain yield and harvest index compared to 70 mm of cumulative evaporation. In general, the results showed that the uptake of some nutrients was affected by the 140 mm cumulative evaporation treatment from the evaporation pan. However, in the second year of planting, due to the presence of frequent rains before flowering, the treatment of 140 mm of cumulative evaporation from the evaporation pan had less effect on nutrient uptake.

Overall, the use of a combination of growth stimulants was effective in increasing grain yield, biological yield and yield components of wheat. The results of this study showed that the growth stimulants to some extent caused drought tolerance by improving nutrients uptake. Therefore, the combination of growth stimulants in both normal irrigation and drought stress conditions can be used to improve nutrient uptake and wheat grain yield.

In order to evaluate the effect of chemical and biological fertilizers on crop and physiological characteristics of wheat, pearl cultivar was applied in experimental form in the form of complete randomized randomized blocks with three replications in Nokandeh city of Golestan province. Experimental factors include nitrogen supply sources at four levels of nitrogen (12 g/100 kg seed), Azospirillum (12 g/100 kg seed), urea (200 kg/ ha-1) and an equal combination of three sources (33% Azotobacter + 33% Azospirillum + 33% urea) and phosphorus-supplying sources at the level of three levels of triple superphosphate (100 kg / ha), fertile phosphate 2 (12g/100 kg seed) and equal combination of two sources (50% triple superphosphate + 50% fertile phosphate 2)) Was with the control.  The results of analysis of variance showed that nitrogen and biological fertilizers had a significant effect on all traits except the weight of one thousand seeds at the level of one percent probability. The results showed that the highest plant height, biological yield, spike length, number of seeds per spike, grain yield, flowering and care protein, chlorophyll b and total fertilizer treatment combined the three sources of nitrogen supply (33% Azotobacter + 33% of Azospirillum + 33% Urea). High levels of leaf area index, spike and chlorophyll a were obtained with Azotobacter treatment. In summary, the results of this study showed that using the right combination of biofertilizers and nitrogen fertilizers can reduce the use of chemical fertilizers and therefore be consistent with agricultural goals.

Lentil is a plant that often grows in marginal lands and in less fertile soils. Lentil with high protein content play an important role in feeding livestock in these areas. A great part of the land in Iran is classified within the arid and semi-arid zone where water scarcity is the main limiting factor for crop production. So, increasing water productivity with respect to crop yield per unit area is the best approach for rain-fed farming systems. Drought stress that occurs during the reproductive growth period, adversely affects the yield and yield components. Supplemental irrigation can be an efficient technique to cope with the limited water availability and to stabilize the crop yields. Organic matter enhances soil quality by improving soil structure, nutrient storage, and biological activity. The use of biofertilizers reduces the use of chemical fertilizers and in addition to providing nutrients in a way that is fully compatible with the natural nutrition of plants, helps to preserve the environment, fertility of agricultural lands and more and better yield of plants. On the other hand, growth-promoting bacteria that can make a symbiosis with the roots of most crops not only affect the biological fixation of nitrogen, but also increase cell division in plants, change root morphology, increase the number of root hairs, and enhance nutrient uptake. The combination of these fertilizers makes it possible for the fertilizer to provide the plant with absorbable nutrients in the initial period of growth, and in the later periods of growth, and ideal conditions are provided for plant growth and while reducing production costs, it also increases the quantitative and qualitative yield of plants. 

This factorial experiment was done as a complete randomized block design with three replications at Urmia University in 2017. Experimental treatments included once supplemental irrigation and dry farming as the first factor and application of different fertilizer resources including: chemical fertilizer (100%), biofertilizers (phosphate Barow-2 and Azotobacter) (100%), cow manure (100%), combined treatment: chemical+biofertilizer 50%, chemical+cow manure 50%, biofertilizer,+ cow manure 50%, biofertilizer+chemical+cow manure 50% and control at three replications were the second factor. Lentil plants were harvested on the 25-27th of June years. At harvest, random samples of plot for each experimental plants. The analysis of variance data was performed using GLM procedure (SAS 9.1, SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA). The effects of irrigation regimes, the application of different fertilizer resources and interactions of these two factors were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and means were compared using Duncan's Multiple Range Test (DMRT) (P≤ 0.05).

The results showed that additional irrigation increased the percentage of protein, forage ash, water-soluble carbohydrates, digestible dry matter, and the activity of the enzyme glutathione reductase. But the highest amount of insoluble fiber in neutral and acid detergents was obtained in rainfed conditions. Also, the highest percentage of protein, forage ash, water-soluble carbohydrates, digestible dry matter and the activity of glutathione reductase enzyme were observed in the combined treatment of 50% chemical+biofertilizer+animal manure. While the use of different fertilizer sources compared to control had a significant effect on increasing the content of photosynthetic pigments and the activity of catalase enzyme in each of the irrigation conditions. Maximum forage yield (1460.52 kg/ha) and forage protein yield (336.38 kg/ha) were obtained in 50% chemical fertilizer+biofertilizer+animal manure treatment under additional irrigation conditions. Supplemental irrigation at flowering and pod filling period of Lentil enhanced the biological yield by positively influencing the development of auxiliary branches and plant height. The combined application of different fertilizer resources may improve nutrients uptake rate of the plants, thereby enhancing growth and development and leaf chlorophyll content followed by the increased level of photosynthesis and assimilation. The final result is the improvement of plant forage yield.

Application of different fertilizer resources could improve the uptake of forage yield in Lentil under supplementary irrigation. Therefore, according to the findings of this research, the combined use of different fertilizer resources to increase yield and maintain long-term production under rainfed conditions can be desirable for sustainable agriculture.

To study the effect of vermicompost and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) on yield indices, oil and protein percent and element concentration of seed in sesame (Sesamum indicum L.), a greenhouse experiment has been conducted in factorial based on completely randomized design with four replications at Vali-e-Asr university of Rafsanjan in 2014. Experiment factors include four levels of vermicompost (zero (V0), 1 (V1), 2 (V2), and 4 (V3) percent) and five bacterial levels (without bacteria (B0), inoculation with an isolate from fluorescent pseudomonads group, having ability to dissolve inorganic phosphate (B1), Azospirillum sp. (B2), Azotobacter sp. (B3), and with the ability to fix nitrogen and a mixture of three bacteria (B4)). The results show that the application of vermicompost and PGPR alone significantly increase oil percentage (up to 80.7% and 15.4%, respectively), potassium, iron, and manganese concentration in seed sesame. Also, simultaneous application of vermicompost and PGPR are significantly enhanced along with weight of seeds, number and weight of capsule, protein of seed and concentration of nitrogen, phosphorous and copper in seed sesame. In general, the combined application of vermicompost and growth-promoting bacteria, through a synergistic relationship, have increased the yield and the content of mineral elements of sesame seeds.

In order to investigate the effect(s) of biologic and organic fertilizers on light consumption efficiency in growing maize-bean mixture, an experiment has been conducted in the form of split plots in a randomized complete block design with 12 treatments. Main plots, containing different fertilizer systems in four levels, include 30 kg/ha urea, Azotobacter, vermicompost, and Azotobacter + vermicompost, and the subplots contain cultivation compound of pure maize and pure bean being 50% maize + 50% bean, 60% maize + 60% pinto bean, and 80% maize + 80% pinto bean. Results show that leaf area index, dry matter accumulation, and light consumption efficiency of maize have been significantly higher than pure culture. The highest light use efficiency is related to the combined use of Azotobacter and vermicompost in mixed culture of 80% maize + 80% pinto beans with an average of 2.29 g / MJ, which increase light use efficiency by 63%, compared to 30 kg/ha of pure culture. Also, the highest dry matter, related to the mixed culture of 60% maize + 60% pinto beans, belongs to the amount of 1728 g/m2, which increase the dry matter accumulation by 16%, compared to pure culture. In general, the combined composition of organic and biologic fertilizers in intercropping has the ability to compete with urea chemical fertilizer in terms of mechanistic indicators of plant growth analysis.