جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « انگور » در نشریات گروه « زراعت »

An increase in the temperature and frequent droughts are consequences of the climate change. Using different methods of producing horticultural products in protected ways, such as shading net, is one approach to mitigate the impact of the changing climate. The present study was carried out to determine the effect of shading net on growth and fruit yield and quality of four grapevine (Vitis vinifera) cultivars in the Takestan grapevine research station in 2022. For this purpose, vegetative and reproductive characteristics of four grapevine cultivars (Sahebi, Red Sultana, Red Asgari and Mish Pestan) were evaluated under and outside of green shading net with shade coefficient of 50% as factorial arrangements in randomized complete block design with three replications. Significant increase of internode length under the shading net were recorded. Green shading net significantly increased the titratable acid (80.6%) and the pH of the fruit juice (73.2%), the length and width, and the weight of berry (21.8%, 44.11%, and 41.7%, respectively), cluster length, diameter and weight (51.6%, 49%, and 30.8%, respectively), and fruit yield per vine (65%). However, green shading net caused significant decrease in total soluble solids (17.7%). In all grape cultivars, the total soluble solids under the green shading net was lower than outside the green shading net, and the highest total soluble solids (26 Brix units) belonged to cv. Red Sultana outside of the shading net. The titratable acidity (TA) level of fruit juice under shading net was higher than outside the shading net in all grape cultivars. The highest TA level (8.5g l-1) was observed in cv. Mish Pestan under green shading net. The dimensions of berries under the shading net were greater than outside in all studied grape cultivars. The results showed that the fruit yield and its components increased under green shading net, but fruit ripening prolonged. Therefore, for table grape production, it is necessary to collect the shading net in fruit color changing period to prevent late ripening.

Considering the extent of grapevine cultivation in arid and semi-arid areas of the world where salinity stress is one of the important environmental stresses that limits grape production in Iran. Therefore, this research was carried out for preliminary evaluation and comparison of the reaction of three grapevine native cutivars; Bidaneh Sefid, Bidaneh Ghermez, Shahroudi and three hybrids H4, H6 and Kober5BB rootstocks in response to salinity stress in Temperate Fruits Research Center, Horticultural Sciences Research Institute, in Karaj, Iran, in 2015 -2017. The experiments were conducted as factorial arrangements in completely randomized design with five replications under in vitro conditions. The effect of salt was evaluated to identify the most tolerant cultivar/rootstock at four concentration levels of sodium chloride (NaCl); 0 (control), 25, 50 and 75 mM. The results showed significant effect of different salt levels on grapevine cultivars/rootstocks for all vegetative traits including; length of shootlets, number of leaves shootlet-1 and leaf expansion. Most of these traits increased at mild salt stress up to 25 mM. However, at 50 and 75 mM, which are decisive concentrations for tolerance of plant tissues to salinity, the traits showed significant decreases. According to the vegetative growth charcteristics, H6 hybrid rootstock and cv. Shahroudi had relative tolerance to the salinity stress that was confirmed by high preservation of their chlorophyll content, as observed about 2 mg g-1 FW in H6 hybrid rootstock. The total protein and proline contents of leaves showed that the total protein content in all grapevine cultivars and rootstocks followed increasing trend with stress intensity. The proline content had an appropriate association with the higher tolerance level of H6 hybrid rootstock and cv. Shahroudi to 75 mM of sodium chloride.

In order to evaluate the effect of gibberellic acid on yield and fruit quality of grapes, an experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design on five-year-old vines of ʻSultanaʼ seedless cultivar. First at the stage of cluster emergence, all of the vines were sprayed with 10 mg/l of gibberellic acid except control and then, at the second stage, different gibberellic acid treatments including 0, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 mg/l concentrations were applied when the berries were at 1-2 mm diameter. Exogenous gibberellic acid application significantly increased the weight, volume, length and diameter of the berries compared to the control. Cluster axis length and cluster weight as well as total vine yield were also significantly improved by gibberellic acid treatments. The reduction of length to diameter ratio of berries due to gibberellic acid resulted in the production of rounder berries than the control. Traits such as pH and volumetric mass (weight to volume ratio) of berries were not affected by gibberellic acid. As the yield increased, the process of fruit ripening was delayed by the gibberellic acid. Due to gibberellic acid treatment, the soluble solids content (SSC) of fruit decreased and the total acid content of fruit extract increased.

One of the most important goals of grapes breeding is to obtain seedless grapes with large berries and good taste. In order to achieve table and raisin grape varieties with good quality, desirable taste and larger berries with various colors, it is necessary to estimate the breeding value of the desired traits. In this study breeding values of fourteen in 45 grape cultivars were predicted using the best linear prediction (BLUP) prediction. The purpose of this study is to estimate the breeding value of the grape cultivars and to identify the superior cultivars. The results of this study can be of great help to breeders in selecting cultivars with favorable market traits and cultivars with better yield.

In this study, 45 grape cultivars in the collection of Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center of West Azerbaijan Province were used. From each of the cultivars in the first year of research ten 14-year-old plants were selected and TSS, pH, TA, berry weight, flesh weight, single seed weight, seed number, juice volume, pollen germination, cluster length, cluster width, cluster weight, fruit set in open and under controlled pollination were investigated. The characteristics were measured for three consecutive years.

Based on the results, considering the sum of the breeding values of all the studied traits, Agh Shani, Taifi, Qzl Ouzum, Lal Qermez, Tabarze Qermez, Garmian, Rishbaba Qermez and Qara Shani cultivars had the highest rank. Among the studied seedless cultivars, Rejin cultivar in terms of single seed weight and Keshmeshi Sefid cultivar in terms of seed number had the highest breeding value. Among the seeded cultivars, Shirazi cultivar in terms of single seed weight and Qara Shani cultivar in terms of seed number had the highest breeding value. Garmian, Rishbaba Qermez, Keshmeshi Qermez, Tabarze Qermez, Agh Shani and shirazi had positive breeding value for pollen germination, fruit set in open pollination and fruit set under controlled pollination.

Sarghola, Gazandaii and Qzl Ouzum cultivars had the high and positive breeding value for berry weight and fresh weight and they can be used as good parents for breeding of these traits in hybridization programs because they can better transfer their characteristics to the progeny. Lal Qermez, Rishbaba Qermez and Tabarze Qermez cultivars had high and positive breeding value for cluster weight, cluster width and cluster weight so they can be introduced as a suitable parent for breeding of these traits in breeding programs.

The most important commercial use of gibberellin in horticulture is to improve the yield and marketability of table grapes. This experiment was conducted in order to evaluate the effect of different concentrations of gibberellic acid on yield components of five-year-old ʻAskariʼ seedless grapevines, based on a randomized complete block design. Gibberellic acid was sprayed on the foliage and clusters in two stages: First 10 mg/L of gibberellic acid was applied on all trees except the control, at the stage of cluster emergence (2-3 cm in length) and then, 0, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 mg/L concentrations were used when the berries were at 1-2 mm diameter. Exogenous gibberellic acid application led to the significant increase in the average weight, volume, length and diameter of the berries compared to the control. Mean weight of cluster as well as vine total yield were also improved significantly by gibberellic acid treatments. The pH of fruit extract was increased by gibberellic acid treatment. Exogenous gibberellic acid decreased the soluble solids content of berries, but total acid content of berries was increased by gibberellic acid treatments. Gibberellic acid application had no significant effect on berry shape index (length/diameter ratio), berry volumetric mass (weight/volume ratio) and cluster axis length. Based on the results of this study, foliar application of 10 mg/L gibberellic acid increases the yield of ʻAskariʼ cultivar and is potent to be used by the grape growers.

Drought stress is one of the most important limiting factors for cultivation and production of grapes in the world and Iran. To study the effect of drought stress on some physiological traits of three cultivars, i.e. ‘Fakhri’, ‘Molaei’ and ‘Ghalati’, a factorial experiment in completely randomized design with three soil water potential treatments. i.e. -0.2 (control), -0.7 and -1.2 MPa was implemented in greenhouse conditions in 2016. In this study, non- grafted grape vines were placed in large 26-liter pots filled with a clay loam textured soil. According to the results of this study, both levels of stress had a significant effect on dry matter to leaf area ratio, cell membrane stability, chlorophyll, proline, and soluble carbohydrates concertation, leaf relative water content, catalase and peroxidase activities. Soluble carbohydrates concentration showed a significant increase of 47 percent compared to control (10.57 mg g-1 DM) in -1.2 MPa stress level. Drought stress decreased the RWC (2 Percent) and increased proline (9 Percent) and malondialdehyde (55 percent) concentration, the peroxidase (15 to 20 percent) and catalase activity (9 Percent). The highest and the lowest chlorophyll concentrations were observed in ‘Ghalati’ (1.63 mg g-1 FM) and ‘Fakhri’ (1.31 mg g-1 FM), respectively. In conclusion, ‘Ghalati’ cultivar had higher potential to withstand drought stress conditions than ‘Molaei’ and ‘Fakhri’ cultivars.

The application of edible coatings is one of the most innovative methods to extend the commercial shelf-life of fruits and vegetables by acting as a gas barrier. In this study, the effects of chitosan, thymus essential oil and their combination in extending shelf life of grape (‘Bidaneh Ghermez’) and quality properties were investigated. Grapes were harvested when were fully ripened and their total soluble solid (TSS) was about 25% and immediately transferred to laboratory. Then fruit treated by 0.5% and 1% (w/v) solution of chitosan, 150 and 300 µl/l thymus essential oil and their combination (untreated fruit were as control). After treatments, grapes were packed in 200g packages and stored at 0-2 ºC and 90% ± 5 RH for 60 days. Changes in weight loss, color, pH, TSS, decay and sensory quality were measured in ten-day intervals until 60 days after the treatments. Results showed that chitosan and essential oil treatment significantly decreased weight loss, decay, color change, shrivel and berry shatter in comparison to the control. According to the panelists’ votes, treated fruits did not show significant difference to the non-treated control fruits. It seems that among different treatments examined, the combined treatment of chitosan and thymus essential oil was more suitable for maintaining the fruit quality.

There are various grapevine-training methods in the world because of the high formability of grapevine. These methods are vary depending on the variety, type of use, climatic conditions of the area, mechanization, and economic issues in each region. Some studies have shown that the type of training system affects the quantitative and qualitative yield of grape varieties. The aim of present study was to determine the effect of training systems on the quantitative and qualitative yield of grapevine cv. Red Sultana.

Eight grapevine training systems including High Cordon, Medium Cordon, Low Cordon, Geneva, Guyot, Traditional, Head, and Wye (Y) were considered. The research was carried out in a randomized complete block design with three replications and six plants per plot for five years at Takestan grape research station. Quantitative and qualitative traits of the fruit, such as yield, raisin yield, cluster around, cluster diameter, cluster length, berry length and berry width, pH of the fruit extract, total soluble solids (TSS) and titrable acidity of fruit extract (TA) were recorded. Graphical analysis technic was used to determine the best training system.

Yield, berry diameters, TA, TSS, raisin yield, and ripening were significantly more affected by the type of training system than other traits (P<0.05). The highest fruit yield (19.8 kg/plant) and raisin yield (6.9 kg/plant) were obtained in high Cordon training method. The highest average length and width of the berry was in the high Cordon system. The highest (24.6 degrees of Brix) and lowest (21.9 degrees of Brix) of TSS were recorded in low Cordon and traditional systems, respectively. The total acidity of the fruit juice was the highest in the high Cordon system and lowest in the traditional systems. The highest rate of sugar/acid was in the traditional system. Y and low Cordon systems were the earliest and traditional system was the longest of the fruit ripening point of view. High Cordon training system was the closest system to the optimum point of all studied traits.

The results of this study showed that the type of grapevine training system affected the fruit and raisin yield, the berry diameter, the TSS and TA of the fruit juice and the ripening. Therefore, by choosing the appropriate grapevine training system, it can manage the yield and quality of the fruit, which high Cordon system was the best system for grapevine cv. Red Sultana training in the Takestan region.

Grapes with the scientific name (Vitis vinifera L.) belong to the Vitaceae family. Detection, selection and use of grape varieties with drought stress is one of the most important issues in breeding programs and grape production. Therefore, identification, studying and evaluation of physiological and morphological reactions of Iranian grape varieties under drought stress is of great importance in grapevine research. Considering the dispersal of most of Iran's grapes in arid and semi-arid regions, as well as the cultivation of this plant in rainfed form in some provinces of the country such as Kurdistan, Fars, etc., grape plants in part of their annual growth That is, during the summer when excessive evapotranspiration is strongly affected by drought stress and water scarcity, causing problems such as shortening the growth period, reducing flowering and physiological aging and ultimately leading to reduced yield and The plant disappears. To investigate the effect of soil water potential changes on some physiological and biochemical of grape seedlings, an experiment carry out as factorial arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications with three cultivar including ‘Bidane sefid’, ‘Chafte’ and ‘Yaghooti’ and four drought stress level including -0.3, -0.6, -1 and -1.5 MP soil water potential. After planting seedlings in pots, and reching soil water potential to target level, Electrolyte leakage, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, Lipoxygenase (LOX) enzyme activity, phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) enzyme activity, polyphenol oxidase (PPO) enzyme activities and total phenols accumulation levels were measured in leaves. The results showed that under -1.5 MP soil water potentials ‘Bidane sefid’ had highest levels of electrolyte leakage (31.63%) but ‘Chafte’ and ‘Yaghooti’ had the lowest electrolyte leakage, 24.10 and 25.88 %, respectively. The activity of PAL enzyme under -1 and -1.5 MP soil water potentials in ‘Chafte’ and ‘Yaghooti’ was increased significantly, (under -1.5 MP soil water potentials exhibited highest enzyme activity, 2.45 and 1.97 µmol cinnamic acid. h-1, respectively). However under drought stress levels from -0.3 to -1.5 MP soil water potentials, ‘Bidane sefid’ cultivar had not significantly change in PAL enzyme activity. Under -1.5 MP soil water potentials, ‘Bidane sefid’ exhibited highest PPO enzyme activity (2.78 U.mg-1 protein), but ‘Chafte’ has not significantly change in their PPO enzyme activity. In the ‘Yaghooti’, PPO enzyme activity significantly increased from levels -0.6 to -1 MP soil water potentials. Our results indicated that the ‘Chafte’ under -1.5 Mpa and ‘Yaghooti’ under -1 Mp cultivars had higher tolerance to drought conditions as compared with ‘Bidane sefid’.

Many vine growers in cold regions of Iran, in the ‘Khazandeh’ vine training system, for protecting vines from freezing in automn and winter, and frost in early spring, bury vines in the autumn and remove soil in mid-April, and postpone pruning until the flower structure appears in the end of May. The aim of this study was to investigate the best time for soil removal of buried vines, timing and severity of pruning of vines following exposure to spring frost to reducing frost damage. Two experiments were carried out in 2015 and 2016 in the cv. ‘Bidaneh Sefid’ vineyard of Javersian, Khondab, Iran. The first experiment was conducted in randomized complete block design with three treatments and six replications. Treatments included: T1: soil removal in 16 March, T2: soil removal 4 April and T3: soil removal in 24 April (control). The second experiment was carried out using randomized complete block design with 10 treatments and three replications. Each treatment was a combination of pruning time (19 March, 7 April and 27 April) and pruning severity based on the number of buds (4, 6 and 8 buds). In both experimentes, the vines experienced spring frost. In the first experiment, the best time for soil removal from buried vines was after 4 April. March 16 with lowest sprouted buds (%65) had the highest frost demage. In the second experiment, the number of cluster per sprouted buds (fertility coefficient) in short prunings (T2L1 and T3L1 with 50.5% and 48.9%, respectively) were significantly higher than the long pruning (T1L3 and T2L3 with 30.7% and 28.4%, respectively). On the other hand, T3L1 with 24.6 tonha-1 had the highest fruit yield. Considering the results of this study in the “Khazandeh” vine training system, when the vines are exposed to spring frost, to obtain a high sprouted buds (%), fertility coefficient and fruit yield, the best time for soil removal from buried vines and pruning is second half of April.

Fertilization is one of the most important management principles in modern viticulture, which plays a major role in improving of the vine- grower's economy with a direct impact on productivity and the final quality of both fruits and raisins. Foliar application is one of the fast and effective methods for meeting plants nutrition requirement, especially in the critical stages of growth. In this study the effect of iron chelate (Fe-EDDHA) and urea, each in three levels of 0, 0.5 and 1% was evaluated in ‘Sultana’ grapevine in a 10-years old vineyard under a factorial desing based on  randomized complete block in Bahareh village of Malayer city, west of Iran, in 2016. Trees were sprayed  during three stages, including of one week befor flowering and two and five weeks after corolla abscision. The fruit harvesting was done in mid-September based on maturity index for measurement of certain qualitative and quantitative characters of fruits. The highest fruit set percentage and yield was achieved in 1% urea in combination with 1% Fe and the lowest of these indices were observed in control plants. Moreover, urea and iron chelate, and their interaction, significantly (P ≤ 0.01) influenced total soluble solid (TSS), titratable acidity, total phenol, anthocyanin and ascorbic acid in ‘Sultana’ grapevine fruits. The maximum TSS of berry was obtained with 1% Fe solely or in combination with urea at 0.5% and 1% concentrations, indicating the key role of Fe in TSS increasing of berry. Flavonoid and total phenol contents were higher in the presence of 0.5 and 1% of Fe, compared to other treatments. The highest anthocyanin content was achieved with application of 0.5% of Fe. The results showed that while application of urea and iron in 1% concentrations are necessary for a greater fruit yield, a higher quality of fruit is brought about with  application of urea at a moderate concentration in combination with Fe at the highest examined level.

In order to determine the effect of bud number on yield and yield component of Yaghooti grapevine cultivar an experiment was conducted in Sarpol-e-Zehab in 2010. Treatments were different bud number per plant in five levels (16, 24, 32, 40 and 48 buds). This study was conducted based on a randomized complete block design with 4 replications using 6 years old plants and in each plot three bushes were evaluated. The results showed that differences between different treatments in some traits such as yield, number of clusters, cluster weight, bud growth, pH and titratable acid were significant. Emerged buds showed a significant decrease by increasing the number of buds maintenance per plant, as for 48 buds per plant bud emergence reduction was about 17%. The number of cluster per plant reached its highest value with 40 and 48 buds on plant and was significant in comparison with the other treatments. The highest yields per plant were obtained on 32, 40 and 48 maintained buds at the plant. The highest cluster weight gained by 32, 24 and 16 maintained buds in each plant. In general, keeping 32 to 40 buds per plant was recommended for Yaghooti grapevine cultivar based on higher yield, cluster weight and other traits.

This study was carried out to adaptability evaluation of the 50 grapevine varieties introduced from Russia from 2008 to 2013 in the Qazvin and Urmia provinces. The experimental design was randomized complete block design with three replications. Three superior grapevine clones of white Bidaneh were as control in both areas. The Corden bilateral training system was used in 2×3.5 m space planning and two vines in each experimental unit in the both areas. Recorded traits were: yield per plant, length and width of berry, total soluble solids of juice (TSS), juice pH, juice titratable acid (TA) and time of harvest. Combined analysis of variance and adaptability analysis was performed on the base of GGE Biplot principal components analysis of the environment scaling method. Statistical analysis was done by GenStat ver.12 computer software. The effects of the environments, varieties and environments × varieties were significant in the combined analysis of variance. The adaptability of Zenbil 13-366 and Ljana was higher than other varieties on the base of yield components in Qazvin. Ruski Ramphi had higher adaptability than other varieties in Urmia region. Yoski biser, Bobili magaracha and Ramphi Izdangareh had the most inappropriate situation on the base of yield components in two areas.

Atmospheric dust is one of the pollutants that is considered the biggest environmental problems in different parts of the world. Dust can affect, either directly or indirectly, both plants and crops. The direct impact is on critical activities such as plant photosynthesis, evapotranspiration, stomata conductance, pigments, leaf temperature and breathing. The indirect effect may be influenced on reduction of the fruit quality and yield. This study aims at investigating the adverse effects of dust on grape vineyard in Malayer, Hamedan Province, Iran.
The Experiment was conducted in randomized completely block design for evaluation of the effects of dust on White Seedless Grape (Vitis vinifera L.) in the Grape Research Institute, Malayer, on 27 vines during 2014-2015 year. the first treatment was dust (9 plants) that soil samples were collected from Khuzestan province and after preparation was applied on the plant in four growth stages using mechanical devices; the second treatment, solution treatment that dusts were washed with water and di octyl; the third one was control (9 plants) treatment. Chlorophyll a and b, carotenoids, vegetative traits such as length of cane, length of leaf, leaf area, length of peduncle, internodes and reproductive traits such as fruit set, number of berry and number of bunch, length of bunch, number of berries in bunch, weight of berry and brix of berry were measured.
The results revealed that leaf pigments reduction was caused due to deposition of dust on leaf surface and differences between treatments was significant at the 5% probablity level. The vegetative traits viz. length of peduncle, internodes and leaf area were small in dust treatment and the difference between treatments was significant. Length of cane in the second stage was significant and longest canes were in the solution treatment. Fruit set, number of berries and number of bunch were reduced in dust treatment and a significant difference was observed between treatments. In addition, control and solution treatments were in one class. Moreover, sugar in a single grape was decreased up to 7 % in dust treatment as compared to other ones.
Dust treatment had more effect on b chlorophyll in the first, the third and the fourth growth stages of grape as compared to a chlorophyll and Carotenoid. In addition, the difference among means was significant at 5 % level. The previous studies showed that the leaf dust accumulation decreased pigment content of plant )Kumar Rai and panda, 2014(. Leghari et al., 2013 confirmed that roadside plant could be damaged by dust and had shorter length of cane. The rate of fruit set in control, dust and solution treatments were 36%, 21% and 33%, respectively. Moreover, the percentage of brix in control, dust and solution treatments, were 20%, 7% and 15%, respectively. The researches revealed that dust could reduce photosynthesis and consequently the amount of brix in grapes (Chaurasia et al., 2013) which were in agreement with our study.

Grapes is one of the most important horticultural products in the world and Iran and has a wide gnetic diversity, so the purpose of this research was to investigate of the genetic diversity and to asses of introduced grapes cultivars (Vitis vinifera) at the molecular level using ISSR marker. For DNA extraction, it was used modified method of Doyle and Doyle and at the next step, 12 genotypes were examined by 12 primers. Cluster analysis was performed by PopGen32 and SPSS9 softwares. The resulted clustering were divided cultivars into 5 groups by both softwares. In analyzing data, the percentage of polymorphism and the number of polymorphic loci were obtained 96.49 percent and 55 respectively. Cophenetic coefficient is 0.8 for Jaccard coefficient and straw, is indicating a fine fit between the dendrogram and the main similarity matrix. The bands that were Obviously visible were reviewed. Results showed that 353 bands were generated by the markers totally. The size of bands was various between 200 and 3000 bp. The highest similarity was 0.619 for number one (sabz Shah Pasand) and number 7 (currants Khalili Ghouchan) varieties and the least one was 0.205 for number10 (Pir Golli 2) and number 2 (Kashmar Mall) varieties. Because the most amount of bond were observed by primer a (56 bands), this primers was able to determine the genetic gap of Primerrelated varieties better than other primers.

Application of humic acid as an organic acid derived from humus and other natural resources along with iron could be beneficial to overcoming, at least in part, the nutrients deficiencies in the grapes. In order to evaluate the effects of humic acid and iron on fruit yield and concentration of nutrient elements in the leaf of grape, a factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design in three replications was done during growing season of 2013- 2014. The treatments included combinations of humic acid (control, 1 and 2 per thousand) and ferrous sulfate (control, 1 and 2 per thousand), sprayed in two steps (i.e. before flowering and two weeks after fruit set). The results indicated that treatments significantly increased the grapes fruit yield, e.g. the maximum yield (8.27 kg per plant) was obtained when 2 per thousand of iron sulfate was applied. The above treatments significantly affected nitrogen, iron, zinc and copper content of leaves. Foliar application of ferrous sulfate increased leaf iron concentration, i.e. the highest (189.6 mg per kg tissue) iron content was observed at the presence of 2 per thousand ferrous sulfate treatment. Positive correlations were observed between the leaf iron concentration with fruit yield, cluster weight, berry diameter, leaf chlorophyll concentration and TSS of fruit. Hence, foliar application of humic acid and iron sulfate (e.g. each at a two per thousand concentrations) in vineyards might be effective in increasing quality and quantity of grapes.

Salinity is a phenomenon challenging the plantation and growth of grape in arid and semiarid regions. In present research, tolerance of two grape cultivars(Flame and Perlette) was evaluated in response of various sodium chloride salinity levels(0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 mM) and the effect of Epibrassinolide (EBR) (3 and 6 µM) and Methyle Jasmonate (MeJA) (3 and 6 mM) surveyed at these conditions which was conducted as factorial experiment based on Completely Randomized Desighn (CRD) with four Replication. Based on the obtained results, the cultivar, salinity levels and hormonal treatments were significantly effective on surveyed traits. The results from analysis of variance revealed that increased salinity levels led to significant increase in values of lipid peroxidation, electrolyte leackage (EL), proline content and significant decrease in values of photosynthesis and transpiration rate, relative water content (RWC) and the content of chlorophyll a and b for two varieties. Furthermore EBR and MeJA treatments(specially 6mM MeJA) significantly increased proline content, content of chlorophyll a and b, photosynthesis and transpiration rate and decreased EL and lipid peroxidation in two varieties(except at high salinity stress) and mitigated the adverse effects of NaCl in two cultivars. In general, Perlette produced the best values for physiological and morphological indices against salinity.

Grapes are generally grown in different regions of Iran. Quality of table grapes is usually considered as a combination of appearance and flavor during shelf-life. Brassinosteroids are considered to be a class of plant polyhydroxysteroids and have been recognized as a new kind of phytohormones that play an essential role in plant development. Researchers studied the brassinosteroids levels in cucumber through a chemical genetics approach and found that BR levels were positively correlated with the tolerance to cold stresses. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of BR on chilling d, lipid peroxidation content, and the induction of antioxidant enzymes, such as ascorbate peroxidase and superoxide dismutasein “Rish Baba” grape fruit during storage at 0-1 °C.
Grape fruits were harvested and transported to the laboratory on the same day. The harvested fruits were washed, and dried in air. Grape fruits were treated with 0 (control), 0.75 and 1.5 milligram per liter brassinosteroid for 5 min and then stored at 0-1°C, 85-90 % relative humidity for 6 weeks. Characteristics such as chilling injury, ion leakage, lipid peroxidation, and activity of antioxidant enzymes were evaluated.
Results showed that brassinosteroid significantly reduced the chilling injury, ion leakage, lipid peroxidation and hydrogen peroxide, in treated fruits, compared to control. According to these results, pH and ascorbic acid of treated and controlled fruits increased during storage while titratable acidity of fruits decreased. As for brassinosteroid treatment, the pattern of mentioned changes reduced lower than control. So, the activity of antioxidant enzymes of fruits treated with brassinosteroid highly increased compared to control during storage. Fruits treated with 1.5 mgL-1 brassinosteroid showed the best effect with lowest chilling injury.
In the present study, the plant hormone BR was applied and the results indicated that BR significantly reduces CI of grape fruits during storage at 0-1 °C. Our finding was consistent with previous reports that exogenous application of BR is effective in protecting seedlings of rice, maize and cucumber against cold stress. CI occurrence is often accompanied by oxidative damage, which can be followed through lipid peroxidation content, since it is a final product of lipid peroxidation. In this study, there was a continuous increase in fresh tissue lipid peroxidation content in all fruits, but the application of BR significantly delayed the increase of lipid peroxidation. Moreover, the change in membrane permeability showed trends similar to lipid peroxidation content; that is, fresh tissue H2O2 content increased with storage duration, but BR markedly delayed the increase. BR has been considered to be involved in a network of interacting signal transduction pathways, which regulate defense responses to abiotic stress. When horticultural crops are exposed to severe abiotic stresses, including cold stress, large amounts of intracellular ROS are generated. The detoxification of ROS is dependent on antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase. The increase in these enzymes’ activity contributes to the adaptation of plants to cold stress and ameliorates oxidative damage such as lipid peroxidation and H2O2 content.

Grapevine is one of the most important fruit crops in Iran which is used as table grape and raisin consumption. Among producing countries of grape, Iran is ranked ninth globally and the grape production is estimated to be two million tons. Ampelography was utilized for evaluation of genetic structure in grapevine. Ampelography is the science of phenotypically identifing of grapevines to distinguish thousands of grape cultivars, without the aid of genetic markers. This study has been conducted to investigate of some seeded and seedless clones of grape cultivars in Arak city in order to identify desirable clones for the development and cultivation of them. In addition, the identification of clones and desirable cultivars based on investigation of different characteristics from botany and horticultural perspective can be used for germplasm preservation and grapevine breeding programs.
In this study, genetic variation among forty-nine clones of seeded and seedless grapevine belonging to Vitis vinifera species were evaluated based on fifty morphological characters of leaf, shoot, fruit and seed. These accessions were collected from different geographical sites in Arak city. Leaf and friuts samples were collected randomly from various parts of trees at normal fully mature of each accession. In order to evaluate of traits related to leaf, thirty leaves were selected randomly from each clone with three replications and the characters of them were recorded. To investigate the traits related to fruit, three bunches and thirty berries from bunch were chosen randomly from each clone with three replications and the characters of them were recorded.
Preliminary results illustrated that some traits such as bunch weight, the number of berries in bunch, berry weight, total soluble solids percentage, titratable acidity percentage, seed fresh weight, seed dry weight and TSS/TA index have shown high variability among grapevine clones. The genotypes have been divided in two main groups according to the results derived from cluster analysis so that the seed cultivars were separated from seedless cultivars. Simple correlation analysis among eighteen main traits showed that positive correlations were detected among traits. The principle component analysis results revealed that the first thirteen components explained 85.38% of the total variation for studied accessions. The first five components which related to fruit and leaf explained about 59.43% of the total achieved variability. In PCA, fruit weight, fruit length, fruit diameter, fruit size simultaneously character related to seed such as seed fresh weight, seed dry weight, seed moisture percentage, seed dry matter percentage were predominant in the first components, indicating that they were useful for the assessment of grapevine clones characterization.
Finally, the results of this study showed that there are high variability among clones of grapevine cultivars in terms of quantity and quality characteristics of fruit. Also, some clones belonging to seeded and seedless grape cultivars had desirable traits. Therefore, these clones can be used for commercial cultivation or utilization in grapevine breeding program to achieve desirable progeny. Among seedless cultivars, the maximum of berry weight (3.34 gr) has been estimated in sample 23 (Askary clone) which was collected from Hazaveh village of Arak city. Also, the maximum of berry weight (5.24 gr) is obtained in sample 40 (Shahani clone) among seeded cultivars. In general, the production of seedless grape with largest berry is important to table grape breeding and these results illustrated that with identification of grape cultivars and desirable parent selection for breeding programs, new seedless cultivars with large berry from crosses of seeded and seedless grapes can be produced.