جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « جوانه‏زنی » در نشریات گروه « زراعت »

One of the most important techniques for improving the quality and quantity of seedlings is the use of seed treatment with PGPR, which can increase the plant's resistance to adverse conditions. For this purpose, the effect of seed inoculation of Cerasus mahaleb in 10 forest provenances of Fereydunshahr city, Isfahan province with the most important rhizosphere bacteria that stimulate plant growth, on the components of seed germination in a factorial experiment in the form of a randomized complete block design It was done with three replications in the greenhouse, seed inoculation with five levels including no bacterial inoculation (as a control), inoculation with (Bacillus sp.), (Azotobacter sp.), (Pseudomonas fluorescens) and a combination treatment of three growth stimulating (MIX) and calculation of different components of Cerasus mahaleb seed germination was done. The results showed that mixed inoculation treatment (MIX) had the greatest effect on the indicators of germination speed (0.039 per day), seed germination (39.20), germination strength (20.38 percent) and The root length was (8.66 mm) compared to other treatments. P. fluorescens bacteria treatment also showed the best performance in germination percentage index (17.55%) and stem length (8.76 mm). On the other hand, the weakest performance among the bacterial treatments was related to the growth promoting bacteria (Bacillus sp.). Among the 10 areas of Cerasus mahaleb seed collection, Chal Khalil 1 and 2 forest reserve areas as well as Peshtkoh Som Durak 2 showed better seed germination indicators than other areas. In general, seed inoculation with PGPR can be a suitable solution for producing healthy and strong seedlings, better establishment, and also increasing the success of planting seedlings in disturbed and degraded habitats of Cerasus mahaleb in Zagros forests.

The deterioration of the seed is a natural phenomenon, and seeds tend to lose quality and viability even under optimal storage conditions. The ability of hydropriming to ameliorate seed deterioration damage was studied in kochia. The experiment was a completely randomized design with four replications. Kochia seeds were subjected to accelerated ageing for 48 hours at 40 °C and then hydroprimed at 20 °C for 1.5, 3 and 4.5 hours. Regardless of duration, hydropriming significantly improved final germination percentage, germination rate, seedling length, vigour index, antioxidant enzyme activities (catalase and superoxide dismutase), soluble sugars and proteins of aged seeds. Mean germination time and malondialdehyde content of primed seeds decreased compared to non-primed seeds. Hydropriming for 1.5, 3 and 4.5 hours increased final germination to 15, 23 and 37 %, germination rate by 45.4, 72.7 and 109 % and superoxide dismutase activityby 8.6, 14 and 27 % compared to non-primed seed, respectively. Thus, hydropriming for 4.5 hours is the most suitable priming period to recover loss of kochia seed quality and to improve germination characteristics of deteriorated seeds.

Quinoa, Chenopodium quinoa Willd, plays a strategic role in establishing food security under changing climatic conditions due to its nutritional value, genetic diversity, and high adaptability under stressful conditions and different environments. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the germination and biochemical characteristics of 12 quinoa genotypes adapted to the climatic conditions of Iran. This experiment was conducted in the form of the randomized complete blocks design with three replications in the Laboratory of Seed Physiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Guilan University. In this experiment, the characteristics of germination percentage, germination rate, germination uniformity, D10, D50, D90, radicle fresh and dry, shoot and seedling weight, radicle, shoot, and seedling length, electrical conductivity of seed solution, malondialdehyde content, alpha-amylase enzyme activity and saponin content were investigated. The analysis of the data's variance demonstrated significant differences between genotypes in all studied traits. Q26 Genotype showed high values in germination percentage (91.33%), germination rate, radicle, shoot and seedling length, seedling fresh weight, alpha-amylase enzyme activity (0.234 micromoles released glucose per one gram of seed weight) and saponin content. Q26 genotype had the worst, and Q2 and Q12 genotypes had the best performance in terms of germination uniformity, electrical conductivity of seed solution and malondialdehyde content, respectively. Among the studied genotypes, the Q26 genotype demonstrated better results in comparison with other genotypes. It seems that this genotype may have better conditions for planting in the climatic conditions of Iran

Festuca species are forage grasses that are very important in terms of fodder supply and soil protection. The seeds of these plants have internal dormancy (physiological) and are unable to germinate easily. Therefore, they must be subjected to various treatments to germinate. In nature, this dormancy is broken during the cold period of winter (chilling). The purpose of this research is to investigate different methods of dormancy breaking in Festuca species for large-scale production and accelerate the germination process.

In this research, three species of Festuca (Festuca arundinacea, F. ovina, and F. rubra) were subjected to different treatments of chilling (4°C, 14 days), osmo-priming with potassium nitrate (KNO3) 1.5% and gibberellic acid 150 and 200 ppm. After 14 days of germination test, various germination indices including percentage and rate of germination, mean germination time, seed vigor index, length of radicle, shoot and seedling, and the ratio of radicle to shoot length were calculated.

The results of the analysis of variance showed a significant difference between species (except for germination percentage and root length traits) and treatments (for all traits). The interactions between the species and treatment were also significant for all traits (except for the length of radicle and seedling). Among the three species, the percentage of germination varied from 26.67 to 30.67% and the value of the germination rate varied from 1.92 to 3.31 n/d. The average time required for germination varied from 3.75 to 4.36 days and the seed vigor index varied from 26.74 to 43.02. The radicle length was between 37.22 and 45 mm and the shoot length was between 37.34 and 81.33 mm. Based on principal components analysis (PCA),  percentage and rate of germination, seed vigor index, and length of radicle and seedling were introduced as the most important factors in creating diversity in Festuca species. In determining the correlation between traits, a high correlation of 70% was observed between germination percentage, germination rate, and seed vigor index.

Among the three species, Festuca rubra was superior to the other two species by having the highest percentage and rate of germination, seed vigor, radical length, and the shortest time required for germination. Among the applied treatments, 1.5% potassium nitrate (KNO3) with chilling (4°C, for 14 days), had a positive effect on the percentage and rate of germination, radical length, and gibberellic acid (150 ppm) treatment had a positive effect on the length of shoot and seedling. The presence of high germination percentage and rate indicated higher seed vigor.

Deterioration reduces the quality of seeds. Oilseeds like Nigella are highly susceptible to seed aging. Seed priming enhances the quality of deteriorated seeds by improving germination indices and increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes. This research aimed to investigate the extent of damage caused by accelerated aging treatment on the germination characteristics and antioxidant enzyme activity of Nigella seeds and the possibility of mitigating the adverse effects of aging through hormonal priming with cytokinin.

This research was carried out in the form of a completely random basic design with four replications in the seed technology laboratory of Khuzestan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources in 2017. The treatments included hormonal priming with cytokinin at five levels (0 (control), 10, 20, 40, and 80 m/l) for two durations (12 and 24 hours), and aging under 100% relative humidity and a temperature of 45 °C at five levels (no aging, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h).

The analysis of variance results indicated that germination indices were only influenced by main and two-way effects at the 5% and 1% probability levels, while the three-way interactions, including aging, hormone concentration, and priming duration, were significant for plant growth and longitudinal and weight indices at the 1% probability level. Furthermore, it was evident that the priming treatment mitigated the negative effects of aging, with the concentration of 10 milligrams per liter of cytokinin for a duration of 12 h having the most significant impact among the hormone concentrations used on the measured traits. The highest germination percentage (88%) and the lowest germination percentage (63.33%) were observed at concentrations of 10 and 80 mg/l, respectively. The use of cytokinin at optimal concentration improved catalase activity and protein levels. The results showed that in the control conditions, the activity of the catalase enzyme was 0.76 units per mg of protein and the amount of protein was 0.51 mg/g, which reached 0.97 units per mg of protein and 0.79 mg/g with seed priming.

Based on the results obtained from this research, aging led to a reduction in germination indices, the activity of antioxidant enzymes, and seed protein content. The best treatment applied was cytokinin hormone priming for aged Nigella seeds at a concentration of 10 mg/l for 12 h. According to the results, the application of cytokinin at its optimal concentration (10 mg/l) improved the catalase enzyme activity and protein content. Therefore, it can be suggested that hormonal priming with cytokinin helps mitigate the adverse effects of aging in Nigella plants.

Salinity stress is a significant factor that imposes limitations on the growth and productivity of crops. Like other living organisms, plants are susceptible to various stresses and can suffer damage when exposed to them.Under conditions of salinity stress, the stages of germination and seedling growth become particularly crucial in the life cycle of plants.Artemisia annua L., an important medicinal plant with a long history of use in traditional Iranian and other Asian medicine, was the subject of investigation in this research.The aim was to examine the impact of salinity stress on the germination process(both in terms of percentage and rate)and the characteristics of seedlings(such as radicle length,plumule length, fresh weight, and dry weight)in Artemisia annua L.The study was carried out in 2023,employing a completely randomized design with four replications at the Department of Agronomy in Shahid University.The experimental treatments consisted of four levels of salinity(0,50,100,and150 mM)induced by sodium chloride salt.The data obtained were analyzed using SAS software, and the means were compared utilizing the Duncan test at a 5%probability level.The findings of this experiment demonstrated that the control treatment(without salinity)exhibited the highest percentage and speed of germination, as well as the longest radicle and plumule lengths, and the greatest fresh and dry weights of the seedlings.Germination was not observed at concentrations of 150mM and higher.Hence, based on the outcomes of this study, it can be concluded that salinity stress has an adverse impact on the germination process and seedling growth of Artemisia annua L.,revealing the plant's heightened sensitivity to salinity.

Two species of common cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium L.) and spiny cocklebur (X. spinosum) are common annual summer weeds in soybean fields and other summer crops. The current research was carried out with the aim of determining the cardinal temperatures of germination and determining the phenology stages of these two species in Sari University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources. In order to determine the cardinal temperatures of germination of seeds of two weed species, the seeds were examined at constant temperatures of 5 to 45 °C in a completely randomized design in 4 replications in a laboratory experiment. Also, the phenology stages of two weed species were investigated in a field experiment. The highest germination% was observed for the spiny cocklebur (51.3%) and the common cocklebur (58.1%) at temperatures of 25 and 35 °C, respectively. According to the different parameters of segmented model, the base temperature, lower optimum temperature and ceiling temperature for spiny cocklebur are 1.4, 23.2 and 54.7 °C, and for common cocklebur are 4.8, 34.6 and 48.4 °C, respectively. Time from emergence to physiological maturity for the spiny cocklebur and common cocklebur were 136 and 128 days, respectively. The results suggested that seed germination of the two weed species occurs in a wide range of temperatures, i.e. of 5 to 45 °C, and the best time to control this weed is late summer (before the beginning of the flowering stage).

Smoke from burning vegetation is widely recognized as a germination cue, dormancy breaking agent and seedling growth stimulator. In this study, the effect of different concentrations of smoke extract derived from burning the leaf material of Tanacetum parthenium on germination and post germination parameters of three medicinal species of Cuminum cyminum, Silybum marianum and Alyssum was investigated. Different concentrations of T. parthenium derived smoke extract (1:500, 1:100, 1:10 and 1) with control distilled water as a factorial design based on completely randomized design with three replications were used under both laboratory (for three medicinal plants) and greenhouse conditions (for C. cyminum). Different concentrations of aqueous smoke extract showed different effects on germination parameters in three medicinal species. The concentration of 1:500 was the most effective concentration for majority of germination parameters in C. cyminum. Root length, seedling fresh weight, germination percentage, germination speed and germination coefficient of S. marianum showed the highest means with high concentrations of smoke extract (1:10 and 1). In Alyssum, the means for majority of parameters were higher in low concentrations of smoke extract (1:100 and 1:500) compared to higher concentrations of smoke extract. Aqueous smoke extract derived from burning T. parthenium showed significant positive effects on germination parameters of three medicinal plant species. Based on these findings, we can use this extract to improve the germination parameters for other medicinal plant species that have problems with germination.

In order to investigate the effect of gibberellic, ascorbic, salicylic acid pretreatments on the germination of Lolium prenne L., Lolium rigidum Gaudin species. An experiment was designed in the laboratory of the Caspian Forest Seed Center. This research was conducted with the treatment of gibberellic acid with concentrations of 125, 250 parts per million for 24 hours and ascorbic acid with concentrations of 100, 200, 300 mg/liter and salicylic acid with concentrations of 200, 300, 400 mg/liter for a period of 24 hours. The time was 12 hours in the form of a completely random design with 3 repetitions. In addition, distilled water was considered as control treatment. In this experiment, traits such as germination percentage, germination speed, germination value and seed germination index were evaluated. The results of analysis of variance and mean comparison showed that there is a significant difference between the treatments in terms of germination percentage, germination speed, germination value and germination index at the level of 1% and priming increases the germination percentage and germination speed. , germination value and germination index. As a result, gibberellic, ascorbic, and salicylic acid treatments as suitable pretreatments significantly increased the seeds of Lolium rigidum Gaudin species. and Lolium prenne L. are in the germination stage, and ascorbic acid treatment at a concentration of 300 mg/liter caused better germination compared to other treatments.

In order to investigate the germination of Rye weed (Secale cereale L.) under the influence of Russian knapweed (Acroptilon repens L.) aqueous and formulated extracts with chitosan, an experiment was conducted as a factorial based on a completely randomized design with three replications in the Agricultural and Natural Resources Faculty laboratory of the University of Mohaghegh Ardabili in 2017. Experimental treatments included the type of extract (Russian knapweed aqueous extract and its formulated extract with chitosan) and seven concentrations of zero (Control), 0.625, 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10, and 20%. The results indicated that rye germination and its related components were significant at the (P≤1%). The formulated Russian knapweed extract at a concentration of 0.625 caused a 15.17% increase in plumule length compared to the control treatment, and the concentrations of 5 and 10% of the formulated extract caused 100% control of the plumule and radicle length compared to the control treatment. The concentration of 0.625 of Russian knapweed aqueous extract was the lowest (10 %) and the concentration of 5 and 10 of the extract formulated with chitosan was the highest (100 %) showed a decrease in the plumule, radicle, and seedling fresh weight compared to the control treatment. Also, the concentrations of 5 and 10 formulated extracts of Russian knapweed reduced 100% plumule, radicle, and seedling dry weight. Increasing the concentration of both types of extract increased the inhibition potential of germination so that in concentrations of 10 and 20% Russian knapweed extract, and formulated extract with chitosan, a significant reduction in rye germination was recorded. Aqueous and formulated extracts of Russian Knapweed with chitosan in concentrations of 10 and 20% are recommended for controlling Rye weed germination in laboratory conditions.

To evaluate the allelopathic and fungicidal effect of saffron leaf and corm aqueous extracts on the germination and growth characteristics of London rocket (Sisymbrium irio) and Fusarium solani, independent experiments were conducted as factorial arrangement based on the completely randomized design with four replications at the Faculty of Agriculture of Birjand University in 2022. Treatments to test the inhibitory effect of saffron extract on London rocket seed germination characteristics including two types of saffron organs (leaf and corm) and seven extract concentrations (0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, and 4 w/v %). Experimental treatments to investigate the inhibitory effect of saffron extract on the growth of Fusarium solani fungus including two types of saffron organs (leaf and corm) and seven extract concentrations (0, 1, 0.5, 25. 0, 0.125, 0.625, and 0.0312 w/v %). The results showed that the type of extract has an effect on the germination percentage, germination rate, mean germination time, length and fresh and dry weight of radicle, the length, fresh and dry weight of the plumule, seedling dry weight, and the seedling vigor of London rocket were significant, and the corm extract had more negative effects compared to the leaf extract. As the extract concentration increased, its inhibitory effect also increased. The extract concentration of 4% significantly reduced the radicle length and fresh and dry weight, the plumule length and fresh and dry weight, seedling dry weight, and seedling vigor of London rocket compared to the control. The results of the interaction showed that the lowest percentage of germination, germination rate, radicle length and fresh and dry weight, plumule fresh and dry weight and seedling dry weight of london rocket were observed at the concentration of 4 % corm extract. The results of the interaction effect of extract type and extract concentrations on Fusarium solani colony diameter showed that all the concentrations of corm extract inhibited the growth of Fusarium solani in all four stages of sampling. In leaf extract, concentrations of 0.125, 0.25, 0.5 and 1% completely inhibited the growth of Fusarium solani in all four stages of sampling. Finally, the results of these experiments showed that the effect of inhibiting the germination and growth of london rocket as well as the antifungal effect is greater in saffron corm extract than the leaf extract. Therefore, considering the results of this research and conducting more research in the field of allelopathic and fungicidal effects of saffron organ extracts, we can proceed to produce natural herbicides and fungicides.

Considering the importance (Thymus vulgaris L.) and the effects of seaweed extract and salicylic acidpriming in increasing drought resistance at different stages of plant growth, an experiment was done as a factorial layout based on a completely randomized factorial design with three replications in the research greenhouse of Jiroft University (2020).

Three levels of 100% (control), 50%, and 35% field capacity were considered as test factors for drought treatment, seed preparation and seedling spraying including zero (control), 0.3%, 3.5%, and 1% algal extract and 1mM salicylic acid, 2 mM salicylic acid and composition of algae, and salicylic acid extract were considered as second factors.

The results of this study showed a significant difference in examined factors such as germination rate, root, and shoot length and root and shoot weight treatment at a 1% probability level and in drought stress treatment of 35%, salicylic acid priming treatment had the best performance with an improvement of 6 traits compared to the control. The results of the foliar application of seedlings also showed that the highest shoot weights of seedlings were under the combined treatment of algal extract plus salicylic acid treatment.

General results showed that priming and foliar spraying with salicylic acid had been more effective than algae extract on plant drought resistance, and of course, the combined treatment of salicylic acid and salicylic acid extract plus algae extract with a higher concentration is able to improve plant resistance to drought in the vegetative stage.

Germination and seedling establishment are critical and important stages in the life cycle of plants. Therefore, the study of germination and methods of breaking on seed dormancy in plants is of great importance. One of the corrective operations on improving the seed yield of rangeland plants is seed priming. Priming is an operation on the seed that causes the seed to absorb a sufficient amount of water to accelerate the germination process. Trifolium resupinatum is a clover. In this study, in order to germinate seeds from treatments of 100, 200 and 300 mM sodium chloride in 24, 48 and 72 hours, gibberellic acid 125 and 250 ppm during 12, 24 and 48 hours and 0.01 solution, 0.02 and 0.03% of potassium nitrate were used for 12 and 24 hours, respectively. Distilled water was also considered as a control treatment. The study was conducted in a randomized statistical design with 3 replications and two-way analysis of variance was used to analyze the data. Traits such as germination percentage, germination rate, germination index, shoot length, root length, number of germinated seeds, seedling length and seed vigor index were evaluated. The results showed that in the seed germination of Iranian clover species, three chemical treatments had better results in terms of yield of the germination process of the species than other treatments and were recommended as the most desirable pretreatments and potassium nitrate and then acid treatments. Gibberellins had the greatest effect on the seed Dormancy breaking.

Melisa officinalis L. or Lemon balm; is belonged to Lamiaceae family is one of the most importan p;ant medicinal. The therapeutics effects of Lemon balm such as, antispasmodic and digestive effects have been demonstrated. Due to low small size of seeds, seed germination and fallow it primary growth will be affected. Seed used in this research were purchased from Pakban Company, Ispahan, Iran and then were surface sterilized in 1 % chloramineT for 3 min. Potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium was used for seed germination assay. The effect of tow cytokinin and gibberllic acid hormones at concentration of 50 and 100 mM in single and combination form was investigated in a factorial based on completely randomized design. Growth seedling were cultured and growth under pot culture containing peat moss and then some characteristics including germinated seeds, vigor index, seedling dry weigh, seedling length and coleoptile length were measured. Mean comparison analysis showed all used treatments have a significant effect at the level of 1% among tested parameters. The highest effect of treatment on seed germination was related to two hormones combination at 100 mM concentration and the lowes effect was recorded in Cytikinin application at 50 mM concentration. Our observation did not show any significant different and effect of culture medium on seed germination in compared to sterile water. Based on obtained data in this research, use of plant hormones at low concentration and in combination form is suggested to seed germination improvement and increase of growth parameters.

In order to study the allelopathic effect of safflower genotypes on germination and seedling growth characteristics of some weed species, a factorial experiment was conducted as a randomized complete block design with 3 replications in 2017 in the research laboratory of the Faculty of Agriculture, Azad University, Sanandaj branch. The first factor included three genotypes of safflower (Wild, Sina, and Kurdistan local) and the second factor consisted of four species of weeds (grass pea, millet, berseem clover, rye-grass) and the third factor includes safflower root extract in four concentrations (0: distilled water- control, 25, 50, and 100 percent) were considered. The studied traits in this experiment included: germination speed, root length, shoot length, root fresh weight, shoot fresh weight and seed vigor. The results showed that the studied traits showed significant differences under the influence of genotype except the length of root and seed vigor. Also, all investigated traits except root length were significant under the effect of root extract concentration and weed. The results of interaction effects were also significant for most of the investigated traits. In this experiment, the Sina genotype was superior in terms of its effect on reducing the rate of germination and seedling growth, and increasing the concentration of safflower root extract reduced the rate of germination and seedling growth. Also, berseem clover and grass pea, were identified as the most sensitive and resistant plants to safflower allelopathy, respectively.

Some important herbs have been overly utilized in all over the world, which threatening them as endangered species. In this regard, in vitro culture has efficiently improved production and propagation rates of these plants. Accordingly, this research aimed to determine the best genotype, and explant for callus induction, as well as the effect of optimum concentration of hormones on traits including length, width, height and the callus volume of the explants derived from Ferula assa-foetida seedlings that have been grown in jars. Therefore, this experiment has been implemented as factorial in completely randomized design with at least 3 replications. Purposefully, the explants were placed in MS media supplemented with different levels of BAP and NAA. After 40 days, the traits including the length, width and volume of the callus were measured for induced callus. Given the mean comparison, the maximum size of target traits have been achieved for root explants cultured medium supplemented with 2 mg.L-1 BAP and 1 mg.L-1 NAA, while none of calluses derived from leaf and stem explants survived. Among the genotypes, the Kerman demonstrated higher callus growth rate than the Yazd, though this trait intensively increased through the time of culture. In addition, the calluses derived from Isfahan showed low growth rate, so it was removed from the present study.

Lallemnatia ibercia (Dragon’s head) is an annual herb, which belongs to the Lamiaceae family. Nowadays, its seed is widely used in food and pharmaceutical industries due to its high mucilage and oil content. Soil moisture, nutrition, light, and temperature of the maternal environment play an important role in plant growth. However, the effect of soil moisture on yield and seed quality indices is greater during seed development. The positive effects of maternal plant nutrition with mycorrhizal inoculation can influence the quality improvement of the seeds developed under water deficit conditions. The reason for the quality improvement of the seeds developed under mycorrhizal inoculation condition is reported to be their water balance under water deficit conditions and as a result, more absorption of water and nutrients. Nutrient uptake by the maternal plant can play an important role in improving the germination and quality characteristics of the seeds developed under drought stress.

A field experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with three replications at the Seed Science and Technology Laboratory of the College of Agriculture, Shahed University during f 2018-19 and 2019-20 years. Experimental treatments included irrigation regime (30, 60 and 90% of depletion of available soil water (ASW)) and mycorrhizal inoculation (non-inoculation and inoculation).

The results showed that a reduction in soil moisture in the maternal environment decreased germination percentage and seed quality.  Germination percentage (51.20%) germination rate (7%), seed vigor index (27.70%), seedling length (28.3%), seedling dry weight (34.80%), seed mucilage (75.40%), as well as seed nutrients (27.30%), seed oil (14.60%) and catalase (35.25%) and ascorbate peroxidase (25.70%) enzymes activities enhanced in the seeds developed under 60% depletion of available soil water and application of mycorrhizal compared to control (30% depletion of available soil water and without mycorrhizal). Compared with the 30% depletion of available soil water and without mycorrhizal, mean germination time (17%) and lipid peroxidation (41.10%) increased under the 90% depletion of available soil water and without fertilizer mycorrhizal.

According to the results of this study, the irrigation regime of 60% available soil water depletion of maternal plants leads to the reduction of seed quality. However, the nutrition of maternal plants by mycorrhizal inoculation effectively improved the quality of seeds developed under water deficit due to the absorption of water and nutrients.

Germination and seedling growth indices, quality and biochemical characteristics of the Lallemantia iberica seeds developed under different conditions of irrigation regime were investigated.
 The effect of mycorrhiza on nutrient uptake, oil content, and antioxidant enzyme activity of the seeds developed under different irrigation regimes was investigated.
The extent of damage to the lipid structures of cells in the seeds developed under different irrigation regimes and mycorrhiza fertilizer was investigated.

This study was conducted to determine the resistance, as well as the effect of temperature, drought and acidity on the relative fitness of wild mustard ecotypes. Sampling was performed from 313 rain-fed wheat farms in Eslamabad-Gharb located in Kermanshah. After sowing the seeds in the greenhouse, the seedlings were treated by the recommended dose (15 g.a.i.ha-1) of Tribenuron methyl (granstrar) 75% WP in the 2-4 leaf stage and sensitive and resistant ecotypes of wild mustard were identified. The results of dose-response test (Tribenuron methyl concentrations: zero, 3.75, 7.5, 15, 30, 60, 120, 240, 480 g.a.i.ha-1) showed that the amount of LD50 in the susceptible and the resistant ecotype were 22.2 7 and 39.85 g.a.i.ha-1, respectively and the resistance index was 5.52 resistant ecotype. Susceptible ecotype at 20 and 25 ° C had higher germination percentage and vigor than resistant ecotype. In general, wild mustard was sensitive to reduction of soil osmotic potential, but the sensitivity of the resistant mass was higher than the susceptible ecotype. The highest germination percentage in both susceptible and resistant ecotypes was observed in slightly acidic to neutral pH (6 to 7) that the germination percentage of resistant ecotypes in this range was significantly higher than the susceptible ecotype. Considering the temperature conditions, drought stress of rain-fed fields and also the alkalinity of the soil in the study area, it seems that if the pressure caused by herbicide application is relieved, the susceptible ecotype will have more fitness to environment condition of studied region.

The use of nanotechnology is increasing in many fields including agricultural sciences. Concurrently, the release of these particles into the environment is inevitable, which may have adverse effects on plants. Therefore, it is important to understand the interactions between nanoparticles and crops as an essential component of all agricultural ecosystems. In this regard, a study was conducted on the effects of nanoparticles on germination potential and initial growth of F2 seeds by cultivating soybean in soil containing copper oxide nanoparticles.

To evaluate the nourishment effects of maternal soybean with copper compounds on its seedlings, two factorial experiments (in a growth chamber and pot) were conducted in a completely randomized design at the Faculty of Agriculture, Shahrekord University in 2021. Treatments in the maternal plant included different copper compounds (copper oxide nanoparticles with sizes of 25, 50 nm and copper chloride) and five concentrations of copper compounds (0, 50, 100, 200 and 500 mg/kg soil), and the seeds produced from these treatments were evaluated under controlled and pot conditions.

An increase in the concentration of copper chloride and copper oxide nanoparticle (25 nm) in maternal plants reduced the germination percentage (25 and 78%), radicle length (56 and 82%), radicle weight (35 and 81%), plumule length (19 and 71%), plumule weight (32 and 73%) and seedling vigor index (49 and 94%) of produced seeds, respectively. The evaluation of soybean seedlings nourished with different copper compounds also showed the nourishment with copper chloride and copper oxide nanoparticle (25 nm) significantly decreased the content of chlorophyll a (10 and 74%), chlorophyll b (38, 49%), carotenoids (136 and 145%), root length (27 and 61%), seedling height (31 and 58%), leaf area (44 and 64%), and shoot weight (34 and 64%) compared to the control, respectively.

In general, it is concluded that the toxicity of copper compounds in the rhizosphere of the maternal plant for the produced seeds is directly related to the concentration. Therefore, the toxic effects are intensified when the maternal plant is nourished with copper oxide nanoparticles, and the seeds produced under these conditions have poor vigor.

1. Nourishment of the maternal soybean plant with copper oxide nanoparticles reduces the seedling growth of the produced seeds.
2. Reducing the size of copper oxide nanoparticles has a more toxic effect on the germination of produced seeds.
3. The toxic effects of copper oxide nanoparticles continue until the seedling stage.