جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « لوبیا قرمز » در نشریات گروه « زراعت »

The germination stage ensures the durability, establishment, and final yield of plants.  The final density of plants per unit area is resulted when the planted seeds germinate fully and with adequate rate. Plants mainly undergo abiotic stresses that are a considerable constraint for agricultural production worldwide. Seed priming is one of the simplest and cheap methods to improve seed germination, acceleration of seedling growth and establishment, uniformity, reduction of flowering time, vigorous seedling production, etc which leads to improved quality and yield of crop under stressful and non-stressful conditions. This study aimed to investigate the effect of different types of priming on enzymatic and physiological changes of French bean seed under cobalt chloride stress conditions.

To examine the effect of priming on germination indices, the activity of antioxidant enzymes and proteins in French bean under cobalt chloride stress, a factorial experiment was performed in a completely randomized design with three replications. These factors included four levels: seed priming with 100 mg / l salicylic acid and mannitol, control and distilled water (no priming), and three levels of cobalt chloride stress (0, 100, and 200 mg / l).

The results showed that with increasing cobalt chloride concentration, germination indices (germination rate, root length, root fresh weight, stem fresh weight and stem dry weight) decreased. However, in the pretreatment of distilled water, salicylic acid, and mannitol there was a significant increase in germination indices (mean germination time, radicle length, plumule length, fresh radicle weight, and weight plumule) was observed. The interaction effect of priming and cobalt chloride caused an increase in radicle dry weight compared to control × stress treatment. The highest values of fresh radicle weight (14.4 g), dry weight of plumule (0.27 g), and plumule length (0.17 cm) were obtained in hydro priming pretreatment. The results also showed that hormone priming under stress conditions of 200 and 100 mg / l cobalt chloride increased protein content and polyphenol oxidase activity of French bean seedlings compared with the control treatment, respectively. Osmo priming increased the activity of catalase and peroxidase enzymes under stress and non-stress conditions resulted by 200 mg / l cobalt chloride.

according to the results of the present study, cobalt chloride reduced some physiological and biochemical traits of French bean seeds. However, the French bean has a relatively high cobalt chloride tolerance capacity, so that it showed good tolerance to different concentrations of cobalt chloride for up to 9 days.

The red bean Ofogh cultivar introduced to Iran in 1994 under the name of Line D81083 from the International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) and was evaluated in several experiments with breeding, agro-techniques, plant protection and onfarm aspects. This cultivar with grain yield of 2324 kgha-1 had 11% higher yield compared to the Goli check cultivar in evaluation of adaptability of red bean cultivars in Khomein region. Based on its grain yield and also due to early maturity, plant stand type, excellent grain size and good marketing this line was selected for further studies. Ofogh cultivar had the lowest yield reduction under drought stress conditions and had a lower susceptibility index and higher drought tolerance index compared to Goli check cultivar. Also, with an efficiency of 0.28 kgm-3 under drought stress conditions, it had a good water use efficiency. This cultivar is resistant to bean common mosaic virus disease. Also, it is 20-25 days early mature than conventional red bean cultivars and cut down at least four irrigations, where under flood irrigation conditions it will save at least 3400 m3 of water consumption. This cultivar is recommended for areas where cultivation of beans is not possible due to early autumn cold damage, or in the areas where bean planting time is delayed in spring due to coincidence with irrigation of autumn crops such as wheat, barley and canola.

The row spacing and planting density are important factors in yield of red bean. In this regard the effects of plant density and weed control methods on grain protein yield of red bean have been studied via a field study as a factorial based on complete randomized blocks design with three replications at the Agricultural Research Station of Khoy during 2018. Plant density is at three levels (20, 25, and 30 plants per m2) and weed control methods are at four levels (lack of control, selective herbicide (Bentazon), general herbicide (paraquat), and manual control). Results show that the interaction effect of plant density and weed control methods has been significant on the number of lateral branches, number of pods per plant, 100-grain weight, grain yield, harvest index, and grain protein yield, though without any significant effect on the number of grain per pod. The highest number of pods per plant (26) is obtained at the density of 20 plants per m2 and manual weeding. The highest seed yield and seed protein yield, 3391 and 841 kg ha-1 belong to the density of 30 plants per m2 and manual weeding, respectively. The interference of weeds can also affect crop production quality by altering the grains composition such as protein. It can be achieved to optimum yield in red bean by increasing the competitive ability of the crop through the selection of optimal density (30 plants per m2) in combination with manual weeding.

Using a suitable planting density and proper weed control are important factors in achieving high yield in red beans. In order to investigate the effects of plant density and weed control on the growth and yield of red beans, a factorial experiment was conducted in three replications in completely randomized blocks at the Agricultural Research Center of Khoy, North-West of Iran in 2017-2018. Three planting densities (20, 25 and 30 plants/m2) and four weed control method strategies including uncontrolled, selective herbicide (Bentazone), manually controlled and non-selective herbicide application (Paraquat) were selected. The results showed that the interaction effect of planting density and weed control methods significantly affected the number of lateral branches, the distance of the first lateral branch from the ground, the main stem’s diameter, the dry weight of the plant and seed yield. The highest seed yield (3391 kg/ha) was obtained in the planting density of 30 plants/m2 and manually controlled weeding and the highest seed protein percentage (24.8%) was obtained in the planting density of 20 plants/m2 and manual-weeding method. The results of this study showed that the manual weed control method has a relative advantage over the other methods of weed control and the use of non-selective herbicide alone is not effective in controlling red bean weeds. The production of greatest seed yield with a population density of 30 plants/m2 indicates a positive response of red beans to high plant densities.

Increasing crop production to meet the food needs of a growing population of the world has needed for many (Barea, 2015). Intensive agriculture is a farming system characterized by a large use of inputs (chemical fertilizers and pesticides), causing a large pressure on the environment. Today, the current agricultural ecosystems due to the limited arable land and the need for products produced in most communities increase agricultural systems leading to unbalanced use of chemical fertilizers (Scotti et al., 2015). The use of chemical fertilizer: nitrogen (N), phosphate (P2O5), potash (K2O) in 2014-year ad around the world to 85.5, 32.2 and 20.4 (kg of nutrients per ha) respectively. In comparison with year 2000 (Within 14 years), 64.9, 25.9 and 18.2 (kg of nutrients per ha) respectively: 31.7, 28.1 and 12 % it has increased (FAO, 2015). The enhance health and food security, agricultural products produced in systems in order to maintain the dynamics of ecosystems, crops based on ecological principles is important. Unbalanced and inconsiderate use of chemical inputs cause instability in agricultural ecosystems and irreparable economic and environmental effects as agriculture is known around the world. Sustainable agriculture with a view to achieving sustainable production and sustainability in the long term, the reduction or elimination of chemical inputs in agricultural production is based. Biological fertilizers contain preservatives with a dense population of beneficial soil microorganisms one or more and or metabolic products are available to improve soil fertility and appropriate supply of nutrients needed by plants in a sustainable farming system used and Global approach to agricultural production Toward Production and use of these microorganisms in the arable system.

This experiment was conducted as factorial layout based on a randomized complete block design with four replications during growing season of 2016 at the experimental field of Beiran Shahr town of Khorramabad in Lorestan Province, Iran (48° 31' E, 33° 40' N and 1653m above the sea level). Before conducting the experiment to determine the physical and chemical properties of soil samples were collected from 0-30 and 30-60 cm depth of soil. During this experiment effects of three factors were studied: 1. Inoculation with Arbuscular mycorrhizal M (Glomus etunicatum, G. intraradices, G. mossea) in tow levels (M1= inoculation, M2= no inoculation), 2. Inoculation with Azotobacter chroococcum (strain 15) A, in tow levels (A1= inoculation, A2= no inoculation) and 3. Different Cultivars of Red Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in three levels (V1: landrace beiran shahr, V2: Akhtar and V3: Goli varieties). Chlorophyll content of the leaf was estimated by using chlorophyll meter SPAD-502 Plus, Konica Minolta. The Protein percent was carried out by Macro–Kjeldahl method and for measuring Root colonization, Gridline Intersect methods were used.

The results showed that the main effect of biological fertilizer, leaf number, SPAD chlorophyll content, root colonization, seed protein percent, seed yield and straw yield in the red bean cultivars were significantly increased, and as well as the tow interacation effect of the mycorrhiza and Azotobacter, root colonization were significantly increased. Based on variance analysis effects of triple action between Azotobacter×Mycorrhiza×Cultivars there were observed significant (P≤0.05) for seed yield. So that caused inoculation Azotobacter×Mycorrhizal×Cultivars, to seed yield in landrace beiran shahr, Akhtar and Goli varieties increased 56.5, 19.1 and 43.2 Percent compared to ttreatment non inoculation, respectively. The highest seed yield was obtained from the combined effect of Azotobacter×Mycorrhizal×varieties Goli (2981 kg. ha-1) plants with progressive indeterminate growth type.

Obtained results of this experiment showed that the studied traits of Red Bean cultivars were influenced by used biological fertilizer. It seems that the use of biological fertilizers (Mycorrhiza and Azotobacter) through better root and shoot growth, the balance between vegetative and reproductive development and improvement of leaf number, SPAD chlorophyll content and root colonization, could bean cultivars to significantly increase of economic performance. Generally, the application of these microorganisms provided the conditions necessary to improve the key characteristics associated with the growth and qualitative performance of bean plants. Which can be considered with respect to the sustainable production objectives of this plant, as well as to reduce the use of chemical fertilizers in sustainable ecosystems.

Today, the emphasis is on stable agricultural, the long-term stability of crop production with minimal impact on the environment. The use of biological fertilizers has been considered in recent years, with the purpose of eliminating or reducing many environmental impacts irreparable, caused by indiscriminate use of chemical-based agricultural ecosystems. To study the effect of Mycorrhizal and Azotobacter biological fertilizers on growth and yield of red bean, an experiment in crop year 2016 in Lorestan Beiranshahr, a factorial experiment was arranged in randomized complete block design with four replications. Parameters studied: mycorrhizal fungi at two levels (inoculated and no inoculated), inoculated with Azotobacter bacteria at two levels: (inoculated and non-inoculated) and red bean (Beiranshahr landrace, Akhtar and Goli Cultivars). The results showed the effect of three factors were significant at probability 1 percent level, plant height, number of pods per plant, pod length, number of seeds per pod, number of seeds per plant, seed yield and seed protein yield; And the interaction of three factors (Azetobacter×Mycorrhiza×varieties) on plant height, seed yield and seed protein yield at 5 percent probability level. seed yield in Beiranshahr landrace, Akhtar and Goli Cultivars, increased 56.5, 19.1 and 43.2 Percent Respectively. The highest seed yield was obtained from the combined effect of Inoculation Azotobacter×Mycorrhizal inoculation×Goli Cultivar (298.90 kg. ha-1) plants with form the progressive and unlimited growth. According to the findings of this study, the use of biological fertilizers containing arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi alone or along with Azotobacter crocococcus can be recommended in red bean cultivation.

In order to investigate the effects of phosphorous and potassium fertilizers on some important morphological traits, agronomic characteristics and yield of red bean cultivars, an experiment was conducted at Agricultural Research Farm of Islamic Azad University, Arak, in the summer of 2013-2014 and in two consecutive years. This experiment was conducted as split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications. Experimental treatments included the use of bio fertilizers at four levels of non-use, application of phosphorus biofertilizer, potassium biofertilizer and phosphorus biofertilizer + potassium biofertilizer and four red bean genotypes, Goli, D81083, Derakhshan, and KS31169/3. The application of biological fertilizers was carried out early in the vegetative period and also in the pre-flowering stage. The results showed that application of biological fertilizers could significantly affect the yield of single plant, number of seeds per plant, number of pods per m2, number of branches, chlorophyll a, Chlorophyll b, chlorophyll a to chlorophyll b ratio, ratio the shell weight by the weight of the entire pod and potassium-phosphorus ratio. In this study, Goli cultivar produced the highest seed yield of 8.71 g plant-1. Also, the grain yield of beans increased by 25.5%. from 6.56 g plant-1 in the absence of biofertilizers to 8.80 g plant-1 in combined fertilizer application. The genotypes showed significant differences in all of the studied traits, but the interaction between application of fertilizers and genotype was significant only in number of seeds per plant, number of pods per square meter. Thus, using biofertilizers, in addition to quantitative increase and absorption of essential elements by stimulating growth, can improve quality characteristics of red beans.

To study the effects of different irrigation levels and nitrogen on yield and yield components of red kidney beans, a factorial split plot experiment in a randomized complete block design with four replications was conducted at College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran (Karaj) in 2015. Three irrigation levels comprised of 60 (normal), 90 (mild water stress) and 120 mm (sever) cumulative evaporation from open pan class A assigned as main plots, four fertilizer treatments of zero (control), 50, 100 and 150 kg N ha-1 and bean cultivars (Akhtar & D81083) compound as sub plots.The results showed that water stress significantly reduces the number of pods per plant, seeds per pod, seed weight, seed yield, biological yield, harvest index, number of branches and plant height. Applied nitrogen significantly intensified all traits, except pod weight, plant height and harvest index. Two kidney beans significantly differed in all traits; however the line D81083 in terms of grain yield and other components performed better than Akhtar. D81083 line at normal irrigation with 150 kg N and the Akhtar line at water stress condition with no N fertilizer application, respectively had the highest and the lowest harvest index and seed weight. The interaction of water stress and nitrogen fertilizer on grain yield showed that the treatments of 150 kg N in normal irrigation had the highest and the control (not fertilizer) under severe water stress had the lowest yield however, the difference between 100 and 150 kg N ha- was not significant.

In order to investigate the effect of seed priming with growth regulators on yield and yield components of red bean lines this research was conducted as spilt factorial in RCBD design with three replications. The treatment consists of three levels of irrigation (after evaporation of 60-55, 85-80 and 115-110 mm) two lines of red beans ( KS31169 ,D81083) and seed priming including salicylic acid and naphthalene acetic acid at four levels (P0:control, distilled water; P1: 0.5 m mol L-1 NAA; P2: 0.7 m mol L-1 SA; P3: combination of SA and NAA at rates of 0.5 and 0.7 m mol L-1). The results showed that the simple effects and the interactive effects of genotype × seed priming with on all the studied traits were significant except for the harvest index and pod length.
Maximum 100-seed weight of (44 g) and biological yield of (14715.88 kg h-1 ) were achieved in the KS31169 line through the use of (NAA), under irrigation after 80-85 mm evaporation. The seed yield of (3454.16 kg h-1) were observed through the use of (NAA) and (SA) pretreatments for drought stress treatment. The results of stepwise regression of yield and the related traits 88 % of grain yield changes was explained by biological yield, grain yield, harvest index, number of seeds per pod and seed weight. Generally, it can be concluded that seed pretreatment can help improve and develop the yield under drought stress, directly and indirectly by affecting the morphological and physiological properties of plants.

IntroductionSome techniques such as seed priming and exogenous applications before and during cultivation are effective on yield. Seed priming is one of the methods in seed enhancement that is used for increasing the germination of seeds and improving seedling growth. Seed priming increase seed activity, germination percentage, germination rate under different environmental conditions, it also decrease mean germination time. Deficit nitrogen is one of the main factors decreasing plant growth. Result showed that seed priming with Rhizobium increased grain yield in bean cultivars. Zinc is one of the essential micronutrients for the growth and human and animals activities. Zinc can contribute in cellular processes such as defense against free radicals, electron transmit, Auxin and protein biosynthesis, cellular reproduction and reproductive growth. Salicylic acid is a common plant-produced phenolic compound having key roles such as stomatal movement, seed germination, ion absorption, and responses to environmental stresses. The exogenous application of SA helped the activation of a range of plant defense genes, increased resistance to infection; decreased damages caused by exposure to ultraviolet light and ozone and improved drought tolerance in plants. The current paper studies the effect of different solutions and seed priming treatments on germination, agronomic and quality characteristics of red bean genotypes.
Materials & MethodsIn order to evaluate the effect of different treatments including solution and seed priming on germination, agronomic and protein characteristics at red bean genotypes, an experiment was carried out at laboratory and field. The research carried out as factorial experiment based on completely randomized design at laboratory and randomized complete block design with three replications in field conditions at 15 Km Arak road-Tehran in 2011. Factors were three red bean genotypes including Goli, Akhtar and D81088 and five levels of priming including control, distilled water, zinc sulphate, salicylic acid, and Rhizobium Leguminosarum Biovar Phaseoli in field conditions. At laboratory conditions, 25 bean seeds were planted in Petri dish as on paper. At field, bean seeds were planted 15 cm apart in 5-m rows, with a 40-cm spacing. At final harvest 2.4 m2 was harvested from the middle of each plot and the grain yield was evaluated. The data were subjected to analysis of variance using MSTAT-C. Means were compared using Duncan's Multiple Range Test at P=0.05.
Results & DiscussionResults showed that maximum germination percentage (94.67%) were record for Akhtar cultivar. The interaction effect of treatments showed that, the highest germination percentage (94%) was obtained from Goli cultivar along with solution of water distilled.
The effect of cultivar on daily germination rate was significant. The maximum daily germination rate (seed per day) was observed from Goli cultivar. Seed treatment with solution of salicylic acid and Rhizobium increased radical length and seedling weight vigor index traits. Treatment with salicylic acid and Rhizobium increased radical length by 17.9 and 13.8% compared with seed priming with water distilled. It seems that salicylic acid by adjusting the physiological process can increase radical length. The maximum seedling weight vigor index (6.39 g) was recorded for seed treatment with Rhizobium solution. Rhizobium produced cytokinin and therefore can increase cellular division, seedling weight and seedling weight vigor index. The maximum number of grain per pod (5.97) was recorded for Goli cultivar. Seed priming with zinc sulfate, salicylic acid and Rhizobium increased protein percentage by 1.8, 3.37 and 6.25% compared with control, respectively. The interaction effect of treatments showed that, the highest protein percentage (23.87%) was obtained from seed priming with Rhizobium in Goli cultivar. Seed priming with zinc sulphate, salicylic acid and Rhizobium increased grain yield in three genotypes more than priming with water distilled. Goli cultivar was the best in daily germination rate, plant height, and number of grain per pod, seed protein amount and grain yield traits; compared to other genotypes. Seed priming with Rhizobium, salicylic acid and zinc sulphate increased grain yield by 10.3, 9.9 and 8.6 %, compared to the control, respectively.
ConclusionIn general, results showed that the maximum of seedling weight vigor index (7.23 g) was record for Akhtar cultivar along with seed treatment with Rhizobium solution. The maximum grain yield (3143 kg/ha) and protein percentage (23.87%) was observed in Goli cultivar and Rhizobium priming.

Water deficit and graduall reduction of available water resources are the limiting factors of crop production. To investigate the effect of water deficit stress on yield and components of some red bean genotypes a split plot experiment in the form of randomized complete block design with three replications was carried out at the Agricultural Research Station of Islamic Azad University, Arak Branch. The treatments consisted of full irrigation (control), cutting irrigation off during flowering stage, cutting irrigation off of pod filling stage and three genotypes of red bean (derakhshan, goli, and D81083). The results showed that the effect of cutting off irrigation during the growth stages on biological yield, grain yield, harvest index, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod was significant. The results also showed that the highest seed yield belonged to the full irrigation (control) treatment, where D81083 and goli produced higher yields than derakhshan. Highest grain yield was belonged to goli at full irrigation (control) treatment. Among the genotypes under study, D81083 had the lowest amount of reduction equal to 60 percent during cutting off irrigation at flowering stage. Number of seeds per pod decreased when irrigation was cutted off during the flowering stage. Derakhshan produced higher yield than the other genotypes and its seed per pod decreased by 38 percent. The results also revealed that red bean genotypes were very sensitive to deficite water stress. As a whole D81083 and goli genotypes were higher yielders than Derakhshan under limited water conditions.

In order to evaluate the effect of salicylic acid on yield and yield components of bean genotypes under water deficit stress، an experiment was carried out as a factorial split plot design with three replications in research farm Bu Ali-Sina University (Hamadan، Iran) during 2009. Stress levels: consist of vegetative water stress، reproduction water stress and without water stress (control) and three bean genotypes (‘Akhtar’، ‘D81083’ and ‘KS31169’) allocated in the main plots and three concentrations of salicylic acid 0، 0. 5 and 1 mM to the sub-plots. Based on results the treatments had significant effects on plant height، number of branches، pod number per plant، seeds per pod، 100 seed weight، biological yield، grain yield and harvest index. Vegetative and reproductive drought stresses reduced grain yield but foliar application of Salicylic acid improved the growth and yield of bean. Utilizing salicylic acid in vegetative and reproductive stages improved the grain yield 17. 2 and 16. 8 percent، respectively. Such this result observed for biological yield too. Totally this research showed that between the genotypes of experiment، the ‘D81083’ and ‘Akhtar’ genotypes had higher grain yield and harvest index compared to ‘KS31169’. Foliar application of salicylic acid not only improved the growth and yield in no-stress condition but also for adjusting the drought stress especially at vegetative stress is recommended

In order to evaluate the electrical conductivity and seedling growth characteristics of red bean seed grown under drought stress and foliar application of zinc and manganese, a split factorial experiment was conducted in a Randomized Complete Block Design in field and also laboratory experiment at Shahrekord University in 2011. Factors inclouded three levels of drought stress (irrigation after 50, 70 and 90 mm evaporation from class A pan) as the main plot and three levels of zinc foliar application (with water, 100 and 200 grams per hectare zinc), and three levels of manganese foliar application (with water, 150 and 300 grams per hectare manganese) in a factorial combination as sub plot. The results showed that severe drought stress led to decrease of electrical conductivity while the seedling and root length of red bean seed were increased. In the measured characteristics, Mn foliar application had significant effect on electrical conductivity and root dry weight. In different Mn foliar application treatments, the lowest electrical conductivity was related to control while the maximum seedling dry weight was observed at 150 g Mn foliar application per hectare. Zn foliar application had significant effect on all the traits measured during this experiment. Based on means comparison, the highest seedling dry weight, shoot, seedling and root length as well as the lowest electrical conductivity was belong to the 100 g Zn foliar application per hectare. The highest root dry weight was obtained for 200 g Zn per hectare which no significant difference was observed with 100 g Zn per hectare. According to the results of this experiment, mild stress and foliar application of zinc and manganese led to increase the quality of the produced seeds. In total, foliar application of zinc and manganese (at the amount of 100 and 300 g ha-1 respectively) with mild stress (irrigation after 70 mm evaporation from class A pan) are recommended for production of seeds with high vigor under this region conditions.

To evaluate the competitive ability of red bean cultivars with weeds in different planting patterns, this research was conducted in Agriculture and Natural Resources Research Center of Zanjan. It was performed as a Split Factorial based on Completely Randomized Block Design in three replicates for two years. Main plot included two levels with and without presence of weeds. Subplots included red bean cultivars (Sayyad, Derakhshan and local cultivar of Zanjan), Planting row distance (20 and 30 cm) and plant densities (20, 30, 40 and 50 plants per square meter). To measure the competitive ability of genotypes, different tolerant of non-parametric indices were used. Based on the results effects the main factors were significant at 1% probability level for all traits, except 100 grain weight and plant height. Cultivar effects on biomass yield and other recorded traits in the 50% flowering stage were significant at 5% and 1% probability levels respectively. Effect of planting density on biomass and number pods were significant (P>1% ) in the four-leaf and 50% flowering stages. The highest (7.8) and lowest(6.08) number of pods were obtained with 20 and 50 plant densities respectively. In this research, local cultivar showed the highest tolerance to weeds with 30 and 40 plants per m2. The cultivar also showed the same result when 40 plants per m2 and 20 row spacing were used.

Adjustment of plant density is an important base on light، water and soil nutrients for increasing seed yield. To determine of plant density in new red bean lines (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)، this experiment was conducted as factorial in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications at Lordegan region (Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province) in 2004-2005. Factors were new red bean lines (BRB188، ARS-R93003 and D81083) and plant densities (14. 8، 19. 1، 26. 6 and 44. 4 plant m-2). At during the growing season، it was measured plant height، seed yield and its components. Results showed that 100-seed weight، number of seed per pod and plant height had no difference among plant densities، but number of pod per plant decreased when plant density increased. Crop yield increased when plant density increased. Lines were different at plant height، 100-seed weight، number of pod per plant، number of seed per pod and seed yield. Results of two years showed ARS-R93003 and BRB188 lines were better lines and plant density should be between 26. 6 and 44. 4 plant m-2.

Use of plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB) and high quality of seed as agricultural inputs play important roles in sustainable crop production. To study the effects of different levels of seed aging and PGPB's application on field emergence, seedling establishment and yield of two red kidney bean cultivars in field conditions, an experiment was carried out as factorial based in a RCBD design with 4 replications. Treatments consisted of four levels of seed aging [0 (control), 2, 4 and 6 days at 41°C with 90-100% relative humidity], four levels of bacteria inoculations [Control (no bacteria), Azospirillum lipoferum (strain of), Azotobacter chroococcum (strain 5) and Pseudomonas putida (strain 41)] and two bean cultivars (Akhtar and Sayyad). Results showed that the interaction effects of cultivar×seed aging×bacteria inoculation on seedling emergence rate (SER), final emergence percentage (FEP), seedling vigour index (SVI), 100 grain weight and pod number per plant were significant. The effects of bacteria inoculation on grain yield and interaction effect of cultivar×seed aging on emergence index (EI), mean emergence time (MET), grain yield and biological yield were significant. In addition, the EI was affected significantly by interaction effect of seed aging×bacteria. Grain yield, SER and FEP values followed by a declining trend as seed aging duration increased. The adverse effects of seed aging on these traits in Akhtar cultivar was more sever compared to Sayyad cultivar. High EI and SVI value obtained by Pseudomonas putida application. Use of bacterial inoculants particularly Azotobacter chroococcum and Pseudomonas putida improved grain yield compared to non-inoculated plants. In general, our results showed that seed aging decreased seedling emergence and grain yield of red kidney bean, however, the application of PGPBs could invigorate seedling growth, improved seedling establishment and amplified bean grain yield.

A field study was conducted at the Agricultural Research Farm of Agriculture and Natural Resources Research Center، Arak، in 2008، to determine the influence of stale seedbed planting system on weed control of beans. The experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design with factorial treatment structure and four replications. Factor A included two different lines of beans (D81083 and KS21169)، and factor B consisted of eight herbicides: trifluralin 2 lit/ ha، storm 2 lit/ ha، trifluralin 2 lit/ ha + storm 2 lit/ ha، paraquat 2. 5 lit/ ha، paraquat 2. 5 lit/ ha + storm 2 liters per hectare، glyphosate 3 lit/ ha and the control with and without of weed. Results showed that the best treatments for this experiment included: storm + trifluralin in KS-Line with 91% decreased of weed than weedy by producing 4. 5 tons per hectare grain yield and also، application glyphosate alone in KS-Line with 94% decrement of weed than control and 4. 37 tons per hectare were the best treatments in yield. Finally should be noted that the most reasonable treatment in control weeds beans were applying glyphosate in KS-line because did perfect weed control and had no significant difference with weeding and trifluralin + storm، both in grain yield and weed control in stale seedbed.

To study the effects of different levels of water stress and nitrogen fertilizer on seed yield and yield components of two common bean genotypes (Phaseolus vulgaris), an experiment in a split plot factorial based on CRBD with four replications was conducted at the research farm of University of Tehran (Karaj-Iran) in 2010. Water stress treatments as the main factor included normal irrigation (60 mm evaporation from open pan), mild and sever water stress (90 and 120 mm evaporation from open pan, respectively) at fourth leaf stage. Nitrogen fertilizer at four levels comprised of zero, 50, 100 and 150 kg N/ha and two red kidney bean genotypes (namely, Akhtar and D81083) were allocated as sub plots in a factorial arrangement. The results indicated that water stress decreased pods/plant, seeds/pod, 100 seed weight, seed yield, total dry matter, harvest index and plant height, significantly (p ≤ 0.05), but increased seed protein. Nitrogen fertilizer application also increased plant traits, significantly, except for the seeds/pod and harvest index. The two bean genotypes were different in their characteristics excluding the seeds/pod and seed protein content, however, the seed yield was comparatively higher in D81083 than Akhtar genotype. The interaction effects of water stress × genptype on bean seed yield under normal irrigation and severe drought stress was recorded for D81083 and Akhtar genotypes, respectively. Similarly, the interaction effects of water stress × nitrogen on bean seed yield under normal irrigation with 150 kg N/ha and under severe drought stress without nitrogen was higher and lower, respectively

In order to select the suitable lines of red bean for Chahharmahal & Bakhtiari province, this experiment was conducted in Lordegan & Boldaji regions at 2001-2005. At the first year, single plants of local red bean (from Lordegan, Ardal, Boldaji, Dastgerd Emamzadeh and Gandoman regions) were selected at research farm for phenotypic characters, yield and yield components. At the second year, selected plants were sowed at lines with Naz, Sayyad and Lordegan local variety as controls and analyzed by histogram method. At the third and fourth years, selected lines were sowed in rectangular lattice design and analyzed. At fifth year, selected lines were sowed at randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications in two regions (Lordegan and Boldaji). Results of third year showed that L1, G17 and A15 lines were better than control Naz.

In order to study the effects of quantitative and qualitative traits on cooking characteristics and protein percentage of 15 Red bean genotypes, a Randomized Complete Block Design was conducted with three replications in normal irrigation and drought stress. These traits were measured in farm and nutrition laboratory employing international standard of CIAT. Analyses of variance showed that genotype were significantly different at some quantitative and qualitative traits under two independent conditions. Some of quantitative traits consisted of plant height, number of node per main shoot, days to 50% flowering, seed filling duration, seed size, 100 seed weight and protein percentage. The qualitative traits also consisted of hydration capacity, swelling capacity and seed appearance. Results of mean comparisons showed that the protein percentage increased under drought stress. Maturing and cooking time increased with drought stress. In factor analysis, 70% of total variation was explained by four hidden factors. These factors in normal condition were growth type, cooking characteristics and protein quality. In drought stress four factors in factor analysis was included plant physiological, seed yield related, seed quantitative, cooking ability and cooking time characteristics, respectively.