جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « Mung bean » در نشریات گروه « زراعت »

Today, with increasing agricultural production to meet the growing needs of the expanding population, concerns have been raised about the future of food supply for the people. Among the environmental barriers to plant growth and yield, drought is the most important factor in reducing production, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. In order to evaluate the effect of mycorrhiza and gibberellin consumption and drought stress on the quantitative and qualitative yield of mung bean, experimental split factorial in the form of a randomized complete block design with 4 replications during two cropping years 2017 and 2018 in Malekshahi region of Ilam province. Experimental treatments included three levels of drought stress (30, 60 and 90 mm evaporation from evaporation pan) as the main factor and three levels of gibberellin including (control, seed, and foliar application) and three levels of mycorrhiza (control, seed and application soil). It was factorial. Comparison of the mean of the three interactions of drought stress and gibberellin and mycorrhiza hormones showed that in 30 mm water evaporation from gibberellin pan and foliar application of gibberellin and no mycorrhiza application, the highest grain yield was obtained at 22255.4 kg ha-1. The highest and lowest polyphenol oxidase in seed treatments of gibberellin acid under 90 mm evaporation from evaporation pan and no consumption of gibberellic acid under 30 mm evaporation from evaporation pan with values ​​of 0.87 and 0.44 μmol of distilled water per gram of fresh weight.The highest and lowest ascorbate peroxidase in mycorrhiza seed treatments under 90 mm evaporation from evaporation pan and no consumption of mycorrhiza and gibberellin acid under 30 mm evaporation from evaporation pan with values of 0.4 and 1.81 μm g-1 water weight, respectively. It was found that the difference between these was statistically significant.

Environmental stresses especially drought are important and effective factors reducing plant production. Mung bean (Vigna radiata (L) Wilczek) from leguminosae family mostly grows in tropical areas and has a lower water requirement compared to other legumes. The role of mycorrhizal symbiosis to protect plants under drought conditions is considerable. The main effects of drought stress at the flowering stage are aborting flowers and eventually declining seed yield while the major effects of drought stress are on reproductive organs of plants in the pod filling stage. Therefore, effects of drought stress occurring due to lack of water are in different growth stages which can be divided into flowering and pod filling stages. The aim of this study was to improve some morphophysiological traits, nitrogen, protein, root colonization, mycorrhizal dependency and mycorrhizal growth response percentage of mung bean by Glomus mosseae and Pseudomonas fluorescence strain 169 symbiosis under different imposed moisture stress conditions. 

A split plot Randomized Complete Block Design experiment with three replications was conducted in the research farm of Islamic Azad University of Miyaneh branch, Iran, during 2016. The main factors allocated to three levels of drought stress included: normal irrigation (control), stopping irrigation in flowering stage, stopping irrigation in pods formation stage. Sub-factor was considered for four treatments of inoculation including: non-inoculation (control), inoculation by G. mosseae, P. fluorescens strain169 and G. mosseae+P. fluorescens strain169. Parto variety of mung bean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek) used in this study was provided by Seed and Plant improvement Institute, Karaj, Iran. Suspension solutions of Pseudomonas fluorescens strain169 with 108-109 live and active bacteria per ml (CFUml-1) were provided by Water and Soil Research Institute, Karaj, Iran. Glomus mosseae was obtained from Zist Fanavaraneh Turan biotech firm, which had approximately 30 live fungi per gram and was produced by culturing in host plants, used in the form of soil mixed spores and hyphae. Inoculation of seeds by Pseudomonas fluorescence strain 169 was done in the morning by mixing them in an aluminum paper. The 2% glucose solution was added to increase the number of bacteria attached to seeds, and the seeds were then allowed to be dried in shadow. In order to increase the efficiency of fungi and bacteria in sowing time, seeds were not sterilized. Based on physicochemical analysis, the soil clay and organic carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium amount in the experimental farm was 1.5%, 0.1%, 5.70 (mg.kg-1) and 301 (mg.kg-1), respectively. In this study, traits such as protein of seed (%), nitrogen of seed (%) and root colonization (%), relative water content (%) as well as mycorrhizal dependency (%) and mycorrhizal growth response (%) were measured, and the average of ten samples from each plot for plant height (cm), the number of leaves per plant, dry weight of leaves (g), dry weight of stem+pod (g), dry weight of plant (g), stem diameter (mm) and the number of branches were collected and calculated. All measured data were analyzed for simple analysis of variance using MSTAT-C software. Mean comparison was carried out by the Duncan test at 5% probability level using SPSS (Ver.16). 

Results displayed significant variation among drought stress treatments for the majority of growth characteristics. Based on inoculation treatments, there were significant differences between all measured traits except the number of leaves per plant and stem diameter. Drought stress decreased the majority of morphophysiological traits. Glomus mosseae increased dry weight of leaves and dry weight of plant by 44.3% and 8.45% respectively. G.mosseae was more effective to increase growth characteristics of mung bean. According to water requirement, pods forming stage was the most sensitive growth stage. Co-inoculation of P. fluorescence strain 169+G. mosseae synergistically affected root colonization percentage and nitrogen percentage of seeds. Protein content of seeds in drought stressed condition was more than normal irrigation plots. Plants located in cutting irrigation in pods filling stage plots plus inoculated by G. mosseae+P. fluorescence 169 had the highest protein content of seed with average 16.560%. 

This study indicated that major differences between G. mosseae, Pseudomonas fluorescence strain 169 and interaction of them for their ability to enhance growth characteristics of mung bean. G. mosseae and P. fluorescence strain 169 could alleviate drought stress effects through enhancing the plant height directly. Pod formation stage was identified as a susceptible growth stage of the plant under water deficit condition. In addition, stopping irrigation in pod formation stage had a high negative influence on the number of leaves and branches in plant. The majority of measured growth characteristics was positively affected by soil microbial mass. Plants inoculated by P. fluorescence 169+G.mosseae under cutting irrigation in pod filling stage had the highest root colonization by 55.3%. Synergistic effects of G. mosseae and P. fluorescens 169 increased dry weight of stem+pod, dry weight of plant, which seems to be an important finding for physiologists and soil scientists. Glomus mosseae individually improved plant height and dry weight of leaves in cooperation with other treatments.

In order to effect of urea levels and simultaneous cropping of legumes on agronomic characteristics and total biomass of corn, this study was carried out in field of agricultural research center of Markazi province in 2013. A factorial arrangement of treatment in a randomized complete block design with three replications was used. Urea manure levels [N0= without urea (Control), N1= 75 Kg ha-1 of urea, N2= 150 Kg ha-1 of urea, N3= 225 Kg ha-1 of urea) and simultaneous cropping treatment, (S1= Cultivation of corn, S2= Cultivation of corn + chickpea, S3= Cultivation of corn + cowpea, S4= Cultivation of corn + mung bean) were assigned in plots. Results indicated that the effect of urea levels on the characteristics such as: wet weight of Stem + leaves, wide of ear leaf, dry weight of ear + husk, nitrogen agronomic efficiency, number of legumes grains per m-2, total biomass of corn + legumes and amount of nitrogen absorbtion was significant. Effect of simultaneous cropping treatment on the characteristics such as: wet weight of Stem + leaves, nitrogen agronomic efficiency, number of legumes grains per m-2, total biomass of corn + legumes and amount of nitrogen absorbtion was significant, too. The maximum and minimum of total biomass of corn + legumes (36.42 and 21.47 ton ha-1) were obtained with the (225 Kg ha-1 urea + Simultaneous cropping of chickpea and corn) and (non application of urea + Simultaneous cropping of corn and mungbean) treatments, respectively.

Germination process can be used to improve the nutritional value of pulses. In this research, the effect of the germination process on nutritional values of mung bean such as moisture, protein, fat, ash, crude fiber, carbohydrates, minerals, and phenolic compounds were evaluated. Germination process was carried out with soaking mung bean seeds for 24 hours and then incubating them in the wet condition for 48 and 72 hours at 15 °C and 25 °C. The germinated seeds were dried and milled at 50 °C. The nutritional values were measured in samples and compared with control samples using a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with three replications. The results of this study showed that protein and moisture content of the germinated seeds were increased as germination has proceeded. On the other hand, germination caused a reduction in the fat content of the mung bean. Germination also reduced the amount of ash, phosphorus and phenolic compounds in the mung bean. Germination until 48 hours increased the amount of crude fiber but after this time the amount of crude fiber was reduced. The amount of carbohydrates, iron, calcium, and zinc also increased after germination. According to the results, 72 hours at 25 °C are the best conditions for increasing the nutritional value of germinated seeds in mung bean.

To investigate the effects of chemical and phosphorus bio-fertilizers on element accumulations, chlorophyll content, seed yield and root growth of three local populations of mung bean, a factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design with three replications was carried out at the Research Farm of Agricultural Faculty of Ilam University, Ilam, Iran, in 2015. The treatments were three local populations of mung bean (Fereydouni, Arteshi, Gotvandi), chemical fertilizer with three levels: (without using fertilizer (P0), using 75 kg.ha-1 of super phosphate (P75) and 150 kg.ha-1 of super phosphate (P150) and bio-fertilizer with two levels: without using fertilizer (B0) and using 100 g.ha-1 of barvar-2 phosphate (B100). Result showed that application of bio-fertilizer and chemical phosphorus (75 and 150 kg.ha-1 of super phosphate) increased phosphorus, nitrogen, and potassium in seeds and root dry weight of mung bean. Application of bio-fertilizer increased phosphorus and nitrogen contents of three local populations of mung bean. Highest contents of zinc and iron in seed, leaf chlorophyll, number of nodules and root dry weight belonged to Arteshi population. Zinc concentration, chlorophyll and number of nodule in roots increased by using bio-fertilizer. Application of chemical phosphorus (75 and 150 kg.ha-1 super phosphate) increased chlorophyll content of leaves and number of nodule in root of mung bean. Application of both bio-fertilizer and chemical phosphorus increased seed yield of Fereydouni, Arteshi, and Gotvandi by 32.33, 64.87 and 81.35 percents, respectively, as compared to that of control. It can be concluded that reduced application of chemical and phosphorus bio-fertilizers improves the yielding ability of mung bean.

To investigate the effects of summer cultivation of crops on weeds densities and biomass as well as yield and performance of following planted wheat, field studies were carried out in Shavoor Research Station (Ahvaz, Khuzestan) over 3 years (2013-2016) using 5 treatments in a randomized complete block design. Treatments included rice-wheat, corn-wheat, sesame-wheat, mung bean-wheat and fallow-wheat rotations. The crops and weed densities and types had been observed during the year before the experiment, and no herbicides were used in all experiments to understand the pure effects of treatments. The main crop (wheat) was planted after autumn harvesting of above-mentioned crops. Densities and types of weeds were recorded 15 and 30 days after wheat primary tillering stage, and weed dry weights and grain yield were measured at the end of experiment. Results of this study indicated that considering the indices of weeds number and biomass (55-90%) as well as wheat yield (80-220%), wheat might not require to any herbicides after rice cultivation. Moreover, in the grain or forage corn planted fields, herbicide application is declined significantly, due to several and irrigations and frequent tillage. The whole three-years outcome of the experiments demonstrated that summer cultivation of crops might lead to sharp decline in the seed banks of important weeds such as wild oat (Avena ludoviciana), wild barley (Hordeum spantaneum) and some main broad leaf weed.

In order to evaluate the effect of potassium sulfate nutrition on chlorophyll contentand drought tolerance indexon Mungbean genotypes in the north of Khuzestan Province, this study was conducted in split plot factorial in a randomized complete block design with three replications in 1390 and 1391 at the agricultural Research center south of west Country (Safiabad). The main plot was irrigation after 120, 180 and 240 mm evaporation from pan evaporation (respectively marked I120, I180 and I240),and the subplots were potassium fertilizers with 0, 37.5 and 75 kg K2O per hectarfrom potassium sulfate(respectively marked F0,F1 and F2) and genotypes (Parto, Hindi and VC6173, Cn95 and KPS1lines ) in a factorial arrangement.The results showed that grain yield in I180 and I240 treatments, reduced 21.8 and 30.4 percent respectively in comparison with control treatment(I120).the highest and lowest tolerance to drought stress were allocated to Hindi (0.83) and KPS1 (0.47) respectively. Potassium application at the rate of 75 kg/ha in I240 treatment, increased drought tolerance in all genotypes except KPS1. chlorophyllcontent was influenced irrigation regimes, irrigation and genotype, irrigation-fertilizer as well as the interaction of three factors at the of 1% and fertilizer and genotypes at the level of 5%.The overall results showed that Hindi due to high drought tolerance and VC6173 due to shoot standing and high drought tolerance were superior to other varities.

Water is an important economic resource in many parts of the world, especially in arid and semi-arid reigns. Increasing in irrigation intervals and making use of superabsorbent are two basic strategies for saving and efficient use of irrigation water. To investigate the effect of superabsorbent polymer Aquasorb on mitigating drought stress, growth characteristics, grain yield and water use efficiency of mung bean (Vigna radiate L.), a field experiment was conducted at two regions (Khorramabad and Kuhdasht) using split-plot arrangement in randomized complete block design with four replications. The treatments included irrigation interval at three levels (5, 10, and 15 days) as main plots and four levels of superabsorbent polymer Aquasorb (zero; control, 100, 200 and 300 kg.ha-1) as subplots. Results, averaged across irrigation interval and locations, showed that the highest grain yields (1918 kg.ha-1) was observed at 200 kg superabsorbent.ha-1 and the lowest grain yield (1232 kg.ha-1) was obtained in control. Also, the highest biomass (8530 kg.ha-1) and water use efficiency (1.12 kg grain yield.m-3) belonged to 200 kg superabsorbent.ha-1. The highest proline content (0.56 mg.g-1 DW) was recorded in 15-days irrigation interval and control. Also the lowest protein content (0.17 mg.g-1 DW) was obtained in 5-days irrigation interval and control. Generally, results revealed that application of Aqasorb superabsorbent hydrogel up to optimum level (200 kg.ha-1) can improve the growth and agronomic characteristics of mung bean and can reduce the impact of drought. Application of higher levels not only will increase the cost of production but also will reduce water use efficiency and other agronomic characteristics of mung bean.

IntroductionThe food legumes are given high priority in world agriculture because they constitute 2.3 or more of protein in the diet of the inhabitants of the tropics and they are the potential source to fill the protein-gap. Mung bean belongs to plant family Fabaceae, and is the most important pulse crops of the world. It has great value as a food, fodder and green manure. Potential yield of Mung bean can be achieved through optimum use of inputs and agronomic practices. Plant density and suitable sowing time are the most important factors affecting the yield. Plant density is considered as one of the important determinative factors of yield of this plant. The purpose of proper density is more efficient use of the plant from different environmental potential such as water, nutrients, light, etc. to achieve higher yield. Too early sowing may not successfully germinate, while yield from too late sown crop may be low due to unfavorable condition for growth and development of Mung bean. The aim of this study was to determine the optimum sowing date and plant density to achieve maximum performance of the Mung bean in both irrigated and rainfed conditions.
Material & MethodsIn order to evaluate the effects of planting date, plant density and irrigation on yield and yield components of Mung bean (VC-1973A genotype) an experiment was performed in Research Station of Islamic Azad University, Gorgan Branch at 2012. In this study, a factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design with three replications was used. Three planting dates (6 July, 21 July and 6 August) and two densities (12.5 and 25 plant per square meter) were the treatments. The experiments were conducted in two separate conditions of irrigation (at the beginning to flower and pod stages) and rainfed. Dry weight of the seeds in physiological maturity was determined. Also in full maturity, after removing the effect marginal, yield and yield components were calculated. Analysis of variance was carried out using the SAS software. Comparison of means also was performed using LSD test at 5% level and corresponding graphs were plotted with Excel software.
Results & DiscussionThe results of analysis variance showed that both in irrigation and rainfed conditions, there was a significant difference between planting dates in terms of number of pods per plant, seeds per pod, seed weight, biological yield and harvest index. But there was no statistically significant difference for these factors between densities (12.5 and 25 plant/m2). The highest and lowest number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod and seed weight observed in 6 July and 6 August planting dates, respectively. In irrigation condition, planting dates of 6 July and 6 August had the highest (6400 kg per hectare) and lowest (3614 kg per hectare) biological yield. Also, in rainfed condition, maximum and minimum of biological yield were obtained for planting date of 6 July (4276 kg) and 6 August (2673 kg per hectare), respectively. Planting date July 6th had the highest harvest index under both irrigated (45.3%) and rainfed (38.2%) conditions. Planting date July 6th also had the highest seed yield under both irrigated (2900 kg/ha) and rainfed (1636 kg/ha) conditions. Irrigation in beginning of flowering and pod stages increased seed yield and aboveground dry mater, significantly. Late planting date decreased vegetative stage, caused reducing in pod number per plant and seed number per pod, resulted in reduction of seed yield. The results showed that Mung bean crop has a high production potential under climate condition of the Gorgan.
ConclusionThe results of analysis variance showed that under both irrigation and rainfed conditions, there was significantly differences between planting dates in terms of number of pods per plant, seeds per pod, seed weight, biological yield and harvest index. But there was no statistically significant difference for these factors between densities (12.5 and 25 plant/m2). In both irrigated and rainfed conditions, date of planting 6 July, was the best planting date. The grain yield under irrigated and rainfed conditions were 2900 and1636 kg per hectare, respectively. Irrigation at early flowering and early pod stages, led to an increase in grain yield and dry matter compared to the rainfed conditions. The results showed that this plant has a high production potential in weather conditions of Gorgan. Thus, cultivation of Mung bean in Gorgan is recommended. Moreover, planting date July 6th and density of 25 plants /m2 can be a good choice for Mung bean cultivation in this region.

Sustainable agriculture is a compilation of knowledge that can be long-term management of biological, environmental and economic value of a good cause. One of the ways to move towards sustainable agriculture, use a mixture of different species of plants in agriculture. In many parts of the world mixcropping as part of the management of agricultural ecosystems accepted and Has certain advantages in terms of the degree of variability in time and space. Intercropping can be effective as an important factor in sustainable agriculture and according to the different needs of the species in the mix, so the output will be less competition. Research has shown that the superiority of mixed agriculture due to more complete use of growing resources. The aim of this study, was to investigate of growth criteria, yield and physiologic efficiency and nitrogen appear recovery of flint corn to simultaneous cropping of legumes and different levels of urea levels.
This study was carried out at field of agricultural research center of Markazi province during growing season of 2012-2013. A factorial arrangement based on randomized complete block design with three replications was used. Nitrogen manure levels [N0= without urea (Control), N1= 75 kg ha-1 of urea, N2= 150 kgha-1 of urea, N3= 225 kg ha-1 of urea) and Simultaneous cropping treatment, (S1= Cultivation of corn, S2= Cultivation of corn chickpea, S3= Cultivation of corn cowpea, S4= Cultivation of corn mung bean) were assigned in plots. Each sub plot consisted of 4 rows, 6 m long with 60 cm between rows space and 20 cm between plants on the rows and S.C 704 hybrid was used. In this study characteristics such as: height of ear, nitrogen physiological efficiency of corn, dry weight of cob and husk, number of branches per legumes, number of grain per legumes, harvest index of corn, forage weight of corn legumes, nitrogen appear recovery of corn and grain yield were assessed.
Results indicated that the effect of different levels of urea was significant on the characteristics such as: height of ear, nitrogen physiological efficiency of corn, dry weight of cob and husk, number of branches per legumes, number of grain per legumes, harvest index of corn, forage weight of corn legumes, nitrogen appear recovery of corn and grain yield. The maximum and minimum nitrogen physiological efficiencies (22.75 and 4.38 %) were obtained in 225 kg ha-1 urea corn and 75 kg ha-1 urea corn treatments, respectively. The maximum and minimum grain yield (8.1 and 4.5 ton ha-1) were obtained with the (225 kg ha-1 urea corn) and (without urea Cultivation of corn mung bean) treatments, too.
Therefore, the application of integrated plant nutrition can increase nutrient use efficiency and producing products with greater quality and quantity. Also, by reducing the use of chemical fertilizers and leaching by reducing the amount of the tremendous waste, reduce environmental pollution of surface water and groundwater. As a result, production continuity and sustainability of agriculture and natural ecosystems will be very important.

In order to study the effect of Mn and Zn micronutrients foliar application on quality and quantity characteristics of mung bean under water stress a field experiment was conducted at the University of Zabol in 2011-2012. The experiment was conducted in split plot design with three replications. Main plots were different levels of drought stress included: optimum irrigation, withholding irrigation in vegetative growth stage, and with holding irrigation in flowering stage. Sub plots were of four levels of micronutrients foliar application included: no foliar application, 3000 ppm foliar application of zinc, 3000 ppm foliar application of manganese, and foliar application of zinc+manganese. The results showed that the highest plant height, No. capsule in plant, No. seed in capsule, 1000 seeds-weight and biological yield and harvest index obtained from optimum irrigation treatment. The highest grain yield was achieved from optimum irrigation treatment and foliar application of zinc+manganese. The most amounts of carbohydrate percentage, zinc and manganese was achieved from treatments of micronutrients foliar application. But micronutrients application led to decreasing phosphorous uptake in plant. The results showed that interaction between irrigation treatments and micronutrients foliar significantly increased plant height, grain yield and biological yield. The highest grain yield (451 Kg ha-1) was achieved from optimum irrigation and foliar application of zinc+manganese. It can be concluded that water stress at the flowering stage had the most effect on reducing grain yield of mung bean. Although the highest concentrations of carbohydrates and proteine were found in water stress at the vegetative growth stage, Since reduction during seeds filling period and the lack of adequate absorption of micronutrients, the effects of the drought in was more pronounced at the vegetative growth stage than water stress the flowering stage, and drought stress in this stage decreased grain yield.

Nowadays, the use of biofertilizer is steadily increasing in sustainable agriculture, therefore the present study was aimed to evaluate the effect of seed biopriming by Piriformospora indica and Trichoderma virens on the growth, morphological and physiological parameters of mung bean (Vigna radiate L.). Experiment was conducted as completely randomized design with three replicates in 2014. Treatments were included four levels of biopriming (control, inoculation by P. indica or T. virens and dual inoculation by P. indica and T. virens). Seeds of mung bean were sown in sterile soil and grown for four weeks and then some morphological, growth and photosynthetic pigments parameters were determined. Results showed that seed biopriming by Trichoderma, P. indica and dual inoculation increased plant height (4, 8 and 2 %, respectively) and root length (18, 31 and 13 %, respectively) as compared to the uninoculated control. However, the increase was significant only for P. indica inoculated seeds. Furthermore, shoot fresh and dry weights increased when mung bean seeds inoculated by both fungi. The maximum increase in stem, shoot and plant dry weights (5, 3 and 2 times of control) were recorded when seeds inoculated with P. indica. Also, inoculation of seeds by P. indica improved chlorophyll a, b, a+b contents (nearly 8, 15 and 9 %, respectively). In conclusion, it seems that seed biopriming of mung bean by growth promoting fungi particularly P. indica positively improved the growth attributes in early growth stages.

A field study was carried out in 2007 to determine the response of promising genotypes of Mung bean to late season drought stress at zabol climatic condition. The experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications at two locations (with and without drought stress). Treatments were 6 different genotypes of Mung bean. All treatments in two fields were irrigated normally until 50% heading stage. The last irrigation in drought stress conditions was done at 50% heading stage and then plants were developed under stress conditions until harvesting. Comparisons of traits in both conditions showed that water stress have negatively affected plant growth. The stress conditions had the highest effects on yield and the least effects on number of slinked pod. For evaluation of drought stress tolerance indices such as mean productivity (MP)، geometric mean productivity (GMP)، stress tolerance index (STI)، tolerance index (TOL)، stress sensitivity index (SSI)، harmonic mean of productivity (HARM)، were used. According to these indices، genotype PUSA was the most tolerant and the genotypes MN22 and MN92 were the most sensitive genotypes to drought stress. Principal component analysis used to study the relationship between indices. Two first components could explain more than 99% of variations of indices. Also، biplot of PC1 and PC2 showed the genotype PUSA was the most tolerant and the genotypes MN22 and MN92 were the most sensitive genotypes to last season drought stress between evaluated genotypes of Mung bean in zabol climatic conditions.

Sustainable agriculture focuses on the quality and soil organic matter and one of the major sources of soil organic matter is crop residue. In order to investigate the effect of different planting methods, crop residue management and nitrogen foliar application methods on quantitative traits of mung bean this experiment was carried out as a strip- split plot using randomized complete blocks design with three replications at research station of Islamic Azad University Khoramabad branch in summer 2009. Tillage as strip in two levels of furrowed plots and no tillage in the main plots, residue management methods in two levels with straw and straw mulching and burning straw and straw mulching and foliar application of urea fertilizer in four levels without foliar application, one time foliar application in the rapid stage growth, one time foliar application before flowering and one time foliar application in the stage of rapid growth flowering ,by the concentration of three x 1000 with urea fertilizer in sub plots was assigned. Results showed that the effect of different planting methods on grain yield and plant height at one percentage level was significant. Also the effect of crop residue management was significant on productivity degree and plant height at five percentage level and dry weight at flowering stage in one percentage level. Results showed the superiority of grain yield and branch number in plant in no-tillage method in compared to furrowed plot method. Totally, planting method of no- tillage with straw and straw mulching foliar application in the stage of rapid growth flowering stage by producing 782 kg.ha-1 grain yield was considered as superior treatment combination in this research.

In order to investigate the effect of water deficit tension on yield and yield components of mung bean in different densities, a field experiment was conducted in Dezfoul area in summer 2010 as a split plot in a randomized complete block design with four replications. In this research, treatments of irrigation after 90, 120, 150 and 180 mm evaporation from class A pan evaporation in the main plots and the density as distances 6, 9, 12 and 15 cm between two plants on rows of planting in the subplots. The results of experiment showed that the effect of different irrigation levels was significant on number of pods per plant, 1000- grain weight, grain yield, biological yield and harvest index, but had no significant effect on number of grain per pod. It is inferred that the mung bean plant is very sensitive to water deficit tension and significantly yield loss is occurred due to increasing water tension. Treatment effect of density was significant on traits the number of pods per plant, grain yield, biological yield and harvest index. Based on these results, increase or decrease of density both were the limiting factors of yield. Also, the interaction of water deficit tension treatments and plant density except on the number of grain per pod had significant effect on all the traits. According to the evaluation results of this research, a distance of 12 cm between two plants on rows of planting as the best distance for optimum irrigation treatment (irrigation after 90 mm accumulative evaporation from evaporation pan class A) is recommended for maximum plant yield of mung bean in Dezfoul area.

In order to determine the best cultivars of Mung Bean (Vigna radiate) and the effects of drought stress on mung bean، a field experiment was conducted in a split-plot arrangement using randomized complete block design with three replication at Agricultural Research Station of Varamin in 2009 cropping season. The main plots included drought stress in different stage of growth (flowering، poding and grain paramation)، and sub plots included five cultivars (Partov، Gohar، NM-94، C-1-6-16، VC1973A). The results of the experiment showed that the effect of drought stress on traits such as grain yield، 100 grain weight، number of pod per plant، number of grain per pod، number of branch and plant height were significant. grain yield، 100 grain weight، number of pod per plant، number of grain per pod were significant between cultivars studying. The results of mean comparison analysis indicated that the highest of most characteristics obtained from drought stress at the grain paramation stage. Partov cultivar produced the highest grain yield، 100 grain weight، number of pod per plant، number of grain per pod. Also، in step by step regression analysis، 100 grain weight and pod weight associated by grain 59/2 percent portray changes of grain yield. Incommonly can be said، the most influence obtained from drought stress at flowering phase that the heighest of decreacing yield would be in phase. Partov cultivar and NM-94 show more resistance as compared with other cultivar in this study.