جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « flower » در نشریات گروه « زراعت »

Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) is a perennial plant and geophyte, triploid and belongs to the family of Iridaceae. One of the most important factors that has a great effect on the final performance is the size of corm. Therefore, in order to obtain large corms, it is very important to create suitable environmental and management conditions. Determining the appropriate planting depth is also one of the ways to improve the performance of saffron per unit area. The purpose of this research is to investigate different sizes of saffron corms and planting depth on the yield of daughter corms of different sizes, flower and dry stigma of saffron in the conditions of Sari plain.  The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of different weights of mother corms and different planting depths on corm production and saffron yield in a factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design and in three replications in the research farm of Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University during the growing season 2019-2020. The experimental treatments included three corm sizes: weight group; small 4±2 g, medium 10±2 g and large 15±2 g and two planting depths of 10 and 15 cm. The studied traits included: the number and yield of daughter corms, the number of buds, the number and yield of flowers and the yield of dry saffron stigma. Data analysis and graphs were done using SAS 9.0, Excel 2016 and Sigma Plot 12.0 software, respectively, and comparison of average data with the help of LSD test at 5% probability level.  The trend of temperature changes as well as the investigation of the phenological events of saffron in the study area showed that at the beginning of the growing season and in the middle of autumn, the emergence of leaves is observed along with the emergence of reproductive organs (fig.1); This factor is probably related to the temperature fluctuations at the beginning of the plant's growing season (Table 1), and on the other hand, due to the allocation of the stock of mother corms to the leaves, it ultimately reduces flowering and stigma yield. The results showed that the highest number of daughter tubers and the total yield of daughter corms with 485 corm/ m2 and 2435.3 g/m2, respectively, were related to the treatment of large mother corm; however, no significant difference was observed between these traits in two planting depths for large corm (Table 2). The lowest total yield of daughter corms related to the treatment of planting small mother corms at a depth of 10 cm was equal to 1488.7 corm/ m-2. The average weight of daughter corms produced in this experiment (between 4.72 and 5.37 g) was about twice more than the amount produced in dry areas (Moallem Banhangi et al. 2019, Moein Rad et al., 2018. Razavian et al. 2019, Sharifi et al. 2021 & Esmi et al. 2019).  According to the results obtained in this experiment and also taking into account the texture of the field soil under test, the depth of 15 cm is more suitable than the depth of 10 cm for the production of corm with the desired size. But there is a possibility that in areas and lands with heavier soil, especially in the conditions of Mazandaran plain, which has abundant rainfall and poor drainage in some areas, shallower planting (10 cm deep) is better than deeper planting. It created more favorable conditions for root growth. Because the shallow planting depth, while creating drainage and better exit of excess water from the environment around the root and stem, provides a better growing environment for the growth of this plant. Therefore, according to the mentioned cases and the climatic features of the Sari plain, for better productivity of agricultural land in autumn and winter, saffron cultivation should be done annually and with priority to produce high-quality seeds and use these seeds in saffron-rich areas or conditions Aviation can be considered.

In Iran, One of the important goals of apricot breeding programs is to obtain new compatible cultivars with the suitable characteristics. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the compatibility of promising genotypes in different parts of the country before releasing. The aim of this study was to evaluate the adaptability and determine the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of 35 hybrid and genotypes obtained from the breeding programs in Khorasan Razavi Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center. Matherials and

In this project, 35 selected and promising apricot genotypes obtained at Sahand Horticultural Research Station during the past years through hybridization and selection from native genotypes were evaluated for experiment in 2017-2019. Genotypes were studied in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Measured factors included phenological, morphological and pomological traits. Also, correlations between traits and decomposition into main factors were performed.

The results showed that DM101 genotype was the earliest ripening and Jalil was the late ripening. Genotypes in terms of tree vegetative ability in three groups (strong, medium and weak), branching in three groups (high, medium and low), distribution of buds in trees in three groups (often on spur, often on annual branches, equally on spur and annual branches). Also, The studied genotypes were very different in terms of average fruit weight, so that, Shanli cultivar with 75.50 g and the AC311 with 14.90 g had the highest and lowest average weights, respectively. Genotypes also differed significantly in terms of yield, so that the highest yield (110 kg) was observed in genotype of AD735. The kernel bitterness of most varieties, except for the AD741 and AD546, were sweet. Fruit biochemical characteristics also showed significant changes among genotypes, so that the soluble solids variations ranged from 13.48% in AD650 to 21.95% in AC801 and HS515. Fruit weight had a positive correlation with stone weight (0.73) and kernel weight (0.26) and negative correlation with yield (-0.19) and the number of days from the full bloom to fruit ripening (-0.18). Soluble solids had a negative correlation at 5% level with total acid (-0.21) and a positive correlation with pH (0.40) at 1% level. The results of principal component analysis showed that PC1 factor with 29.44% of total changes expressing pomological characteristics, PC2 factor with 17.00% total changes indicating morphological characteristics, PC3 factor with 9.00% total changes indicating phenological traits and PC4 factor With 8.00% of the total changes, they indicated the chemical properties of the fruit. These four combinations accounted for about 64.94% of the total variation.

In general, Shanli cultivar was superior in fruit size, Jalil in late ripening, good fruit quality and drying ability and Parsi in terms of fruit quality, marketability and excellent colorabitliy are superior to other genotypes.

In order to investigate the effects of vegetation covering and shading on the economic yield of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) a split–plot experiment based on Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications was conducted at the Gonabad station for two cropping years (2018-2019, 2019- 2020). Experiments included main factor, density at four levels (90, 60, 120 and 150 corms per square meter) and sub-factors of crop residue management and shading at four levels (removal of saffron residues at the end of growing season as (control), presence of saffron residues at the end of the growing season, (control) + use of 2 (t.ha-1) barley straw and finally (control) + use of shading). Due to the nature of sub-factors, the data for the second year of growth were measured and analyzed. The results of analysis of variance showed that density and cover management had a significant effect (p≤0.01) on the vegetative characteristics of saffron (number, length and leaf area). However, the effect of density and the interaction effect of density × covering on vegetative traits had not significant effect. Also, the results of measured traits related to yield showed that the effect of corm density, covering management and the interaction of corm density × type of covering on number, flower weight and economic stigma yield were significant (p≤0.01). The highest amount of dry stigma yield and fresh weight of flowers with values of 5.16 and 411 (kg.ha-1), respectively, achieved from the treatment of 150 corms per square meter density and use of cereal straw covering and the lowest of these traits with values of 2.2 and 200 (kg.ha-1) was obtained from the density of 60 corms per square meter and control. Stepwise regression analysis for variables related to saffron economic yield showed that the number of flowers per unit area alone could explain 90.59% of the variation in saffron economic performance. Considering the positive effect of covering application on adjusting soil temperature compared to the maximum daily air temperature (at least 7%) and the simultaneous positive effect of this method of cropping management with induction of flowering stage in saffron, it seems that the use of different types of covering, especially cereal straw, is recommended to stabilize and improve saffron yield due to its low cost and easier access to covering saffron fields.

This study is aimed at investigating the effect of using humic, bio and nano fertilizers and levels of nitrogen fertilizers in flower yield of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) at the University of Torbat Heydarieh research farm located in Zaveh in 2014-2015. Treatments consisted of three levels of nitrogen application and use of fertilizer sources as the main factor, including Bioumik, Super Humic, combined Super Humic and Bioumik, Humi Ful, Nitrokara and no fertilizer as sub plots as split plot based on randomized complete block design with 18 treatments and three replications. Analysis of data showed that the effect of year and fertilizer sources on all traits measured was significant. The effect of nitrogen treatments was significant (at 1%) except on number of flowers, dry style, mean dry weight stigma, and mean dry weight. Fertilizer sources increased all measured traits significantly. Application of Biomic increased petals and sepals dry weight (736.34 g/m2) by 46.78% in comparison with the control (464.19 g/m2). The highest dry weight stigma (524.2 g/m2) was seen in Super Humic Bioumik treatment compared to the control group (443.1 g/m2). Super Humic treatment increased dry weight stigma by 86.49% relative to control. It seems that the use of humic, bio and nano fertilizers has a good effect on saffron performance.

In order to evaluate the effect of different levels of Nano iron chelated fertilizer on the yield and yield components of saffron a randomized complete block design with three replications and three treatments was conducted in a four-year-old farm in South Khorasan during 2013-2014. Fertilizer treatment included three levels (zero, five, and 10 kg/ha). After the treatment application, traits including, the number of flowers in 50 grams, total number of flowers per m2, fresh and dry stigma weight and fresh flowers weight were measured. Analysis of variance showed a significant difference (P≤ 0/01) for the number of flowers per 50 gram, total number of flowers per m2 and fresh flowers weight in different levels of fertilizer. Mean comparisons showed that the 10 kg of fertilizer had a positive and significant effect on all traits. Correlation analysis indicated a positive and significant correlation between the total number of flowers with fresh and dry stigma weight and fresh flower weight. The results of linear regression analysis showed that the trait of the fresh flower weight justified about 77 percent of the total variations and the results of this analysis were similar with simple correlation analysis. So, dry stigma weight had significant and positive correlation (correlation of 100%) with fresh sigma weight in correlation analysis. Because so far, Chelated iron fertilizer at the nanoscale and microscale in terms of the effect on saffron yield not compared, this study was conducted to evaluate the effect of Nano-iron on the yield of saffron.

The use of corms with appropriate weight is one of the main factors in the flowering of saffron. Thus, the impacts of six organic (OS) and conventional (CS) production systems on the growth of saffron replacement corms was studied during one growth cycle from October 2015 up to May 2016 in this experiment. The experiment was conducted based on a randomized complete block design with three replications and six treatments including low, medium and high input organic systems as well as low, medium and high input conventional systems. A transition period of 24 months was considered in the chosen field before corm planting. Based on the results of an analysis of variance, the effect of experimental treatments was significant on the growth properties of most replacement corms (RC). The results of means comparison revealed that the differences within each organic or conventional system were insignificant but they were found to be considerable between the two OS and CS production systems. Total RC weight per clone and the number of flowering buds per RC in the OS production system were on the average 40% more than that of the CS production system. The amount of mean RC weight for OS and CS was 4.75 and 2.54g, respectively. The percent of RC with weight of less than 5g in the CS production system was higher than that of the OS production system (70 vs. 84%), while the percent of RC in 5-10g (13 vs. 14.5%) and more than 10g (3 vs. 15.7%) categories in the OS production system were more than that of the CS production system. The mean value of flowering buds had a significant correlation with the total RC weights per clone (.58**), mean RC weight (.64**), number of small RC (-0.57**) and number of large corm per clone (.61**). In addition, there was a significant correlation between the mean RC weight with the number of RC per clone (-0.55**), the RC weight per clone (.73**), the number of small RC (-0.89**) and the number of large RC per clone (.81**). Overall, the employment of OS had a significant positive effect on the growth of saffron replacement corms especially on mean corm weight and the number of flowering buds.

To evaluate compatibility of some native and imported olive cultivars, an experiment with nine cultivars was conducted in Tarom, Roudbar, Kazeroon and Sarpolezahab Olive Research Stations since 2004 for five years. The experiment was conducted in split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications. Some flower and fruit characteristics such as the number of flowers per inflorescence, percentage of perfect flowers, fruit weight, fruit length and diameter, flesh to stone ratio, oil percentage in dry matter of fruit, fruit yield per tree and yield efficiency were measured. Combined analysis of variance showed, significant differences in each location during five years. Significant differences were also observed among the cultivars for different traits in each location. Based on the results of five years experiments, in Kazeroon Research Station, cv. Konservolia with high yield and flesh- stone ratio was recognized as a dual purpose cultivar, and cv. Amigdalolia with high oil percentage and yield, as an oily cultivar. In Sarpolezahab Research Station, cv. Konservolia was also recognized as dual- purpose cultivar and in Tarom Research Station, cvs. Konservolia and Zard were determined as dual purpose and cvs. Koroneiki and Arbequina as oily cultivars.

Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) is considered as the most expensive spice in the world. Although Iran has the highest world saffron production, but its yield is less compared with other producing countries. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the effect of potassium and zinc application on flower yield and qualitative characteristics of saffron stigma. This study has been implemented based on the soil analysis results at south of Sabzevar city (in west of Khorasan Razavi province) during growing season of 2012 2013. Experiments had been performed as factorial layout based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. Three levels of potassium (0, 100 and 200 kg.ha-¹) and three levels of zinc (0, 25 and 50 kg ha-¹) was investigated as treatments. The measured responses were fresh weight of flowers and stigma, stigma dry weight and number of flowers for saffron. Then data were analyzed by using SPSS software. The obtained results showed that consumption of potassium has no significant effect on the measured characteristics. But consumption of 200 kg ha-¹ potassium sulfate lad to %5.5 numbers of flowers, %5.6 weights of flower, %10 fresh weight of stigma and %8.5 dry weights of stigma increase in flower number compared to control.
While the impact of different levels zinc consumption were significant on studied trait. Consumption of 25 kg ha-¹ zinc sulfate increased % 65 numbers of flower, %84 weight of flowers, %73 fresh weight of stigma and %150 dry weight of stigma to control. However, by using of 50 kg Zinc sulfate, not only measured characteristics didn’t increase, but also saffron yield was lower than control. As regards the many soils in Khorasan province (more than %80) are faced with zinc deficiency, can be concluded that zinc consumption is so necessary to improve yield of saffron.