جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « الیزا » در نشریات گروه « گیاهپزشکی »

Bean common mosaic virus and related races are one of the most important bean viral diseases and are present in almost all bean growing regions. In order to investigate the effects of salicylic acid treatment on the reaction of sensitive bean variety (Akhtar) to common bean mosaic virus (BCMV), an experiment was conducted in the form of a completely randomized design with 4 replications in greenhouse conditions. The experimental treatments included concentrations of zero, 200, 400 and 800 micromolar salicylic acid. The desired treatments were performed three days before inoculation with the respective virus agent. ELISA test using BCMV antiserum showed 83.3% of samples were infected with this virus. The results showed that different levels of salicylic acid could reduce the severity of the disease compared to the control infected with the virus.The lowest severity of the disease was obtained in the treatment of salicylic acid with a concentration of 800 micromolar (15.5%). The amount of phenol in the leaves in the treatment of salicylic acid with a concentration of 800 micromolar showed the highest value (92%), which did not show a statistically significant difference with the infected control, and this trait can be an indicator of the induction of resistance with the improvement of phenol levels due to the use of salicylic acid. Salicylic acid was effective in improving the morphological parameters such as the wet weight of the aerial parts of the plant and the dry weight of the root, and in disease conditions it prevented further damage during the experimental period to such an extent that this amount in the treatment of salicylic acid with a concentration of 800 µM in the conditions of the disease did not show any significant difference with the healthy control.

Pome fruits are affected by many viruses that cause diseases with adverse effects in orchards worldwide. Apple chlorotic leaf spot virus (ACLSV) is one of the most widespread and economically important latent viruses that naturally affect many Prunus species, apples (Malus domestica Borkh.), pears (Pyrus communis L.) and the other rosaceous species. ACLSV infection rates of up to 80–100% in many commercial apple cultivars with yield losses of the order of 30–40% have been reported. In most commercial apple cultivars, the infection generally is latent, but insensitive cultivars, such as apple trees grown on Marubakaido (Malus prunifolia cv. Ringo) rootstocks, malformation and reduction in leaf size and chlorotic rings or line patterns are common. The severity of symptoms induced by ACLSV depends largely on the plant species and virus strains. Some virus isolates induce a severe disease in apricot and plum characterized by depressions and protuberances that deform the fruit, often confused with the “sharka” disease due to Plum pox virus (PPV), and named for this reason as “pseudopox.” ACLSV is a filamentous virus, 680–780 nm long and 12 nm in width as the type species of the genus Trichovirus in the family Betaflexiviridae. ACLSV contains a single-stranded, positive-sense RNA about 7.5–8 kb in size, with a polyadenylated 3" terminus and a cap at its5"-end, and also contain multiple copies of a single coat protein (CP) of 21–24 kDa. The economic importance of ACLSV is largely due to its worldwide distribution and its capacity to induce severe graft incompatibilities in some Prunus combinations, causing major problems in nurseries. In apple trees, ACLSV frequently is detected in coinfection with Apple stem grooving virus and Apple stem pitting virus. ACLSV is mainly transmitted by grafting. No natural virus vectors are known for this virus and are not known to be seed or pollen transmitted. The older National Apple Collection of Native and Imported apple cultivars in Kamalshahr Horticulture Research Station located in Karaj includes 85 cultivars and promising genotypes on seed stocks benefit a high genetic variability. Though the cultivars were screened for more biotic and abiotic factors, but no screening has been achieved yet for virus diseases, while this valuable germplasm comprises a wide range of newly released cultivars or in releasing procedure, high yield natives and those imported selected as adapt to Iranian climate, so a great need of healthy primary nucleus to establish mother orchards for certified plant material. As this valuable germplasm is very important in providing healthy primary nucleus to establish mother orchards for certified plant material so the aim of this research was an evaluation of native and imported apple tree cultivars of this Collection to ACLSV infection.

To assess the occurrence and the prevalence of this virus in the collection, a total of fifty accessions were collected. The sample collection was carried out in summer (2016) and spring (2017). The collecting method consisted of sampling leaves homogeneously distributed around the canopy of the plant. All samples were screened for the presence of ACLSV by DAS-ELISA using the ACLSV specific polyclonal antibody using commercial kits purchased from Bioreba Company, Switzerland. To confirm ELISA results some cultivars were subjected to reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Total RNA was isolated from some apple cultivars using CTAB RNA extraction method and was used as a template for RT-PCR. Specific oligonucleotide primers corresponding to a region of the ACLSV genome that encodes part of the CP, were used in RT-PCR. The amplified PCR products were analyzed in 1% agarose gel stained by ethidium-bromide and visualized under UV light after electrophoresis.

The ELISA results showed that 39 out of 50 cultivars were infected by ACLSV. RT-PCR on total RNA from the ELISA positive samples resulted in the amplification of an expected 358 bp DNA fragment. In RT-PCR out of 18 tested cultivars, five were infected. Some cultivars including Makintash, Red Rome Beauty, Starking, Ardebil1, Nayan Arangeh, Khorsijan, Red spur cooper, Yellow transparent 1, IR6-1 and Ardebil2 recognized ACLSV free in ELISA and RT-PCR, so could be used in the production and employment of virus-free propagating material program after infection testing to the other three important viruses Apple stem pitting virus, Apple stem grooving virus and Tomato ringspot virus. The results showed a high rate of ACLSV infection of native and imported apple cultivars in the older National Apple Collection in Kamalshahr Horticulture Research Station. Previous studies, in apple gardens and nurseries of Iran, have shown a high percentage of ACLSV infection too. Similar results have also been obtained on the percentage of infection with this virus in the Czech Republic, Romania, Albania, and Bosnia and Herzegovina. As germplasm exchanges are the main source of transmission of new viruses to countries, one of the most important strategies to control viruses in fruit trees is to prevent the introduction of virus-infected germplasm into the country.