جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « grapevine » در نشریات گروه « گیاهپزشکی »

Postharvest diseases cause a lot of damage to grapes and reduce the quality and marketability of the product. These infections are mainly caused by the fungal species Penicillium expansum and Botrytis cinerea, which are the most important pathogen of postharvest grape rot worldwide. Biological control has become important to control these postharvest diseases due to the recent global awareness of the side effects of chemical agents. In this study, the biocontrol ability of yeasts isolated from Urmia Lake basin against postharvest diseases of grapes has been investigated. We used 11 yeasts belonged to Pichia guilliermondii species isolated from Urmia Lake basin. The results of inhibitory activity of 11 P. guilliermondii isolates against two postharvest pathogens of grape, P. expansum and B. cinerea, showed that three yeast isolates can considerably inhibit both fungi in dual culture method on PDA medium. Three promising isolates were selected to reduce postharvest decays of grape at the storage period.  The results exhibited that three yeast isolates could significantly reduce grape decays. The yeast isolate 8 by reducing 82.3% of grape decays, showed the strongest activity against P. expansum. The yeast isolate 10 was found the most effective isolate to suppress B. cinerea decay on grape by 78.5%.

Most virus members of the Vitivirus genus have been isolated from grapevine (Vitis vinifera), among which Grapevine virus A (GVA), Grapevine virus B (GVB) and Grapevine virus E (GVE) have been reported from Iranian vineyards (1, 2, 3). In this study, the occurrence of Grapevine virus D (GVD) has been reported from Iran. During a survey in 2017, a total number of 33 symptomatic samples were collected from grapevines showing leaf mottling, stem deformations and color change of stem tissue in Azarbaijan-e-gharbi province. Total RNA was extracted from leaf petiole and primary veins and was tested for the presence of GVD by RT-PCR using primers specific to the coat protein gene of GVD (4). A DNA fragment with the expected size of 470 bp was amplified from three samples. The amplified DNA fragments of two samples (Irn-AzW7 and Irn-AzW23) were purified and their nucleotide sequence were determined. The nucleotide sequence obtained from PCR amplicons was submitted in the GenBank under accession numbers MT133689 and MT152314 and was subjected to BLASTn analysis (available at NCBI) to confirm the identity of the target virus. The Iranian isolates showed 94.3 % nucleotide sequence identity with a GVD isolate from Italy (Ac.No. Y07764) and 92 % with a GVD isolate from Turkey (Ac.No. KY689027). GVD has been reported from Italy, Tunisia, Turkey, Croatia in Europe, and Brazil in South America (4, 5, 6). To our knowledge, this is the first report on the occurrence of GVD in Iran.

Grapevine belongs to the Vitaceae family that consists of 14 genera and about 700 species. Only in the genus Vitis fruits are edible. Italy is the largest producer of grapes and Iran has the seventh position in the world from this point of view. Western Azarbaijan province comprises a high diversity of crops including wild grapes. Although, some nematodes are free living and antagonists of another soil microfauna, the other are plant parasitic agents. Most of which live in the agricultural soils where they are widely dispersed. Effectiveness of the disease management strategies are affected by the accurate identification of the plant disease causal agents and the nematodal diseases are not the exception from this rule. Therefore, for control of the diseases caused by the nematodes, it is necessary to separate the parasitic nematodes from the suspected contaminated soils and identify them. Although separation and identification of the nematodes are partly time-consuming, it is not very complicated. Some nematodes likeXiphinema, Longidorus and Ditylenchus are cosmopolitan and catastrophic nematodes in vineyards worldwide. So far no study has been performed regarding the plant parasitic nematode in vineyards of the south of Western Azerbaijan. Therefore, in this study as an introduction to the management ofthe vineyard parasitic nematodes, the dominant nematodes of the plant were identified. In the next step, investigation of nematodes bioecology, the interaction of nematodes with the other plant pathogens, their host range and their damages to the host plants would be studied.
In order to identify the fauna of plant parasitic nematodes in vineyards of the south of Western Azarbaijan, during 2013-2014, 50 soil samples were collected from the rhizosphere of grapevine. The sampling was carried out from the vineyards of five grapevine growing cities including Mahabad, Bookan, Sardasht, Piranshahr and Miyandoab. The samples were collected from the rhizosphere of grapevines from the depth between 10 and 80 cm from the soil surface after digging and separating the surface dry soil. About 2 kg soil from each vineyard from several places were collected and by means of a plastic bag was transferred to the laboratory where they were kept in the refrigerator at 4-degree centigrade until used. Nematodes were extracted from the soil by combined sieving and centrifugal-flotation method and processed to be transferred to glycerin. After preparing microscopic slides, the morphological and morphometrical features of the nematodes were studied using the light microscope equipped with a drawing tube. Identification of the genera and species was performed using reliable sources and valid nematode identification keys and the morphological features. The measurements of the extracted nematodes were compared with those ones given in literature and their similarities and differences with original descriptions and closest species were discussed.
As a result, 23 species belonging to 15 genera including Amplimerliniusglobigerus, Basiriatumida, Boleodorusthylactus, Discotylenchusdiscretus, Ditylenchusacutus, Ditylenchusmyceliophagus, Filenchus vulgaris, Geocenamusbrevidens, Geocenamusrugosus, Helicotylenchuspseudorobustus, Helicotylenchus vulgaris, Mesocriconemaantipolitanum, Mesocriconemaxenoplax, Paratylenchuslabiosus, Pratylenchoidesvariabilis, Pratylenchuscoffeae, Pratylenchusneglectus, Pratylenchuspenetrans, Pratylenchussefaensis, Praylenchusscribneri, Scutylenchuspaniculoides, Xiphinema index andZygotylenchusguevaraiwere identified. Five isolated species namely, Helicotylenchus vulgaris,Mesocriconemaantipolitanum, Mesocriconemaxenoplax, Helicotylenchuspseudorobustusand Pratylenchusneglectus respectively based on the frequency and distribution in the soil samples are determined as dominant parasite species. Here, the two more dominant species, Helicotylenchus vulgaris and Mesocriconemaantipolitanum are a little bit described. Helicotylenchus vulgaris, initially worldwide was reported by Yuen in 1964 and for the first time from Iran in 1995 was reported by KargarBideh, and his collaborators from Hamdan province. The species from morphological and morphometrical characteristic point of view is very close to Helicotylenchusminzi.Mesocriconemaantipolitanum firstly in 1991 was reported from Iran by Loof and Barooti from apple, wheat and lucerne roots from Karaj, potato from Lorestan, lucerne from Zanjanand apricot from Northern Azarbaijan. In the research, the species was isolated from Piranshahr, Miyandoab, Bookan and Mahabad vineyard cities of Western Azarbaijan. The species is very similar to M. surinamense.
Nine species including Discotylenchusdiscretus, Ditylenchusacutus, Ditylenchusacutus, Paratylenchuslabiosus, Pratylenchoidesvariabilis, Pratylenchuscoffeae, Pratylenchuspenetrans, Pratylenchusscribneri, Pratylenchussefaensisand Scutylenchuspaniculoides were recorded for the first time from the rhizosphere of grapevine from Iran. Considering thatall the nematodes are already recorded from Iran, herein only the dominant species are described.

To now, more than 70 viral diseases have been reported from grapevine. Serological methods are regular diagnostic tools of grapevine viruses, however, their sensitivity has affected by seasonal fluctuations of the virus. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction provides significant improvement in detection of grapevine viruses. Extraction of high-quality RNA is essential for the successful application of many molecular techniques, such as RT-PCR. Extraction of high-quality RNA from the leaves of woody plants, such as grapevine, is particularly challenging because of high concentrations of polysaccharides, polyphenols, and other secondary metabolites. Some RNA extraction methods yield pellets that are poorly soluble, indicating the presence of unknown contaminants, whereas others are gelatinous, indicating the presence of polysaccharides. RNA can make complexes with polysaccharides and phenolic compounds render the RNA unusable for applications such as reverse transcription. Grapevine fanleaf virus is a member of the genus Nepovirus in the family Secoviridae. The GFLV genome consists of two positive-sense single stranded RNAs. The genome has a poly (A) tail at the 3´ terminus and a covalently linked VPG protein at the 5´ terminus. Several extraction methods had been reported to be used for identification of GFLV in grapevine. Some of them require harmful chemical material; disadvantages of other are high costs. Immunocapture-RT-PCR requires preparation of specific antibody and direct binding RT-PCR (DB-RT-PCR) has a high contamination risk. In this study, four RNA extraction protocols were compared with a commercial isolation kit to explore the most efficient RNA isolation method for grapevines.
Material and 40 leaf samples were randomly collected during the growing season of 2011-2012. GFLV was detected in leaf samples by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) Using specific antibodies raised against Iranian isolate of the virus (Zakiaghl and Izadpanah 2003). The RNA isolation protocols of Triazol extraction, high salt phenol-chloroform extraction (Rowhani et al. 1993), RNA extraction using silicon dioxide, Silica (Boom et al 1990), CTAB-PVPP extraction and a commercial RNA isolation kit were used in the study. In all protocols, 50 mg leaf samples were used. The quality and purity of the extracted RNA were determined using spectrophotometry. For purity assessment, the absorbance for the A260/280 and A260/230 ratios was taking in water. RT-PCR was performed using DetF (5´-CGGCAGACTGGCAAGCTGT-3´) and DetR (5´-GGTCCAGTTTAATTGCCATCCA-3´) specific primer pair amplified 1000 bp of the coat protein gene of GFLV. PCR products were run on 1% agarose gel containing 0.5 µg/ml DNA Green Viewer, and visualized under UV irradiation.
There were large differences in the amount of RNA extracted per gram of tissue depending on the protocol used. The commercial kit, CTAB-PVPP and TRIzol methods gave the highest yields in micrograms RNA per gram fresh weight (235-300 μg/g). In contrast, the application of Silica gave the lowest yield (11 μg/g). The high salt phenol-chloroform method gave a moderate yield of over 77 μg/g. In this respect, the CTAB-PVPP method provides the highest yield of RNA. RNA quality was assessed by three A260/280, A260/230 and ability to produce RT-PCR products. A260/280 ratios indicate the level of protein contamination in the preparation. The commercial kit, CTAB-PVPP, TRIzol and high salt phenol-chloroform methods gave RNA with very low amounts of protein contamination. In contrast, RNA isolated by the Silica showed more protein contamination, as indicated by the lower A260/280 ratios. A260/230 ratios are used to assess the level of contamination by polysaccharides and polyphenols. The high salt phenol-chloroform method yielded RNA that was contaminated with polysaccharides. In contrast, the CTAB-PVPP, TRIzol methods yielded RNA with very little polysaccharide. RNA preparations were further tested for quality using RT-PCR reactions. In PCR analyses, whereas traditional methods yielded amplification ratios of 40-88% and the commercial isolation kits yielded amplification ratios of 16%. The RNA from Silica, high salt phenol-chloroform extraction, TRIzol and CTAB-PVPP extraction methods consistently resulted in amplification in 40, 56, 60 and 88% of the samples, respectively.
The choice of extraction method depends upon the application in which the RNA will be used. Yield, A260/280, and A260/230 ratios are not good indicators of RT-PCR competent RNA. RNA should be checked for degradation. For RT-PCR, four extraction protocols of Silica, high salt phenol-chloroform extraction, TRIzol and CTAB-PVPP gave consistent product, and however, the last one was the most efficient method. The Silica extraction had significant RNA degradation, making problems in quantification with RT-PCR. Sodium perchlorate extractions had slight RNA degradation, low extraction efficiency, and cost substantially more than the Tris-LiCl method. The CTAB-PVPP method provided high yield and appropriate quality, consistent results for identification of the virus in RT-PCR. The high salt phenol-chloroform and TRIzol extraction were significantly cheaper than CTAB-PVPP methodical, but gave lower yields and were unsuitable for obtaining questionable results in RT-PCR.

Esca of grapevine is a serious and injurious disease in grape-growing all over the world، for which no effective control exists. The presented research، in two separate experiments، thirteen fungicides (benomyl، thiophanate-methyl thiram، mancozeb، fosetyl-Al، metalaxyl mancozeb، caboxin thiram، ortiva، topas، penconazole، tebuconazole، propiconazole، sodium arsenate، agri-fos) were evaluated for their in vitro effects on conidial germination and mycelia growth of Phaeoacremonium iranianum (Phi)، Phaeomoniella chlamydospora (Pch) and Fomoitiporia mediterranea (Fmed)، the most causal agents of esca diseases of grapevine in north Khorassan province. Those experiments were tested in a completely randomized design with factorial arrangement and three replications. For each fungicides eight concentrations (0،0. 1،0. 2،1،2،3،10،100) were assessed. The different fungicides were added to MEA in order to achieve the experimental concentrations. Mycelial plugs of each pathogen were transferred to the center of the fungicide amended plates. After 10 days، the daily growth rate relative to the unamended control was estimated. The results showed that sodium arsenate was found to be the most effective fungicide in inhibiting the colony growth of three associated fungi of esca followed by carboxin thiram and benomyl against Fmed and two other pathogens respectively. Meanwhile Agri-fos and ortiva were less effective. Additionally، Conidial suspensions (5x105 conidia ml-1) of both pathogens Pch and Phi were exposed to 3ppm concentration of the different fungicides. After 24 hours، the percent conidia germination relative to the control treatment was assessed. Sodium arsenate (87. 51%) and thiophanate-methyle thiram (85. 93%) were highly effective on suppression spore germination. Meanwhile Agri-fos (20. 55%) showed less performance in reducing spore germination of two pathogens.

One of the most significant and destructive grapevine diseases is Esca which is caused by several fungal species. Trunk disease causes stunted growth، reduced yield، and ultimately، vine death. For this reason، during the summer 2011، infected samples were collected from Bojnourd (North Khorasan province) vineyards. Infected trunk samples were acquired that they were showing white and brown rots، dark brown spots and also samples without apparent symptoms. The aims of this work were، firstly، to apply species –specific primers for detecting fungal agents associated with Esca disease of grapevine; and comparing this method to the classical ones، and secondly، to detect frequency of each pathogenic agent using molecular and classical methods. In molecular method، species-specific primers which designed based on ITs region of rDNA were used to detect fungal agents of the Esca disease. They yielded a single amplicon of 550 bp، 360bp and 415 bp for F. mediterranea، Pa. chlamydospora and Phaeoacremonium spp. respectively. Results showed that the maximum frequency of incidence was related to P. chamydospora and Phaeoacremonium spp was in second. The lowest incidence frequency rate was related to F. mediterranea which was observed only in sample with white rot symptoms. Primers defined here can be used in the nursery sanitation program to produce plant free of Esca disease.

Crown and root gall caused by Rhizobium vitis, is one of the most important diseases of grapevine worldwide. In Iran٫ the disease has been reported in different areas such as Zanjan province. Despite the importance of the disease in the orchards٫ there is no an effective control measure for the disease. In this study the most important soil-inhabiting bacteria from vineyards in Zanjan province were isolated and were identified. Antagonistic effects of some isolates were investigated against the pathogen. For this mean٫ samples were collected from grapevine roots with surrounding soil in vineyards in different areas of the province. Based on morphological٫ physiological and biochemical characteristics٫ 200 isolates were selected and their inhibitory effects were investigated on the pathogen in vitro for antibiotic production. Fifty isolates with the most inhibitory-effect in the tests were identified to genus and species levels. Some isolates identified as Pseudomonas spp. were further studied for the hcnABC gene. Biochemical tests identified representatives as Pseudomonas fluorescens biovare I٫ III and V٫ P. putida٫ Basillus subtilis٫ Pseudomonas sp. ٫ and Bacillus sp. Identified Pseudomonads showed significant inhibitory effect on R. vitis on King-B medium also via HCN production. In the PCR٫ hcnABC gene was amplified from five Pseudomonas strains. Indeed, seven strains with the most inhibitory-effect in vitro were selected across identified Pseudomonas and Bacillus strains and their antagonistic effect on the pathogen population was studied in the soil environment. Based on the results, all tested bacteria showed significant inhibitory effect on the pathogen population. However٫ Pseudomonas fluorescens bv. V, III and Bacillus subtilis were more effective.

Totally، 137 grapevines samples were collected from vineyards in East and West Azerbaijan and Ardabil provinces of Iran and tested for molecular characterization and study on the secondary structure of Grapevine yellow speckle viroid-1 (GYSVd-1). Total nucleic acid was extracted from leaves and first-strand cDNA synthesized using random hexamer primer. PCR fragments corresponding to full length GYSVd-1 were amplified by the use of specific primers and cloned in pGEM-T-easy for sequencing. Results showed that the Iranian isolates were 367-368 nt in length، and accordingly seven new GYSVd-1 variants were identified. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that variant 6 was identical to the type 1 of GYSVd-1، whereas the other six variants together with some other isolates and variants of GYSVd-1 formed a distinct clad، which named as GYSVd-1 type 4. These variants were most different from other isolates in variable and left terminal domains of their secondary structure. This is the first report of grapevine infection with GYSVd-1 from Ardabil and East Azarbaijan provinces.

Grafted and rooted cuttings of grapevines were inoculated with six pathogenic strains of Rhizobium vitis. Evaluation of infection severity was done based on the number, size and weight of galls on vines, four months after inoculation and in experiment duration of six years. Results showed that vinifera varieties were very sensitive to crown gall. Weight, number and size of galls induced on grafted vines on H4 and H6 was less than those on other vines. Scions grafted on rootstocks H4 and H6 had a 21.5% and 6.8% incidence compared to 55% for self-rooted vines. During six years 90% of self-rooted vines died, while 18% and 5% of the grafted vines on H4 and H6 hybrids were dead, respectively. The highest yield was found in the Red Sahebi grafted vines on H6 rootstock (2.98 kg/ vine) and the lowest was in self-rooted vines (1.25 kg/vine) and on others (2.25 kg/ vine), respectively.

During growing seasons 2005-2007 samples of grapevine with esca symptoms were collected from different vineyards in Bojnourd (North Khorassan province). Isolation were made from affected wood tissues from branches and trunks on PDA, MEA and OA media. In this study, 64 fungi isolates were recovered and identified as Phaeoacremonium parasiticum, Phaeomoniella chlamydospora, Fomitiporia mediterranea, Fusarium sp. and Phoma sp. Pathogenesity tests were carried out for Pm. Parasiticum, P. chlamydospora and F. mediterranea under field and greenhouse conditions. within 6 months after inoculation of cuttings, symptoms developed as sever defoliatin and wilting under greenhouse conditions. F. mediterranea caused white wood decay while Pm. parasiticum and P. chlamydospora produced wood discoloration in inoculated grapevines. in the field The pathogens were re-isolated and identified from inoculated grapevines after symptoms observed.

Thirty seven isolates of Erysiphe necator were collected from different vineyards from three regions and nine cities of Khorasan Razavi province within two time periods i. e. May to June and August to September 2009. Their resistance to azoxystrobin + difenconazole (Ortiva®) fungicide as well as cross resistance to penconazole and hexaconazole fungicides registered in Iran for the control of powdery mildew was investigated. A leaf disk bioassay was carried out to determine the resistance of powdery mildew isolates on the basis of EC50 values derived from log-logistic dose-response curves. These subcultures were analyzed for resistance to azoxystrobin + difenconazole. The mean EC50 values of azoxystrobin + difenconazole on E. necator subcultures from vineyards was 0. 279 mg L-1. The highest and the lowest EC50 values were found in Mashhad (0. 622 mg L-1) and Khalilabad (0. 143 mg L-1)، respectively. Frequency distributions were skewed most toward higher resistance to azoxystrobin + difenconazole. The present study demonstrated a steady and significant increase in EC50 values for azoxystrobin + difenconazole during the growing season after multiple applications. Also، there was no cross resistance (P> 0. 05) among fungicides.

During 1997-1998 a faunistic study was carried out on mites (Acari) associated with grapevine in Safiabad, Khuzestan, south Western province of Iran. A total 39 species belonging to 37 genera and 27 families were identified respectively. The new mite records in Iran indicated by the asterisk. The most abundant predator, scavenger and pest mites were Androlaelaps casalis Berlese (Laelapidae), Oppia yodai Aoki (Oppiidae) and Tenuipalpus granati Sayed (Tenuipalpidae) in Dezful region. Among collected specimens, 12 species were new records for Iran. The newly recorded mites are listed as follows. Mesostigmata Laelapidae Pseudoparasitus holaspis* (Oudemans) Androlaelaps casalis (Berlese) Hypoaspis aculifera Ganestrini Ascidae Protogamasellus sp. Lasioseius matthyssei* Chant Lasioseius phytoseioides* Chant Gamasellodes bicolor (Berlese) Phytoseiidae Euseius obtectus* Khan, Chaudri & Tahir Proprioseiopsis sp. Anthoseius rhenanus (Oudemans) Amblyseius reductus* Wainstein Macrochelidae Macrocheles scutatus* (Berlese) Ameroseiidae Ameroseius pavidus* Koch Pachylaelapidae Pachylaelaps karawaiewi (Berlese) Trachyuropodidae Oplitis conspicua (Berlese) Uropodidae Uroobovella vinicolora (Vitzthum) Ologamasidae Gamasiphis hemicapillus* Karg Prostigmata Tenuipalpidae Tenuipalpus granati Sayed Tetranychidae Eutetranychus orientalis (Klein) Tetranychus turkestani Ugarov Anystidae Anystis baccarum L. Stigmaeidae Eustigmaeus spathatus Ueckermann & Smith-Meyer Tydeidae Tydeus sp. Cheyletidae Eutogenes africannus* Wafa & Soliman Hemicheyletia bakeri (Ehara) Bdellidae Neomolgus sp. Cunaxidae Cunaxa sp. Smarididae Fessonia paillosa Berlese Raphignathidae Raphignathus gracilis (Rack) Erythraeidae Abrolophus sp. Tarsonemidae Tarsonemus sp. Pygmephoridae Pygmephorus sp. Camerobiidae Neophyllobius sp. Scutacaridae Scutacarus fragariae Rack Astigmata Acaridae Tyrophagus putrescentiae Schrank Rhizoglyphus robini Claparede Oribatida Euphthiracaridae Rhysotritia clavatasexion* Lions Cosmochthoniidae Cosmochthonius asiaticus* Gordeeva Oppiidae Oppia yodai* Aoki