جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « N » در نشریات گروه « گیاهپزشکی »

The effectiveness of garlic extracts 50% emulsion on Agriolimax agrestis in lettuce greenhouses of Mazandaran (Sari) and Alborz (Karaj) provinces was evaluated in the completely randomized statistical design. A bioassay test was performed on immature slugs of the same age weighing 0.5 to 0.7 grams and their mortality percentage was determined after 24 hours and the LC50 value was estimated. Efficiency evaluation experiments were done in the greenhouse with treatments: 1) garlic extract (in two concentrations of 1 and 2 times of LC50, 2) mineral molluscicide, Ferricol® (5 g/m2), 3) Chemical molluscicides, Lumakidin 5G® (0.7 g/m2), and control. Based on the results of bioassay test, the LC50 value for garlic extract was estimated as 24.6 g/L. In the greenhouse, with the increase in the concentration of the extracts, the effectiveness percentage increased. The average efficacy of garlic extract treatment with twice the LC50 concentration in two provinces after two, four, eight, fifteen, and twenty-one days were calculated 55.8±2.5, 60.8±2.9, 64.9±2.3, 70.2 ±2.3, and 73.7±2.4 percent, respectively. Although this efficiency was significantly lower on the 21st day compared to metaldehyde, the results show that garlic extract is able to cause mortality in immature slug population. In the garlic extract treatment, the estimated amount of damage on the 21st day of the experiment in Mazandaran and Alborz provinces (37.7% and 32.8%, respectively) was significantly lower than the control (89.5% and 81.2%, respectively). Therefore, in order to reduce the application and adverse effects of chemical pesticides, the use of alternation of garlic extract and other molluscicides is recommended in A. agrestis management programs.

In order to study plant bugs fauna, investigations were carried out during 2021-2023 in hazelnut orchards in Guilan province, Iran. Insect samples were collected by using an insect net by hitting the branches of hazelnut trees and sweeping the host plants grown at the base of hazelnut trees in hazelnut orchards. A total of 23 species from the subfamilies Mirinae (13 species), Orthotylinae (5 species), Phylinae (3 species) and Deraeocorinae (2 species) were collected and identified. Among collected species, 9 species are herbivores (39%), 12 species predators (52%), and 2 species have dual predator/herbivory behavior (9%). The following identified species has been listed based on subfamilies. They are reported for the first time from the hazelnut orchards of Guilan province. In order to facilitate the identifications, a brief description and digital images of the dorsal habitus of each species were prepared. This study has been conducted for the first time in Iran’s hazelnut cultivation areas.Deraeocorinae Douglas & Scott, 1865: Deraeocoris (Knightocapsus) lutescens (Schilling, 1837), Deraeocoris (Camptobrochis) serenus (Douglas & Scott, 1868), Mirinae Hahn, 1833: Adelphocoris lineolatus (Goeze, 1778), Adelphocoris ticinensis (Meyer-Dür, 1843), Charagochilus gyllenhali (Fallén, 1807), Closterotomus costae (Reuter, 1888), Megaloceroea recticornis (Geoffroy, 1785), Mermitelocerus schmidtii (Fieber, 1836), Miris persicus (Reuter 1876), Phytocoris (Ktenocoris) varipes Boheman, 1852, Phytocoris (Ktenocoris) insignis Reuter, 1876, Phytocoris (Exophytocoris) scitulus scitulus Reuter, 1908, Stenodema (Brachystira) calcarata (Fallén, 1807), Stenodema (Stenodema) laevigata (Linnaeus, 1758), Stenotus binotatus (Fabricius, 1794), Orthotylinae Van Duzee, 1916: Globiceps (Globiceps) coryli Putshkov, 1970, Blepharidopterus angulatus (Fallén, 1807), Blepharidopterus diaphanus (Kirschbaum, 1856), Malacocoris chlorizans (Panzer, 1794), Reuteria kiritshenkoi Muminov, 1964, Phylinae Douglas & Scott, 1865: Orthonotus rufifrons (Fallén, 1807), Pilophorus confusus (Kirschbaum, 1856), Plagiognathus (Plagiognathus) fulvipennis (Kirschbaum, 1856).

The jujube lace bug, Monosteira alticarinata Ghauri is one of the important pests of jujube in South Khorasan province which gained great economic importance in recent years. To study the seasonal population fluctuations of M. alticarinata and its natural enemies, sampling was done weekly from the start to the end of the cropping season during 2020-2021. Jujube leaf was selected as sampling unit. Ten jujube trees were selected, at each sampling time200 leaves (20 leaves from each tree) were collected from different geographical directions and the number of different biological stages of the jujube lace bug as well as its natural enemies were counted using a stereomicroscope. The Pearson correlation coefficient was used to determine the relationship between lace bug density and temperature and relative humidity as variables. The highest population density of egg, nymph, and adult lace bug stages were 394.3±69.09, 114.4±20.5, and 42.4±6.92 on August 15th, September 5th, and August 1st, respectively in 2020 and 434.9±75.31, 126±20.43, and 40±11.50 on August 9th, August 30th, and September 20th, respectively in 2021. In both years, a positive and significant correlation was observed between jujube lace bug total population density (r2020= 0.603, P2020=0.0001 and r2021= 0.475, P2021=0.08) with temperature, however the correlation was negative and non-significant for relative humidity (r2020=-0.265, P2020=0.175 and r2021= -0.349, P2021=0.059). In total, seven ladybird species, one lacewing species, and one parasitic mite species were collected and identified as natural enemies of the jujube lace bug in Birjand. The results of present study can be used in the integrated management of the jujube lace bug.

Oribatid mites (Acari: Oribatida) are one of the most important decomposers of organic matters in the soil and participate in the process of humus formation with microorganisms. In this paper, the fauna of oribatid mites of the family Lohmanniidae in Iran has been reviewed. The examined samples belong to a period of 30 years from 1992 to 2022 from different regions of Iran, that most of them are preserved in the Acarological collection of the Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University. The examined samples are about more than 700 individual mites, which have been mounted as microscope slides. In this review, 24 species of mites of this family belong to 10 genera (Cryptacarus, Haplacarus, Heptacarus, Javacarus, Lepidacarus, Lohmannia, Mixacarus, Nesiacarus, Papillacarus and Thamnacarus ) are introduced from different parts of Iran and a key to the genera, subgenera and species is provided. Three genera including Haplacarus, Lepidacarus and Nesiacarus are reported for the first time from Iran. In this paper, the role and importance of Lohmanniidae family in nature is also briefly mentioned.

One of the effective methods to reduce pest damage is to induce resistance in plants. This study investigated the impact of inducing resistance using indigenous isolates of Trichoderma spp. and a commercial product (Trichorun), as well as indigenous isolates of Bacillus subtilis (Ehrenberg) and a commercial product (Serenade), along with chemical compounds like Salicylic acid and Humic acid on the host preference and oviposition of the greenhouse whitefly Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood), as well as on plant growth factors. Four tests were conducted to assess the effects of these treatments on the growth factors of tomato (Vadaro 1012), total phenol levels, host preference and oviposition of whitefly in the greenhouse conditions (25 ± 2°C, 60-70% RH, 16:8 h light: dark). The results indicated that the root treatment of the plants with the native strain of Trichoderma harzianum (Rifai) and the treatment of the combination of Trichorun with Serenade have the best performance in plant growth with a significant increase in the root volume, fresh and dry weight of the root and aerial parts of tomato compared to the control. Compared to control, Serenade treatment showed the best results in measuring total phenol, host preference and oviposition of whitefly in the greenhouse with a significant decrease in the average number of insects attracted to the leaf underside, and egg laying rate in the selective test and emerged adult insects in F1generation in the non-selective test.  The findings of this research showed that root inoculation with native isolates of T. harzianum fungus and B. subtilis bacteria increased tomato growth factors, induced resistance to greenhouse whitefly and reduction of host preference and oviposition of whitefly.

So far, several bacterial diseases, including wheat stripe spots caused by Xanthomonas translucens and mild bacterial mosaics caused byClavibacter tessellarius , have been reported in Poaceae family plants. In recent years, reports have been published on the presence of Clavibacter zhangzhiyongii bacteria in barley plants in some countries, such as Australia and China. This research was conducted to track and identify the mentioned bacteria using biochemical and molecular methods and determining its host range. For this purpose, in the years 2021 and 2022, wheat, barley, and weeds with symptoms of brown spots, mild mosaic, decay, and yellowing of leaves were sampled in the provinces of Golestan, Bushehr, Qazvin, Zanjan, and Fars. Bacterial isolation was performed according to standard bacteriological methods. Phenotypic and biochemical tests identified isolates and housekeeping genes atpD, gyrB, ppK, and recA. Pathogenicity tests were performed by spraying and stem injection. Based on biochemical and molecular tests, 15 isolates of the genus Clavibacter were identified, and among the studied isolates, three isolates were identified as C. zhangzhiyongii.

In a 2022 survey conducted in Jahrom, Fars province, Iran, the dog rose yellows (DRY) disease was observed in Rosa canina L. plants. The disease manifested as severe yellowing, leaf curling, reduced flowering, abnormal flowers and stunted growth (Fig. 1). DNA from 15 symptomatic and four asymptomatic plants were analyzed for phytoplasma presence. Nested PCR with P1/P7 and R16F2n/R16R2 primers (Lee et al., 1998) yielded 1.25 kbp fragments exclusively from symptomatic plants. The sequences from these samples were identical and one was submitted to GenBank (Accession No. OQ332406). BLAST analysis revealed that the Jahrom DRY phytoplasma sequence matched with two Iranian 16SrI-B strains: Bajgah Tragopogon dubius phyllody (KR262955) and Zarghan onion yellows (MG519854). Phylogenetic analysis placed DRY phytoplasma within the 16SrI group, closet to the 16SrI-B subgroup (Fig. 2). In Iran, 16SrI-B phytoplasma subgroup has a wide host range and at least 11 plant species are reported as hosts of this subgroup (Esmaeilzadeh-Hosseini et al., 2023). Fifteen infected plants relative to 250 plants assessed, showed a noticeable distribution of the DRY disease. This report marks the first association of a 16SrI-B phytoplasma with DRY disease in Iran. Circulifer haematoceps leafhopper has been previously reported as vector of rapeseed phyllody phytoplasma, a 16SrI-B subgroup strain (Salehi et al., 2011) in Iran. However, the ability of C. haematoceps to transmit this 16SrI-B subgroup phytoplasma to dog rose is yet to be tested.

The present study aimed to evaluate the resistance of 14 common tomato cultivars in the south of Kerman province and Hormozgan province, including Afra, Badro, Basimo, Bernetta, Brivio, Canyon, Comodoro,Elisa, Golsar, Karun, Matin, Sunseed 6189, 4129 and 8320 at the stage of four true-leaves against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici, under greenhouse conditions and to study the presence or absence of frlresistance gene in the tomato cultivars based on the SCARFrl marker. Based on the results of comparison of the disease index, morphological characteristics including root length, shoot height, root fresh and dry weight, shoot fresh weight and total fresh weight as well as frl gene amplification using SCARFrl-F/SCARFrlR primers, Canyon, Comodoro, Karun and 4129 were recognized as the most resistant and Bernetta, Elisa, Golsar and Matin were recognized as the most sensitive cultivars to FORL UJFCC1919. Other cultivars including Afra, Badro, Basimo, Brivio, Sunseed 6189 and 8320 showed different degrees of sensitivity to this pathogen. Using SCARFrl-F/SCARFrl-R primers, a 1000 bp fragment was amplified in the cultivars Canyon, Comodoro, Karun and 4129 which indicates the presence of frl gene with dominant homozygous (RR) alleles. Using this primer, a 950 bp fragment was amplified in Bernetta, Elisa, Golsar, Matin and 8320 cultivars, which indicates the absence of the frl gene and the presence of homozygous recessive (rr) alleles. In addition, in Afra, Badro, Basimo, Brivio and Sunseed 6189 cultivars, two 900-1000 bp fragments were amplified, which indicates the existence of heterozygous (Rr) alleles in these cultivars.

As a consequence of the abundant use of copper bactericides, some species of plant pathogenic bacteria, including Xanthomonas citri pv. citri (Xcc), have developed resistance to copper. This study evaluates pathological phenotypes and in vitro efficiency of prevalent copper compounds in inhibiting Xcc. Sampling was conducted across citrus orchards during 2021-2022. One hundred and seventeen citrus orchards were surveyed and 132 strains identified as Xanthomonas citri pv. citri based on phenotypic and genotypic characteristics. Different pathogenic phenotypes were observed by inoculating the representative strains on different cultivars of lime, orange, citrumelo and grapefruit, but tangerine cultivars did not show disease symptoms. All the strains showed an intermediate level of sensitivity and grew in the medium containing 100 and 150 mg/l of copper sulfate. In addition higher concentrations (250, 300, 350 and 400 mg/liter) showed inhibition rate more than 90%. Copper carboxylate at the concentration of 0.75 g/liter prevented the growth of more than 85% of the strains. Also, Copper oxychloride showed the best inhibition rate in concentrations higher than 3 g/liter. 1.5 ml/liter of Bordeaux mixture controlled more than 80% of the strains. None of copper resistance gene clusters copLAB and copABCD were detected in tested Xanthomonas citri strains. The proper characterization of pathological phenotypes and sensitivity to copper leads more confident decisions in citrus canker disease management.

Strains of Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae (Pss) are pathogenic in various types of plants, sometimes causing economic damage that requires chemical control. In Chaharmahal va Bakhtiary province, this pathogen damages stone fruit trees, wheat, beans, and greenhouse plants like cucumber. This study investigated the resistance of 62 Pss strains from different hosts to copper ions (copper sulfate) in a culture medium. Results showed that 37.1% and 32.3% of the strains were resistant to 100 and 200 µg/ml copper sulfate concentrations, respectively. Five copper-resistant strains from peach, almond, cherry, wheat, and beans and one sensitive strain from cucumber, were selected for further evaluation. The effect of various formulations containing copper compounds on inhibiting the growth of these strains in the culture medium was assessed. All five isolates showed varying resistance to copper compounds (copper oxychloride, copper oxide, copper carboxylate, and Bordeaux mixture). Doubling the concentration of these compounds did not significantly affect bacterial growth. However, adding mancozeb, zinc sulfate, or iron sulfate to each copper compound significantly inhibited bacterial growth on the culture medium. The copper carboxylate formulation combined with mancozeb was the most effective inhibition. The CopA gene, responsible for copper resistance, was detected in the five resistant strains and other Pss strains, confirming the results of the experiments. In conclusion, there is resistance to copper compounds in various Pss strains. For effective chemical control, compounds with a synergistic effect on bactericidal activity should be added to copper compounds. The most influential formulation identified in this study for reducing the population of copperresistant Pss strains and controlling diseases caused by them is a combination of copper carboxylate or copper oxide with mancozeb and urea.

New data on the Chrysididae fauna from Yemen are presented. Based on recently collected material, eleven species are recorded for the first time in the country: Elampus afer (Mocsáry, 1889); Hedychridium scutellare (Tournier, 1878); Hedychrum coelestinum Spinola, 1838; Holophris coriacea (Dahlbom, 1850); Holopyga subglabrata Linsenmaier, 1994; H. vicissituda Linsenmaier, 1994; H. parvicavitale Linsenmaier, 1994; Chrysidea pumila (Klug, 1845); Chrysis elegantula Spinola, 1838; C. nilensis Linsenmaier, 1959; Chrysis robertsi Rosa, 2020. Notably, Elampus afer, Hedychrum coelestinum and Holophris coriacea, previously considered African species, are now documented in the Arabian Peninsula for the first time. Additionally, five species new to science are described: Hedychridium eudaimon sp. nov. (from Yemen and Saudi Arabia); Hedychrum harteni sp. nov.; Chrysis bilqis sp. nov. (leachii group); Chrysis felix sp. nov., and Chrysis yemenita sp. nov. (succincta group). Furthermore, the male of Trichrysis longispina (Mocsáry, 1912) is illustrated for the first time.