جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « abamectin » در نشریات گروه « گیاهپزشکی »

Greenhouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporarium</em>) Westwood is one of the most important plant pests in Iran and the world. Due to the resistance of whiteflies to common insecticides and the harmful nature of these insecticides to the environment, new and safe compounds should be sought to combat this pest. Epile's new insecticide with a new combination while controlling this pest is also less dangerous for the environment Based on the Bioassay results, LC30 is considered a lethal concentration. The LC30 levels for the insecticides Epile, Abamecetin and Omidochloroprid were 1.31, 0.00448 and 0.00868 mg/lit. The results showed that the application of sub-lethal concentration of the treatments by spraying reduces the length of egg hatching period for the insecticides of Epile, Abacmetin and Omidchloroprid by 11.33, 5.45 and 4.53%, respectively, compared to the control and Epile is less than the length of the egg-related insecticide period. Also, Epile insecticide increased the length of  the larva period by 5.13% and the pupa period by 0.62% compared to the control. Also, the lifespan of adult insects was reduced by 38.64%, and in general, it reduces the lifespan of whitefly.

The black bean aphid, Aphis fabae Scopoli (Hemiptera: Aphididae), is one of the most important pests of several cultivated crops throughout the world. The predatory bug Deraeocoris lutescens (Schilling) (Hemiptera: Miridae) have privileged position in biological control of aphids such as the black bean aphid, A. fabae. The other method to control aphids is the usage of insecticides and plant-derived chemicals. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is an ecosystem approach to crop production and protection that combines different management strategies and practices to grow healthy crops while minimizing the use of pesticides. Recently, there has been a growing interest in research concerning the possible use of plant extracts as alternatives to synthetic insecticide. In this study, the integration of D. lutescens (N1 and N5 instar) with plant extracts of Peganum harmala L. and Melia azedarach L. and two conventional insecticides (pirimicarb and abamectin) is surveyed to manage A. fabae (1-2 and 5-6 days old), and also study the impacts on the predatory bug. Among different treatments, integration of N5 instar of the predatory bug with P. harmala has the highest aphid (1-2 days old) mortality rate (%95.33±0.60), and integration of N5 instar as the natural enemy with pirimicarb has the highest effect to manage 5-6 days old aphids (%94.00±0.71).

The fig spider mite, Eotetranychus hirsti Pritchard and Baker (Acari: Tetranychidae), is one of the most important pests of figs in Estahban city, which has the highest production of figs in Iran; Therefore, it is important to minimize the damage to this pest. It is important to choose the proper pesticide that has the highest mortality at the lowest possible concentration, has no adverse residue on the fig fruit, and has little environmental damage. In this regard, during 2016-2017, the acaricidal effect of abamectin, liquid sulfur, and a mixture of them was studied in order to determine LC50 and their synergistic effect in a completely randomized design including six treatments and four replications in vitro. This study was carried out at 28 ± 2°C, 55 ± 5 RH, and 16L:8D hours photoperiods. The results indicated a very strong synergistic effect in the application of a lethal concentration of zero percent liquid sulfur with very low amounts of abamectin, 0.06, 0.08, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.5 microliters per liter. Also, due to the significance of the LC50 ratio related to abamectin (The lack of number 1 in the confidencelimits), liquid sulfur, and the mixture of them, it is possible to understand the different effects of these compounds and due to the high mixing efficiency (reduction of 71.54 times in LD50).

The effect of acaricide Abamectin (Agrimec Gold® SC, 8.4%) was investigated to control the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae on cucumber in greenhouses in Yazd and Jiroft. Abamectin (Agrimec Gold®) at two doses of 0.185 and 0.200 ml/lit was compared by Tetradifon (Tedion® EC, 2 ml/lit) and Sperimesifen (Oberon® SC, 0.5 ml/lit). Sampling and counting of live mites on the lower surface of the leaves were done at one day before and 3, 7 and 14 days after spraying respectively. Statistical analysis was conducted using SAS software with randomized complete block design. Results in both cities showed Abamectin had high mortality of mites at 3, 7 and 14 days after spraying and the effect of Sperimesifen was higher than Tetradifon. In Yazd province Abamectin treatment at doses of 0.185 and 0.200 ml/lit showed 100 percent mortality on mites at 3, 7 and 14 days after spraying and in Jiroft, efficacy of two doses were 92.79-99.48 % of mortality. In Yazd, efficacy of the sperimesifen was 66.1-99.5 percent but in Jiroft on day 3 Sperimesifen had caused 100 % of mite mortality and then decreased to 98.78% on day 14 after spraying. Investigation of preharvest interval of Abamectin at doses of 0.185 and 0.200 ml/lit in cucumber samples showed that 7 days after spraying is acceptable according to the Syngenta company claim, so based on efficiency test, it is recommended to use a dose of 0.185/lit of this acaricide to control TSSM in greenhouse cucumbers.

The lateral bud death disorder in almond (cv. Shahroud 12) is observed in some replanted orchards in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiary province. The abundance of plant parasitic nematodes, phytophthora species and zinc deficiency were more in trees with symptoms than the asymptomatic trees. Experiment was performed in a randomized complete block design with seven treatments including pesticides like fluopyram (Velum Prime®; EC, 41.5%), Abamectin (Vertimec®; EC, 1.8%), Fosetyl-Al + Propamocarb (Previcur Energy®; SL, 840), Fosetyl-Al (Elite®; WDG, 80%), Diazinon (Bazodin®; EC, 60%) , Zinc sulfate (ZnSO4H2O, 33%) and control with five replications on Shahroud 12 cultivar almond trees along Zayandehrood during 2018-2020. A week before the application of chemical treatment and three months later, soil and root samples were collected for the measurement of plant-parasitic nematode population and isolation of Phytophthora species and the zinc content. Four branches per tree were selected from different directions, a week before the chemical treatment and five months later, and  healthy (containing leaf and fruit) and dead buds were counted. The results show the treatments of Velum Prime, Abamectin, Diazinon, Zinc sulfate, Previcor and Elite reduced the bud death and improved the disorder of the almond trees by 66.1%, 53.2%, 36.3%, 33%, 19.3% and 16.9%, compared with the control, respectively. Although compounds with nematicidal properties were more effective in improving this disorder; other treatments were also significantly different compared with control in terms of reducing the symptoms of bud death. The role of other factors in causing this disorder can not be ignored; therefore, the interactional effects of these factors in causing or exacerbating  the symptoms of  bud death of almond (Shahroud 12 cv.) may be more effective than a single cause alone.

One of the important rose pests in Lyzangan region is Rose plume moth, Eucnaemidophorus rhododactylus Den. & Schiff. (Lepidoptera: Pterophoridae), which causes extensive damage to some kinds of rose shrubs annually. Therefore, it is essential to control the pest to prevent damage and the use of chemical insecticides has been the main method for this purpose in Iran during the last decades. In this study the efficacy of biortional insecticides was evaluated against Rose plume moth. The experiment was carried out based on Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with 7 treatments including spinosad (Tracer® SC 24%) at the concentrations of 100 and 700 ml/ha, abamectin (Vertimec® EC 1.8%) at 600 ml/ha, indoxacarb (Avant® SC 15%) at 250 ml/ha, fenoxycarb + lufenuron (Lufox® EC 10.5%) at 1500 ml/ha, Bacillus thuringiensis (produced by Italy) at 1000 ml/ha and control (water spraying) in 4 replications during 2018 and 2019. The pest population was recorded one day before and 7, 10, 15 and 20 days after the treatment. The Percent efficacy was calculated using Henderson and Tilton method. The results show that in all sampling stages and during the two consecutive years, spinosad at the rate of 700 ml/ha, with 92.5 ± 2% efficacy was placed in group1 and at the rate of 100 ml/ha with 67.6± 1% mortality rate was placed in the second group and showed the highest control level. Indoxacarb (48±1%), abamectin (45±1%) and Lofux® (43±1%) were placed in the third and Bt (37±1%) was placed in the fourth group. Spinosad (700 ml/ha) showed the highest efficacy against the larvae and therefore could be recommended for the chemical control of E. rhododactylus in rose gardens.

Use of pesticides as an important part of integrated pest management programs has principal role in control of tomato leafminer, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick). Therefore, evaluating the efficacy of insecticides and introducing new effective compounds are important for management of this pest. Eggs and 2nd instar larvae of tomato leafminer are the main stages exposed to insecticide sprayings. This study was conducted to determine the susceptibility of eggs and 2nd instar larvae of T. absoluta to five insecticides. LC50 values obtained for spinosad, chlorantraniliprole, indoxacarb, abamectin, and zeta-cypermethrin for 2nd instar larvae were 0.08, 0.09, 10.8, 0.29 and 232.2 mg ai/L respectively. The eggs were treated with LC50s of these insecticides for 2nd instar larvae to assess their ovi-larvicidal effects. Mortality of the egg/neonates in chlorantraniliprole, spinosad, indoxacarb, abamectin, zeta-cypermethrin treatments and control were 88.8, 76.8, 58.1, 35, 50.5 and 14.6 %, respectively. The results revealed that spinosadand chlorantraniliprole had strong ovicidal and larvicidal activities; and if perform equally well in large scale greenhouse and field conditions, they may be considered in T. absoluta management programs.

Population growth and the high food demand have led to more efforts to increase agricultural production. With making chemical pesticides, farmers were encouraged to use much chemicals, but their destructive effects on the environment, human and other organisms have been later revealed. Parasitoids are important natural enemies of crop pests. Most of them belong to order hymenoptera and superfamily Ichneumonoidea. The Braconidae is a family of parasitoid wasps and one of the richest families of insects. Nowadays, parasitoid wasp, Habrobracon hebetor Say has been widely used against lepidopteran larvae. Habrobracon hebetor is a well-known gregarious, idiobiont, ectoparasitoid of the larvae of a wide range of economically important moths infesting stored grains, nuts, and fruits as well as field crops worldwide. Due to overuse of chemical pesticides for larvae controlling, determining the side effects of insecticides on the biocontrol agents such as parasitoids is required.

In the present study, we investigated the side effects of three insecticides on H. hebetor by direct (contact) and indirect (poisonous-host) methods. After rearing this parasitoid on the laboratory host, Ephestia kuhniella Zeller (Lep.; Pyralidae), the lethal and sub-lethal concentrations of insecticides were evaluated. Bioassay experiments were carried out under laboratory condition (25±2°C, 60±5% RH, 16L: 8D photoperiods) in five replicates and each replication included 30 parasitoids in contact method and 15 flour moth larvae in poisonous-host method. The lethal concentrations of these insecticides in contact method on the parasitoid were determined to be 1.38, 0.037 and 6.621 ml/L and on flour moth larvae were 0.490, 2.155 and 0.138 ml/L, respectively. For contact method, different concentrations of insecticides were applied on all inner sides of transparent plastic cup (4.5×8 cm) and air-dried. 15 pairs of 24-hours old parasitoids were introduced inside each cup. After 24 hours, one pair of alive parasitoids was introduced into cup with four last instar host larvae to oviposit. The host larvae were replaced daily. The parasitoid characteristics such as longevity and survival rate of different stages, TPOP and Ovi-day, the number of deposited eggs and sex ratio were then recorded. As to poisonous-host method, whole wheat flour (10 g) was mixed with 3.5 ml of each tested concentration of insecticides per each experimental set. After 72 hours, alive larvae were transferred in a plastic cup with one pair of H. hebetor wasp for 24 hours. Then, each larva was transferred separately in a petri dish with untreated flour. Different growth factors of parasitoids such as longevity and survival rate, TPOP and Ovi-day, the number of deposited eggs and sex ratio were recorded. Estimated LC30 and LC50 were considered as sub-lethal and lethal concentrations in all experiments, respectively.

In contact method, the highest survival rate of pre-adult stages and adult female were observed in Sirinol treatment at lethal concentration, after control. In poisonous-host method, the highest survival ratio of the pre-adult stages belongs to Sirinol and in adult female the highest survival ratio was observed in lethal concentration of Sirinol. The lethal concentration of Proteus reduced pre-adult longevity of the parasitoid significantly, followed by lethal and sub-lethal concentration of Sirinol. Lethal and sub-lethal concentrations of Proteus also exhibited a significant reduction of total longevity. In poisonous-host method, all concentrations of all insecticides generally induced highly significant differences for ovi-day compared with that of control (17.91 days), as the shortest value was recorded for sub-lethal dose of Abamection (7.46 days) and the longest period was found for sub-lethal dose of Sirinol (13.2 days). In poisonous-host method, the longest TPOP was observed in sub-lethal concentration of Sirinol (16.02 days), followed by sub-lethal concentration of Abamection (14.63 days), and the shortest period was recorded in sub-lethal concentration of Proteus (12.3 days), after control (12.19 days). On the other hand, in contact method, the longest ovi-day and TPOP were observed in sub-lethal concentration of Sirinol (18.19 days) and lethal concentration of Abamection (13.26 days), respectively. The shortest adult female longevity was observed in lethal concentration of Proteus (27.55 days) in contact method and lethal concentration of Sirinol (22.85 days) in poisonous-host method. In all treatments, the number of deposited eggs was significantly reduced compared with control. The largest reduction in egg deposition was recorded for sub-lethal concentration of Proteus (71.05 eggs) in contact method and sub- lethal concentration of Abamection (36.14 eggs) in poisonous-host method, compared with control (227.47 eggs). It seems that Sirinol is suited to be used as a component of IPM alongside with H. hebetor.

Archips rosanus</em> (Linnaeus), is one of the most important pests of citrus trees in Mazandaran province. This study was conducted in two separate experiments in citrus orchards located in Maqrikola, Babolsar city. The first experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of mineral oil application in flowering time on the damage of this pest in a completely randomized design with three treatments including 1.5% mineral oil, abamectin (EC 0.8%) with a concentration of 750 ml/100L and control (without spraying) in three replications on 31th</sup> March 2016. The second experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of mineral oil application in flowering time on fruit production of citrus trees that were similar to the first one. The results of the first experiment showed that the number of infested shoots per tree were statistically different  at 1% level (p <0.01). The mean of infestation in control, abamectin and mineral oil treatments were 21.33a, 9.22b and 8.89b infested shoots per tree, respectively. The results of the second experiment showed that the average amounts of fruit production were 128.34a, 125.54a and 122.81a kg per tree in control, mineral oil and abamectin treatments respectively. Ttere was no statistically significant difference between them. The results of this study showed that application of mineral oil or abamectin in flowering stage has not harm effect on fruit production and it is able to control A. rosanus</em>.

Grape erineum mite (GEM) Colomerus vitis (Pagenstecher), is one of the major pests of grapevine which directly and indirectly influences the quality and quantity of grape annually. Hence to reduce and control the leaf infestation, a research was conducted in a completely randomized block design in an experimental vineyard in Urmia city, West-Azerbaijan province, Iran during 2016 to 2017 with 10 treatments including abamectin, volk oil, detergent, abamectin+ volk oil+ detergent, abamectin+ volk oil, abamectin+ detergent, volk oil+ detergent, sulfur 3.5 and 4.5% wp., water (testifier) with 70 replicates. Abamectin (0/5 l/1000 l of water, 1.8% EC), volk oil (2.5 l/100 l of water, 80% L), detergent (0.5 l/1000 l of water) and sulfur (3.5 and 4.5%) applied with the mentioned concentrations. Spraying operation organized in three and sampling in seven times with biweekly intervals. Percentage of efficiency, calculated with Henderson-Tilton formula then corrected with GLM. According to results, all treatments including abamectin in first spraying stage (late winter) showed ≥ 90% efficacy whereas; other treatments without abamectin like volk oil and detergent in first spraying stage showed 57-91 and 55-88% mortality, respectively. Sulfur 3.5 and 4.5% wp. in both second and third spraying stages by 48-69 and 51-65%, respectively controlled the GEM less than abamectin. To control this pest around economic threshold and also less adverse impacts to the nature, applying volk oil (2.5 l/100 l of water) with detergent (0.5 l/1000 l of water) in late winter is advisable.

Tomato leaf miner, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lep.: Gelechiidae), is one of the most important pests of tomato in the world. In the current study, effects of four insecticides, abamectin, emamectin benzoate, acetamiprid, and flubendiamide were tested against 1st larval instar and pupae of the tomato leaf miner. Also, their lethal effects were studied on the adult stage of two species of egg parasitoids, i.e., Trichogramma brassicae and T. evanescens. The leaf miner collected from greenhouses near Arak (Markazi province, Iran) were reared for three generations under laboratory conditions and then treated by the leaf-dip method at larval or pupal stages. The parasitoids were tested by coated vial residue method. Insect mortality was recorded 24 h after initial exposure. The LC50 values of abamectin, emamectin benzoate, acetamiprid, and flubendiamide were 0.92, 0.13, 1.51, and 0.34 µg/ml, respectively for the 1st larval instar and 4.99, 2.25, 3.22, and 3.48 µg/ml, respectively for the pupae. Similarly, the LC50 values of the above-mentioned compounds were 0.0013, 0.0029, 0.0058, and 1.53 µg/ml, respectively for T. brassicae and 0.0014, 0.0025, 0.0052, and 1.71 µg/ml, respectively for T. evanescens. The maximum number of parasitized eggs was seen on the 2nd day after the emergence of both parasitoids. These amounts forT. brassicae after treatment by LC25 of flubendiamide, acetamiprid, emamectin, and abamectin, were 14.70 ± 0.17, 14.00 ± 0.20, 13.1 ± 0.20, and 11.8 ± 0.14, respectively which statistically differed with the control (16.00 ± 0.12). For T. evanescens, the related values were 13.10 ± 0.21, 12.37 ± 0.12, 11.50 ± 0.18, and 11.23 ± 0.16, respectively which differed meaningfully from the control (14.00 ± 0.19). Risk quotient categorized flubendiamide in class 2 (slightly harmful) and other compounds in class 3 (harmful). Based on our results, flubendiamide showed selectivity and it can be used as an effective tool for integrated pest management programs of tomato leaf miner.

Rose is one of the most important priorities in production of flowers and ornamental plants due to its beauty and high use. Tetranychus urticae is one of the most serious pests of roses in greenhouses of Markazi province, Iran. In recent years, chemical pesticides are mainly used to control this pest. The effect of three acaricide, Baroque, Abamectin and Fenazacoein on nymphs of Tetranychus urticae was investigated on three varieties of roses, Utopia, White Naomi and Dolcevita. Number of nymphs in one square centimeter of leaves were counted 1, 3, 5, 7 and 14 days after spraying. The means comparison of the percentage of Nymph mortalities showed that Baroque on Dolcevita had the greatest and Abamectin on Utopia had the least effect most and three days after the first treatment Moreover, Abamectin on White Naomi had the greatest and Fenazacoein on Dolcevita had the least effect most and five days after the second treatment. This research showed that Baroque and Abamectin on Dolcevita and White Naomi had the most effect on decreasing of the pest population.

Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) is one of the most destructive pests of tomato in many parts of the world including Iran. In this research، the effects of abamectin، indoxacarb، emamectin benzoate and acetamiprid were studied on the egg، first instar larvae، pupae and adults of T. absoluta under laboratory conditions. Bioassay tests were carried out on immature stages using dipping method and on adults by contact residue method using exposure cages. Treatments consisted of two concentrations of each insecticide and control with three replications in each treatment. Factorial analysis results showed that the percentage mortality of T. absoluta was significantly affected by developmental stage of the pest and treatment. Developmental stage and treatment interaction effects were also significant. Comparison of the susceptibility of different developmental stages of tomato leafminer moth to insecticides showed that larval and egg stages were the most and least susceptible stages to insecticides، respectively. Abamectin and indoxacarb had the most and least efficacy on this pest between tested insecticides، respectively. Analysis of developmental stage and treatment interaction effects revealed that four tested insecticides at the larval stage and acetamiprid at the adult stage caused the most mortality on the pest. These insecticides could be used in integrated pest management programs against this pest if they have a similar efficacy in the field and greenhouse conditions and in the absence of adverse effects on natural enemies.

Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant is the most important predator of the mealybugs in citrus orchards of northern Iran. In this study, the lethal and sublethal effects of different doses of chlorpyrifos+oil, abamectin, and chlorpyrifos+abamectin+oil on the adult ladybeetles were investigated under laboratory conditions. Each pesticide was applied at 25, 50 and 100% recommended field application rates (i.e. chlorpyrifos at 500, 1000 and 2000 ppm and abamectin at 50, 100 and 200 ppm concentrations) with 1% oil on 7-day old female ladybirds through three exposure methods, including topical direct contact, residual contact and feeding on sprayed preys. 24, 48, and 72 hours after treatment the parameters such as survival rate, mean of daily oviposition, and hatching percent of the eggs were measured. The results showed that chlorpyrifos+abamectin+ oil affected the survival rates through all three exposure methods, whereas chlorpyrifos effect on the survival rate was only observed in topical contact, and abamectin had no adverse effect on the adult survival. Among all treatments, chlorpyrifos 2000+abamectin 200 ppm had the highest adverse effect on female ladybird survival (with 16 percent mortality). In contrast to survival rate, mean daily oviposition, and egg hatching percent were significantly reduced in all three treatments and exposure methods, and this reduction continued until 72 hours after exposure. The lowest mean of daily oviposition (8.2 eggs per female) was observed 24 hours after feeding on preys treated with chlorpyrifos 2000 ppm+ abamectin 200 ppm+oil, and the lowest egg hatching rate (57.9 percent) was recorded 24 hours after topical contact with the same treatment. In conclusion, using field rates of chlorpyrifos and chlorpyrifos+abamectin with oil adversely affect survival and fecundity of the ladybird. So, it is necessary to use of pesticide in suitable time and spraying to increase compatibility between pesticide application and ladybird activity, in citrus orchards.

Vegetables leafminers is one of the most important pests of greenhouse cucumber in Iran. In early years the population of this pest in greenhouse has been increased because of the irregular application of insecticides. This study was carried out to determine the toxicity (LC50) of Abamectin, Deltametrin, Imidaclopriyd and Acetamiprid, the leaf dipping manner used for bioassay tests on first instars larvae, on the laboratory conditions was carried out at 25±1ºc, 65±5% R.H., and 16:8 photoperiod of L:D. Data was analyzed using probit analysis procedure and POLOPC softwares. The results (based on ppm active ingredient) for Abamectin, Deltametrin, Acetamiprid and Imidaclopriyd revealed that LC50 were 1.5, 200, 492 and 630 ppm respectively. According to results, the rate of toxicity for Abamectin, in larval stages was more toxic than other insecticides.