جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « انرژی قابل سوخت و ساز » در نشریات گروه « علوم دام »

In addition to high protein content, canola meal can play a significant role in the energy supply of poultry feeds due to its relatively high amount of carbohydrates and crude fat. The value of AMEn in the NRC table for a canola meal is 2000 kcal/kg. The metabolizable energy value of canola meal has not been published in Iranian tables of feed composition published by the animal science research center. The evaluation of the feed is completed by determining nutrients followed by measuring its metabolizable energy content. There are different methods to determine the amounts of metabolizable energy in poultry feeds, and each of them has advantages and disadvantages. The regression method is one of the methods of determining metabolizable energy, which provides the possibility of studying the metabolizable energy content of a test ingredient in practical diets at different levels. The purpose of this experiment was to determine the apparent metabolizable energy values corrected to zero point of nitrogen balance (AMEn) of canola meal with and without enzyme by regression method in adult leghorn roosters.

Canola meal samples were obtained from poultry feed plants in Tabriz city and their chemical composition was measured according to standard methods. The number of 48 adult leghorn roosters were used with 6 replications in a completely randomized design in factorial order (2 × 4) (two levels of enzyme Zero and 375 units × four levels of canola meal, Zero, 7, 14, 21 percent) using the regression method by replacing canola meal in corn-soybean meal-based diet.

The average values of dry matter, ash, crude protein, ether extract, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (ADF) were 88.5, 6.8, 34.4, 6.7, 34.5, and 20.5% respectively and gross energy value of canola meal was 4324 kcal/kg.By increasing the level of canola meal in the experimental diets, the values of ADMM, AOMM, AMEn and gross energy efficiency decreased significantly (p<0.05). The amount of AMEn decreased by 7.4%, equivalent to 244 kcal/kg in the diet containing 21% canola meal compared to the control diet without canola meal. Enzyme addition improved AMEn of diets containing of canola meal as much as 64 Kca/Kg. The equations for estimating AMEn of canola meal with and without enzyme showed high determination coefficients of 0.83 and 0.79, respectively. The AMEn of canola meal with and without enzyme by regression method was estimated 1985 and 1838 kcal/kg, respectively.

The obtained values for AMEn of canola meal with and without enzyme by regression method were lower compared to the corresponding values reported in NRC (1994). Therefore, formulating poultry diets with AMEn values reported here may be effective in predicting the bird’s performance.

During many years, with the breeding operations on native hens of Sepahan, growth rate, age of sexual maturity, egg production, egg weight and many other traits of their productive performance have been improved. Estimation of nutritional requirements, especially metabolisable energy and crude protein, is necessary to achieve high fertility and hatchability and produce day-old chicks with appropriate quality. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of different dietary energy and protein on productive performance and egg quality characteristics of the improved indigenous hens in 42-53 weeks of age (during 3 periods of 28 days). Totally, 180 Sepahan hens were assigned to a 3 × 2 factorial arrangements in a completely randomized. Factor 1 was different levels of metabolizable energy (2400, 2550 and 2700 kcal/kg), and factor 2 was levels of crude protein (14 and 16%). Data were collected for feed intake, egg production, egg weight, feed to egg conversion ratio, shell strength, shell thickness, shell weight, percentage of shell weight to egg weight, yolk color index, percentage of yolk weight to egg weight and Hough unit. In addition, during the experimental period, during three stages after artificial insemination, the eggs of Isfahan native breeder hens were collected and after numbering and grading, they were grouped and separated according to the treatment and repetition of the device. Incubators were transferred. At the end of the incubation period, the number of hatched chicks from each replication was counted and group weighing was performed. The components studied at this stage of the experiment also included fertility efficiency, hatchability, day-old chick weight and percentage of chick weight to hatchable eggs. According to the results of the present experiment, in the whole experimental period, feed intake, egg weight and egg production were not affected by experimental treatments (P<0.05). Egg mass weight in chickens fed diets containing 2550 kcal was significantly higher than chickens fed diets containing 2400 kcal (P <0.05) and feed-to-egg conversion ratio in native hens, fed diets containing 2550 kcal was lower than 2400 kcal (P <0.05). The highest egg shell strength (3.4 kg/cm2) was in diets containing 2700 kcal energy and 14% crude protein and the lowest (3.02 kg/cm2) was in diets containing 2400 kcal energy and 14% crude protein (P<0.05). By increasing crude energy levels, the color of egg yolk also increased (P <0.05). Increasing the level of crude protein in the diet decreased Hough units of eggs (P <0.05). The highest rate of fertility and hatchability of hatchable eggs was obtained in treatments containing 2550 kcal of energy (P<0.05). Experimental treatments had no significant effect on the weight of day-old chicks (g) and the ratio of chicken weight to the weight of hatchable eggs. However, fertility (percentage) and hatchability rates of fertile eggs (percentage) were affected by different energy levels (P <0.05), so that the highest fertility rate was in treatments received 2550 kcal ME/kg of diets. Different levels of crude protein and energy and protein interactions had no significant effects on these traits. Embryo mortalities in the first and second weeks of the incubation period (percentage) were not affected by experimental treatments, but embryo mortalities in the third week and in the whole incubation period were affected by the interaction of energy levels and crude protein in the diet (P<0.05). In general, based on the results obtained under the conditions of this study, it seems that the diet containing 2550 kcal metabolisable energy and 14% protein is appropriate for feeding to Isfahan native breeder hens during the laying period.

 One of the most important challenges in poultry industry is supplying of feedstuff. The international prices of this feedstuff have increased the costs of poultry production, and therefore, reduced marketing margins. Additionally, due to the high amount of wastes from the agricultural sector and food industry, proper management of these resources and identifying the nutritional value, makes it possible to produce cheap and suitable ingredients for poultry which are not competitive with human food. Grapes (Vitis vinifera L.) are one of the largest fruit crop in Iran with annual production of 2.5 million metric tons. Grape pomace (GP) is a by-product of grape processing for ethanol, fruit juice and vinegar production and including stems, skins, seeds and peels and these residues are about 20-25% of the weight of the original grape. Considerable production of this by-product encourages animal nutritionists to study its nutritive value. It has shown that GP has about 8-13 % crude protein (CP), 6.2-8.4 % ether extract (EE) and 22.3-36.8 % crude fiber (CF) and 2642.19 kcal/kg apparent metabolizable energy (AME). Grape skins and seeds are rich sources of flavonoids. Studies have shown flavonoids have the capacity to act as powerful antioxidants by scavenging free radicals and terminating oxidative reactions. Also, phenolic component of grapes have shown inhibitory effect on bacteria. It was reported that inclusion of up to 10% GP in diets did not adversely affect broiler chickens’ performance and improved their antioxidant and immune responses.

Two independent experiments were conducted to determine the nutritional value and metabolizable energy of GP and study its effect on performance of broiler chicken. In the first experiment, AOAC method (3) was used for determination of proximate analysis of GP. Forced feeding method was used for determination of GP metabolizable energy. In the second experiment, a total of 450, one day old broiler chicks (Ross -308 strain) were used in a completely randomized design with six treatments, five replicates and 15 birds per replicate. Experimental treatments were the levels of 0 (control, basal diet, based on corn and soybean meal), 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15 % of GP included to basal diet. The diets were in mash form and formulated according to Ross -308 strain recommendations. Feed and water were provided ad libitum during the experiment. All broilers fed same diet in stater period (1-10 d of age) and turned to experimental diets from day 11. Feed intake (FI), body weight gain (BWG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) of birds in each pen was recorded weekly and calculated for grower (11-24 d), finisher 1 (25–39 d), finisher 2 (40-49 d)  and total periods (11-49 d) for each bird. On day 49, one chick per replicate was slaughtered after 5 hours starvation and carcass characteristics were determined. At the end of experiment (49 d), blood samples were collected from one bird per replicate to determine blood biochemical characteristics.

 The results of this experiment showed that the GP contains about 7.13% CP, 4.92 % EE, 26.85 % CF and 5.86 % ash. Its gross energy and different terms of metabolizable energy such as AME, AMEn, TME and TMEn were 3371.75, 2223.58, 2221.04, 1527.63 and 1526.13 kcal/kg DM respectively. In biological part of experiment, and in total period, broiler BWG was decreased and FCR was increased when higher levels of GP (12 and 15%) were added to their diets in comparison with control. It was reported that GP contains high level of fiber and polymeric polyphenols as procyanidins could be bound and precipitated both dietary and endogenous proteins, and negatively affected poultry performance. Also, it was reported that GP tannins have adverse effects on nutrient utilization, and are toxic at high intake levels, due to their ability to bind proteins, minerals and carbohydrates. Relative weight of abdominal fat was decreased when high level of (15 %) GP used in broiler diet (P<0.05). The reduction in relative weight of thighs and abdominal fat, is probably due to reduced digestion and absorption of nutrients. It was indicated that polyphenols (specially condensed tannin) are able to inhibit a range of enzymes including α-amylase, α-glucosidase, lipase and trypsin activity, therefore the digestion of charbohydrate, lipid and protein were adversely affected. Blood serum concentration of triglyceride, cholesterol and HDL were decreased and LDL concentration was increased when GP levels were increased in broiler diets (P<0.05). The mechanism by which dietary GP supplements affect the concentrations of plasma lipids is not fully understood. However, it was showed that herbs and herbal products induce hypocholesterolemic effects by reducing the activity of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase, the rate limiting enzyme in cholesterol synthesis.

In conclusion, the results of the present experiment shows that the crude fiber content of grape pomace is high and its crude protein content is low. Due to the high level of fiber content of grape pomace, its metabolizable energy is relatively low (1527.63 kcal/kg DM). Inclusion of up to 9% grape pomace in broiler diets had no negative effect on feed conversion ratio. Although, broiler performance, was depressed by dietary inclusion in higher levels.

The purpose of this study was to determine the contents of chemical compositions, apparent metabolizable energy (AME), apparent metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen (AMEn), true metabolizable energy (TME), true metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen (TMEn), in corn samples, as well as to predict diferrent energy contents of corn samples given their chemical components. A total of 30 samples were colleted from Iranian poultry feed plants. Metabolizable energy criterias of each sample were obtained by percision feeding method with 4 replications. Based on laboratory assessments, average of dry matter, crude protein, crude fat, crude fiber, ash, starch and glucose were 90.02, 9.15, 3.28, 3.93, 1.45, 65.33 and 9.79 (% of DM), respectively. In farm experiments, the gross energy, AME, AMEn, TME and TMEn were obtained as 4375, 3284, 3219, 3873, and 3781 )kcal/kg DM(, respectively. Using provided database, multiple regression equations were developed for predicting different values of AME, AMEn, TME and TMEn based on chemical composition in corn samples. These system of equations can be used practically for predicting energy of corn samples in poultry feed manufactures and poultry farms.

Cereals are the major part of a poultry diet and primary sources of feed energy Because of the worldwide high cost of corn, the use of barley and wheat grain in broiler diets has become more appealing. However, the use of barley in poultry diets because of its high content of non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) is limited. NSP increased intestinal viscosity, reduced litter quality and poor productive performance. Most of the adverse effects of barley in poultry feed have been attributed to the content of β-glucans. The NSP fraction of the cereal protects lipids, starch, and protein, thereby compromising the access of digestive enzymes to dietary components. Therefore, the processing of barley grain to remove anti-nutritional factors and improve its nutrient bioavailability before including it in the diets of one-stomach animals is beneficial. However, information concerning the effect of electron beam radiation on nutritional and anti-nutritional components of barley grain are scarce. Therefore, this study was carried out to evaluate the effects of electron beam radiation on the chemical composition and metabolizable energy of barley grain.

The barley samples (cultivar Fajr) were packed in nylon bags and exposed to electron beam irradiation (Rhodotron TT200 accelerator, IBA Co., Belgium) at the Yazd Radiation Processing Center (AEOI, Yazd Center, Iran) at doses of 10, 20, 30, and 40 kGy at room temperature. Chemical composition of the raw and electron beam irradiated barley grain was determined. In order to estimate AMEn Chicks were fed a standard broiler diet for a 15-d pre-experimental period and, after four h of feed deprivation, were randomly distributed into experimental groups (16 treatments, 4replicates and 5 birds in each) in such a way that all groups had a similar average weight. All diets were given in mash form with birds having free access to water and feed throughout the experiment. The basal diet used during the experimental period was based on corn and soybean meal as major ingredients. The raw and electron beam irradiated barley grain (as test ingredient) was included in the basal diet at levels of 7, 14, and 21% to form test diets. The 16 experimental diets, evaluated in a balance trial to determine the AMEn content which contained 0.3% chromium oxide as an indigestible marker. The precision-fed cockerel assay of Sibbald was used for determining the TMEn of the raw and electron beam irradiated barley grain. The birds were housed in individual metabolism cages, following a period of 24 h without feed, 30 g of the different ground barley samples were fed by intubation to 20 (4 per treatment) adult cockerels (Rhode island reds). At the same time, another 4 cockerels were deprived of feed to estimate the endogenous energy losses. Total excreta over the following 48-h period were dried and ground for subsequent analyses, Roosters were assigned to treatments at random.

The results showed that percentage of dry matter, crude protein, ether extract, ash, β-glucan, ADF, and starch of barley grain were not affected by radiation. However, electron beam irradiation in all doses significantly decreased (P<0.05) the NDF of samples compared to raw barley grain. The AMEn of barley was calculated by extrapolation of the linear regression equation to a 100% of barley inclusion. These equations indicated that with increasing dose of irradiation, AMEn of barley increased. The AMEn value of raw and irradiated barley at doses of 10, 20, 30 and 40 kGy were 2593.80, 2628.30, 2663.10, 2730.70 and 2795 kcal/kg, respectively. The electron beam irradiation numerically increased (P>0.05) AME, AMEn, TME and TMEn of barley grain in cockerels at doses above 20 kGy. Previous studies using gamma or electron irradiation show a reduction in anti-nutrient content of canola meal, barley, and cottonseed meal and an improvement in their utilization increase in broilers. Gamma and electron radiation can denature proteins, decrease starch crystallinity and increase digestibility of barley and canola meal. Therefore, increased AMEn and TMEn of barley grain were expected in this experiment.

The present study showed that electron beam irradiation reduced NDF and increased AMEn and TMEn of barley grain. It seems that radiation is an effective processing method for improving the nutritive value of barley, but more experiment is needed to evaluate radiation.

The goal of the present study was to determine the true metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen (TMEn) content, chemical compositions of the poultry by – product meal (PBPM), the relationship between their chemical compounds and TMEn in adult roosters. To examine the nutritional values of PBPM, a total of 30 fresh samples were collected from different slaughterhouses in the country. For TMEn estimation, each sample (25 g) was used to force feed to the 4 birds raised in individual metabolic cages. Dry matter (DM), gross energy (GE), crude fat (EE), crude protein (CP), ash and total volatile nitrogen (TVN) were measured according to standard methods. Average values for DM, EE, ash, CP, TVN and TMEn were obtained as 90.05%, 22.10%, 7.50%, 60.30%, 220 mgN/100g, and 3907 kcal/kg, respectively. There was a positive correlation between TMEn and EE, while the correlation between ash and TMEn was negative. Compared with EE and ash, the CP was less correlated (P<0.05) with TMEn, while the TVN had no significant effect. The determined values of chemical composition and TMEn were used in fitting the simple regression equations, which can be in practice used to predict energy contents of PBPM samples in factory and production farms.

The aim of this study was to determine energy requirement for maintenance (MEm) and to estimate efficiency of energy utilization for gain (kg) using comparative slaughter technique (CST) and relative growth index (RGI: gain/BW0.75) in growing turkey chicks from one to four kg of live body weight (LBW). Forty male turkey chicks (24 days of age, 800 ± 93 g LBW) were fed a standard diet (12.3 MJ ME) up to 4 kg of LBW. Apparent metabolizable energy (AME, and AMEn), nutrient digestibility of the diet, and energy balance were determined at two and three kg of BW. In CST, twenty chicks were randomly killed at four stages (five birds at each stage) at 1119 ±60, 2539 ±93, 3528 ±68, 3957 ±82 g of body weight, and the chemical composition of carcass were measured. Maintenance energy requirement (MEm) and efficiency of energy utilization for gain were determined by linear regression in CST. In RGI, the MEm and energy for growth were estimated by a regression of ME intake and relative daily gain. The results showed that in CST, MEm and efficiency of energy utilization for gain were 450 (kJ/kg BW0.75/d), and 56% respectively. In RGI, the MEm and energy for growth were 3.66 (kJ/g BW0.75/d), and 10.4 kJ per g gain. In conclusion, using RGI method is recommended to estimate energy requirement for maintenance and growth in growing turkey due to its simplicity.

Twenty-eight adult male turkeys were used to determine the metabolizable energy of tomato pomace. Tomato pomace was mixed on the ratio of 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% to basal diet. Then, 50 grams of each mixed feed were fed to 4 tom turkey. In order to determine the effects of using tomato pomace on performance of 1-24 weeks old turkeys, 120 days old turkey was fed until the age 24 weeks. Chicks were grouped into 5 treatment (0, 7.5, 15, 22.5 and 30% tomato pomace) 3 replication and 8 observations on the basis of a completely randomized design. Performance traits are recorded for up to 24 weeks of age. The results of chemical composition determination showed that amount of crude protein, ether extract, ash, NDF, ADF, and gross energy were 19.5, 2.4, 5.5, 57.3, 47.2% and 2986 kcal/kg respectively. Statistical analysis showed that there was significant difference between metabolisable energy of diets containing different levels of tomato pomace. The amount of AME, AMEn, TME, TMEn of tomato pomace were estimated using regression equations of 2026, 2072, 2361 and 2414 kcal/kg respectively. There wasn’t significant difference between control group and other groups from the view point of feed conversion rate, weight gain and feed intake. Finally, tomato pomace can be used up to 30% on feeding turkey chicks.

The three-step trial was conducted to evaluate the chemical composition, digestibility, true and apparent metabolizable energy (TME and AME), of different parts of two varieties of date palm collected from Kerman (Mazafati and Farekan). In the first stage, the chemical composition of the fruit, date pits and whole date palm were determined. Secondly, digestibility and metabolizable energy of the samples measured by the force-feeding method on 35 adult Leghorn cockerels and collecting whole excreta for 48 hours. In the third stage, the best formulas were determined to estimate the ME values from the DM digestibility and chemical composition data by stepwise regression method.
According to the results, date palm, with and without pits, had more available energy, but the pits and pulps had more crude fiber and also, lower energy content. Moreover, Our results show that Mazafati variety had more CF and EE in compare to Farekan variety. Unlike Farekan date palm, which had low metabolisable energy, AME and AMEn of the Mazafati date pits and date palm were 1769, 1786, 1924 and 2212 (kcal/kg DM), respectively. In overall, Mazafati variety had higher nutritional value in compare to Farekan variety. At the end, the best equations for estimating of AME and TME were determined based on chemical composition and digestibility values.

In order to determine chemical composition and apparent metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen (AMEn) of 16 Iranian wheat cultivars before and after fermentation, 2 experiments were conducted. In first experiment, 330 mixed sex broilers (7-10 days) and in second experiment, 198 mixed sex broilers (21-24 days) were used. The AMEn content of samples was evaluated by excreta collection method using chromic oxide as marker at 10 and 24 days old. The average improvement rate of chemical composition of 16 wheat varieties before and after fermentation for dry matter, crude protein, crude fiber, acid detergent fiber, neutral detergent fiber, starch, total non-starch polysaccharides (NSP), soluble NSP, insoluble NSP, ether extract, ash, non-fiber carbohydrate and nitrogen-free extract were .48, .61, .79, .09, -5.10, -12.97, -2.50, -0.38, -2.12, -0.41, .79, .11 and .73 percent respectively. The AMEn for wheat cultivars before fermentation at 10 and 24 days old was 2560 and 2944 kcal/kg and these values for wheat cultivars after fermentation was 2770 and 3141 kcal/kg. The AMEn was affected significantly by fermentation and also by age of broilers (P

In order to study the impact of different levels of dietary metabolizable energy and crude protein on performance and nitrogen and energy metabolism of Japanese quail during growth period, 360 day-old Japanese quails were used in a 3×3 factorial experiment with three levels of metabolizable energy (2750, 2850 and 2950 Kcal/kg) and three levels of crude protein (24, 26 and 28 percent) in a completely randomized design with four replicates and 10 birds in each replicate. The feed intake and body weight gain were measured weekly and feed conversion ratio was calculated. The nitrogen intake, excretion and retention as gram per bird per day, percent of nitrogen intake and gram nitrogen per kilocalorie per metabolizable energy consumed and dietary apparent metabolizable energy content were measured during 26 to 28 days of age period. The results of this study showed that birds fed diet containing 2850 kcal/kg metabolizable energy and 26 percent crude protein had significantly (P

Two independent experiments were conducted to evaluate the nutritional value of Purslane powder and determinate its effects on performance, egg quality and reproductive system parameters of laying hens. One hundred and twenty laying hens (Leghorn, Hy-Line W-36) were used in a completely randomized design with 4 treatments and five replicates. Hens received diet supplemented with different levels of Purslane powder (0, 1, 2 and 3 percent) for 8 weeks. The results of these expriments showed that gross energy, crude protein, ether extract and crude fiber contents of Purslane samples were 2921.67(Kcal/Kg DM), 22.28 (%), 3.99 (%) and 9.47 (%) of DM, respectively. The AME and TME values of Purslane powder were 1864.70 and 1956.08 Kcal/Kg DM, respectively. Performance parameters of the laying hens were not affected by inclusion different levels of dietary Purslane powder in the diet. Shell strength, shell thickness, egg yolk color, ovary and oviduct weights, the number of large yellow follicles and the weight of largest follicle showed significant increase (P

The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of feeding of different levels of metabolizable energy and of different crude protein levels on the performance and blood factors in Japanese quails in their 5 to 41d old. The experiment was conducted as a 3×5 factorial arrangement، in a completely randomized design of four replicates with 40 quails per replicate. The fifteen dietary treatments consisted of three levels of dietary energy (2800، 2900 and 3000 kcal ME kg−1) times five levels of crude protein (22، 23، 24، 25 and 26%). Blood samples were collected towards the end of the study to determine Thyroxine (T4)، Triiodothyronine (T3) and cholesterol content. There was no interaction observed between the two factors (P>0. 05). Daily weight gain of quails fed diets containing 3000 Kcal ME kg−1 was significantly higher than thoseted at the other levels (P< 0. 001). Also، final body weight increased with increasing ME level (P<0. 05). Feed conversion ratio was lower in diets of 3000 kcal ME kg−1 content in comparison with 2800 kcal ME kg−1 (P< 0. 05). ME level did not significantly influence feed intake (P> 0. 05). T4 concentration for males fed 3000 kcal ME kg−1 diet was significantly higher than T4 in the other two treatments level (P<0. 01). On in the other hand، T3 coentration in males declined using diets containing 2800 kcal ME kg−1 (P<0. 0001). Also T4 concentration in females and cholesterol concentration in both sex enhanced significantly with increasing ME level from 2800 to 3000 kcal ME kg−1 (P<0. 05). In spite of T4 concentration، none of the measured characters had been influenced by protein levels (P>0. 05). T4 concentration of males was higher in diets 26% crude protein in comparison with diets containing 22% and 23% crude protein (P<0. 05). Also، female quails fed with diets containing 25% and 26% crude protein had higher T4 concentration than those fed with other diets (P<0. 01).

Two experiments were conducted to investigate the feeding value of waste fig along with its effect on broilers, performance. In the first experiment, the AMEn content of fig was determined through total collection method using 10 adult Leghorn cockerels. In the second experiment, 240 day-old male Ross broiler chicks were randomly alloted to 6 experimental groups of 4 replicates of 10 chicks each. The treatments consisted of diets of different levels of fig (0, 5 and 10%) along with two enzyme levels (0 and 0.04%). According to the first experiment, the AMEn content of the waste fig was 2640 kcal/kg. The results of the second experiment indicated that the use of fig wastage did not have any adverse effect on such performance traits as body weight, daily gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio. Adding enzyme to the diets significantly increased feed intake in a 0-21 day period (p< 0.05), but it did not have exhibit any other significant effect on performance traits. There was no significant interaction between dietary fig and enzyme levels. Also, the results indicated significant effects of fig on a few blood parameters at 42 days of age. Chicks fed diets containing different levels of fig showed significantly lower blood glucose (p<0.01) and triglyceride (p<0.05). With increasing the level of fig in the diet, the levels of cholesterol and LDL decreased (p< 0.01) while the level of HDL being linearly increased (p<0.01). Also, enzyme supplementation of the diets didnt reveal any significant effect on blood parameters at 42 days of age. There was no significant effect of interaction between dietary fig and enzyme levels on blood parameters. This experiment revealed that waste fig can be added to the broiler diets, at least up to 10 percent, without display of any adverse effects on broiler performance.

This experiment was conducted to study the effect of different dietary inclusion levels of hull-less barley and enzyme on the apparent metabolisable energy (AME) content and nutrients digestibility of diets for broilers. The chicks (256 and 180 male broiler chicks for starter and fisher periods، respectively) were fed with one of 3 levels of enzyme (0، 300 and 600 g/ton) and 4 levels of hull-less barley (0، 10، 20 and 30%) in a completely randomized design according to a 3 × 4 factorial arrangement. The AME content and nutrients digestibility of each diet (fed to the chicks on 14 – 21 and 40 – 45 days of age) were determined by measuring the respective marker (chromic oxide) ratios between diet and excreta (collected on days 18-20 and 40-44) or ileal digesta (collected on days 21 and 45 after slaughtering). Based on the results of this study، dietary enzyme supplementation did not show any improvement in AME content and the nutrients digestibility of the diets. Hull-less barley inclusion in the diets reduced dietary AME and ileal and total tract digestibility of organic matter، crude protein، crude fat and starch in the starting period (p<0. 01)، but did not significantly influence the nutrient digestibility (with except to crude fat) and AME in the finishing period. Therefore، it can be concluded that high amount of hull-less barley in finishing diets can be fed to broilers without any significant adverse effect on AME content and the nutrients digestibility.

Fifty six Lori-Bakhtiari ram lambs (mean body weight (BW) 35. 43±0. 56 kg) were used in a completely randomized design to measure maintenance and growth requirements of metabolizable energy (ME). َIn duration of desing period (100 days) the lambs were divided into five equal groups (each group consist of 10 lambs) and fed different amounts of feed Including ad-libtum، 85، 70، 55 and 40 percent of the ad-libtum group. After 10 days adaptation period، six lambs of similar body weight and age were killed at the beginning of the experiment to compare final empty body weight (FEBW) with initial weight. Animals were individually fed on a pelted roughage- concentrate diet، and apparent digestibility energy were determined. At the end of experimental period all lambs were slaughtered and the right sides of all carcasses were cut according to Iranian method then dissected into muscle، fat and bone. Energy requirement for maintenance and growth was measured by regressing MEI on daily body weight gain (BWG)، and daily empty body weight gain (EBWG). The energy requirements، for growth calculated from equations derived were 0. 125، 0. 167، 0. 212، 0. 261 and 0. 318 McalKg-1BW0/75day-1 for the growth rate 4. 44، 7. 61، 10. 25، 13. 01 and 13. 55 (g EBWG Per Kg-1 BW0/75) respectively. The ME requirement for maintenance (Zero growth) that calculated from regressing equations was 0. 085 McalKg-1 BW0/75day-1. When the lambs were given 0. 318 Mcal (MEKg-1BW0/75day-1)، had a significantly higher (P<0. 001) carcass fat (35. 63 v 33. 63)، feed conversion ratio (9. 07 v 8. 15)، and same body weight gain than the lambs given 0. 261 Mcal (MEKg-1 BW0/75day-1). The results of this experiment showed that 0. 261 Mcal (MEKg-1 BW0/75day-1) improved feed conversion ratio and body weight gain than other groups.