جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « Digestibility » در نشریات گروه « علوم دام »

Phosphorus (P) and calcium (Ca) are macro-minerals for normal growth and development. Phosphorus plays a vital role in muscle function, enzyme activity, lipid metabolism, bone mineralization, maintaining osmotic and acid-base balance, energy metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and protein synthesis. In addition, in layers, P is required to replace tissue metabolites such as nucleotides and phospholipids, maintain skeletal integrity, and produce the egg. Also, Ca is essential for eggshell formation, coagulation, muscle, and nerve function. Bone is a rich source of P and Ca, which can be converted into bone ash (BA) as an organic source to supply P and Ca. Today, BA has been introduced as a suitable alternative for mineral sources of P and Ca in the poultry industry. Barshan et al reported in 2019 that the use of BA compared to dicalcium phosphate caused a significant increase in weight in broilers. The purpose of this study was to use bone ash as a dietary P source and to investigate the P bioavailability in it compared to monocalcium phosphate (MCP) as a standard source. 350 one-day-old broilers were used in a completely randomized design with 7 treatments and 5 repetitions. The dietary treatments were: 1) basic diet containing 0.11% of available P; 2, 4, 3) supplementing the basic diet with 0.05, 0.1, and 0.15% P from MCP source; 5, 6, 7) supplementing the basic diet with 0.05, 0.1, and 0.15% P from BA source. All experimental diets contained 0.78% Ca. At the end of the experiment, the P bioavailability in the BA was obtained based on the P consumed in relation to the daily weight gain and tibia bone ash by the slope-ratio method. Also, the investigated parameters such as digestibility and antibody titer against sheep red blood cells (SRBC) were analyzed in a factorial design. The results showed that based on the weight gain in the grower (10 to 25 days) and finisher (26 to 35 days) periods, the bioavailability of P in BA was 82.37% and 93.24%, respectively. Therefore, it can be concluded that with the increase in the consumption time of BA, its P bioavailability has also increased and it has been able to compensate for the lack of growth well and almost similar to monocalcium phosphate. Also, based on the percentage of ash and P of tibia bone, the P bioavailability was 92.86% and 96.39%, respectively.The factorial analysis of digestibility results also showed that by increasing the level of P in diet and using MCP, the percentage of dry matter digestibility increases significantly (P<0.05). Also, the percentage of P digestibility increased numerically with the increase in diet P and the use of BA. Also, factorial analysis of the data related to the production of antibody titer against sheep red blood cells, we observed that the only significant difference in the main effects was for the total antibody titer and IgG in the secondary response; So that the antibody titer produced in the secondary response was significantly higher in chickens fed with monocalcium phosphate than in chickens fed with bone ash (P<0.05). The results of the bone quality test showed that the shear and tensile stress for the tibia was significantly higher in chickens fed with 0.26% P (P<0.05); but there was no significant difference between chickens fed with MCP and BA. An increase in tensile and shear stress means that more force is required to break these bones, which indicates the greater strength of these bones. Measuring the percentage of ash and phosphorus (P) in tibia bones showed that as the dietary phosphorus level increased, the percentage of ash and phosphorus in the tibia also increased significantly (P<0.05). Additionally, using monocalcium phosphate (MCP) in the diet resulted in a significant increase in tibia phosphorus (P<0.05); however, there was no significant difference in the percentage of tibia bone ash. Given the limited availability and high cost of phosphorus and calcium mineral resources, it is essential to find suitable alternatives. Bone ash (BA) is a rich source of phosphorus and calcium, which can be used as an organic source to supply these minerals in industrial poultry diets. Consistent with our results, Van Haren et al. reported that BA can compensate for growth deficits in broiler chickens, similar to diets supplemented with dicalcium phosphate (DCP) and MCP, compared to diets without a phosphorus source. In general, according to the results, it can be concluded that the bioavailability of P in BA is 92 to 96% compared to MCP. This result shows the good ability of BA to replace mineral sources of P. Also, since the absorbability of MCP is higher than dicalcium phosphate (DCP), it can be concluded that BA can have the same efficiency as DCP and be introduced as a substitute in the poultry industry.

The dry climate and water scarcity in most areas of Iran caused to serious restriction in planting fodder. Therefore, it is very important to find new fodder sources to feed ruminants in order to reduce the ration costs. One of the new sources of fodder that may have a favorable nutritional value are plants of the Paulowniaceae family in China, East Asia and some parts of Iran. Several types of Paulownia are known in the world. These plants are known for their high growth rate and intense photosynthesis, which are specific to C4 plants, and with wide leaves with a diameter of about 90 cm. The commercial production of Paulownia wood generates a large quantity of leaves, which are typically used as natural fertilizers.At the age of about 6 to 8 years, the production leaf of each Paulownia tree reaches about 100 kg. When the leaves have a favorable nutritional value, they can be used as fodder in feeding ruminants. In Iran, there has been no study on the nutritional value of Paulownia leaves for use in animal feed. Therefore, the aim of this research was to investigate the chemical composition of Paulownia leaves and the chemical composition, gas production parameters, digestion and fermentation characteristics of the silages from the mixture of different levels of Paulownia leaves (Tebjoo hybrid variety) and fodder corn in vitro. The corn forage and Paulownia leaves (Tebjoo hybrid variety) were prepared. At first, the chemical composition of corn forage and Paulonia leaf samples was determined based on the conventional methods. Then, both forages were chopped into 2-4 cm sizes using a hand chopper for silage preparation. Experimental treatments included silages containing different ratios of fodder corn and Paulownia leaves (0:100, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75 and 0:100). The materials were compacted in the plastic containers and the silage period lasted 60 days. Determining the chemical composition of fresh fodders and the nutritional value of experimental silages including chemical composition, in vitro gas production and fermentation parameters, digestibility and enzyme activity were carried out based on a completely random design. Results indicated that dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), ether extract (EE), lignin, non-fibrer carbohydrates (NFC) and water soluble carbohydrates content of fresh Paulownia leaves were 266, 911, 173, 402, 201, 35.5, 86.4, 404 and 91.2 g/kg DM, respectively. The mentioned chemical composition in Paulownia silage were 273, 902, 164, 393, 191, 38.8, 74.5, 386 and 25.4 g/kg DM, respectively. With increasing the proportion of Paulownia leaf in silage, DM, CP, lignin, EE, ammonia nitrogen concentration increased linearly (P<0.05). However, OM, NDF and ADF decreased linearly (P<0.05). By increasing the ratio of Paulownia leaf to corn in th silage, in vitro gas production (GP) in 24, 36 and 48 h, GP potential (coefficient b) and short-chain volatile fatty acids concentration decreased linearly (P<0.05), although it linearly increased ammonia nitrogen concentration and microbial protein synthesis (P<0.05). The carboxymethyl cellulase and filter paper degrading activities decreased linearly with increasing the inclusion level of Paulownia leaf in silage (P<0.05). However, ruminal alpha-amylase and protease activity showed a linear increase (P<0.05). The present study showed that the Paulownia leaf of Tebjoo hybrid variety has a favorable nutritional value as a new forage source in animal nutrition. Also, the preparation of silages including different ratio of Paulownia leaves and corn is recommended for animal feeding in the conditions of significant shortage of protein resources in the country. Future research is warranted to investigate how Paulownia leaf affect ruminant performance.

The domestic rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus from the Leporidae family is a herbivorous mammal and their usual diet is plant sources. Rabbits can tolerate temperatures between 4 and 27 degrees; Of course, the recommended average temperature for them is between 16 and 22 degrees. The average pregnancy period for rabbits is 28 to 31 days. Different forages in rabbit diets affect its optimal growth performance. Rabbits need energy, fiber and protein in their diet. It is recommended to use fodder plants as well as tropical plants to feed rabbits, currently dry fodder such as alfalfa constitutes 40 to 80% of the rabbit's diet. Corn, wheat, barley, and alfalfa are plants with high energy levels, and therefore, the consumption of these plants in diets is very high. Due to the high price of alfalfa and barley, the cost of preparing feed increases, as a result of which the economic efficiency decreases. Tropical plants have a significant amount of protein, fat, minerals and carbohydrates that can affect growth and production. Among the tropical plants are Conocarpus erectus and myrtle. Cenocarpus erectus is a common ornamental plant in tropical and semi-tropical regions, which usually has a height of 1.5 to 4 meters. This plant contains bioactive compounds such as alkaloids, saponin, tannin, phenolic compounds, resin, terpenes, glycosides and antibacterial activity. Myrtle plant is a small shrub with evergreen leaves. Among the effective substances found in the plant, we can mention phenolic acids such as gallic acid, vanillic acid and ferulic acid, tannins, catechin and quercetin. Therefore, the purpose of this experiment was the effect of the use of myrtle and conocarpus plants in the diet of first-generation rabbits on digestibility, antioxidant capacity, blood parameters and microbial population of the digestive tract.

In this project, 12 breeding rabbits of New Zealand breed (10 females and 2 males) were tested, for this purpose, after 28 days of rabbit pregnancy period and 30 days of lactation period of born rabbits, the considered treatments were applied to the born rabbits (each treatment consisted of five repetitions). The treatments include: 1 control treatment, 2 treatments receiving 25% of myrtle plant and 3 treatments receiving 25% of conocarpus plant in the form of completely randomized design. The experiment was conducted on born rabbits for 30 days, and the average weight of the tested rabbits was 250 grams. At the end of the experiment, the digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, insoluble fibers in neutral detergent, insoluble fibers in acidic and organic detergents, antioxidant activity of meat during storage in the refrigerator and in the freezer, microbial population of the digestive tract (population of Lactobacillus, E. coli and coliform bacteria) ) and blood parameters including cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein, glucose, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase concentrations were measured.

The effect of the use of myrtle and conocarpus on the digestibility of tested rabbits, the test results showed that Myrtle and conocarpus plants result in decreasing of the digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber (P<0.05). he results of the treatments on the microbial population showed that the populations of Lactobacillus, E. coli and coliforms in the cecum of rabbits were placed on Mord and Cenocarpus treatments (p > 0.05). The effect of myrtle and conocarpus plant on the antioxidant level of meat during storage in the refrigerator showed that the meat of rabbits fed with myrtle plant had a lower concentration of malondialdehyde and more antioxidant properties than the meat of rabbits fed with conocarpus plant (p< 0.05). The results of the experiment on the effect of treatments on blood parameters showed that the concentration of cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein, and glucose in the treatment using myrtle leaves and the treatment using conocarpus plant were significantly higher than the control treatment. decreased (p<0.05), but regarding the effect of treatments on liver enzymes, the test results showed that there was no significant difference in the concentration of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase between the treatments using myrtle and conocarpus compared to the control treatment (p> 0/05).

The results of the experiment showed that using myrtle plant and conocarpus plant as a substitute for part of alfalfa in the diet of newborn rabbits had an effect on digestibility, malondialdehyde concentration and blood parameters, and according to the positive effects of mord plant and conocarpus plant on the antioxidant concentration of rabbit meat. Whether during storage in the refrigerator or during the storage of rabbit meat in the freezer and blood biochemical parameters, and also considering the cheapness and availability of these plants in some areas, especially in Khuzestan, it can be concluded that the use of 25% of Sometimes myrtle and conocarpus have a positive effect as an effective antioxidant and a herbal supplement in the diet.

To optimize livestock production and health, sufficient amounts of minerals are necessary in the diet. Zinc (Zn) is a trace element and an essential mineral in animal nutrition, and is found in many enzyme systems. The presence of Zn is necessary to ensure the physiological activities of several hormones. In addition, zinc plays an essential role in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, and its deficiency can disrupt several vital cellular reactions. Organic sources of Zn are more biologically active than inorganic sources, and their high accessibility has led to the use of more organic Zn compounds for feeding animals. However, results comparing the bioavailability of organic and inorganic sources of zinc in ruminant nutrition differ. According to the National Research Council (2007), the recommended requirement for Zn in growing lambs is approximately 33 mg Zn/kg DM. The amount of zinc in surface soils of Iran is usually less than 0.8 mg/kg and the plants grown in these soils and used as animal feed are deficient in this element. However, a few studies have been conducted to identify the best source of zinc for growing local lambs; therefore, the present study aimed to compare the effects of supplementing 30 mg Zn/kg DM from common organic sources of zinc (zinc methionine and zinc glycine) with inorganic sources of zinc (zinc sulfate and zinc oxide) on performance, digestibility, blood and rumen parameters in crossbred Zel fattening male lambs.  

This study was conducted at the research station of the Department of Animal Sciences, Sari University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Iran. Twenty-five male lambs aged 3-4 months and with average body weight (25.5 ± 1.4 kg) were assigned to five treatments with five repetitions, as a completely randomized design for 70 days, including 2 weeks of adaptation to basal diet and 8 weeks of data collection. The experimental treatments were as follows: 1) basal diet without zinc supplement (containing 19.39 mg Zn/kg DM) as the control group, 2) basal diet + 30 mg Zn/kg DM as zinc methionine, 3) basal diet + 30 mg Zn/kg DM as zinc glycine, 4) basal diet + 30 mg Zn/kg DM as zinc oxide, and 5) basal diet + 30 mg Zn/kg DM as zinc sulfate. Dry matter intake, daily weight gain, and feed conversion ratio were determined. The acid-insoluble ash (AIA) internal indicator method was used to determine the apparent digestibility of feed nutrients. Blood samples were collected on the 70th day prior to the morning meal. To determine rumen parameters, rumen fluid was collected 3h after morning feed consumption. The chemical compositions of the experimental samples, including (dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, ether extract, NDF, and ADF) were measured according to standard methods.

The results showed that total weight gain, daily weight gain, and feed conversion ratio were significantly improved in lambs received organic zinc supplements (zinc methionine and zinc glycine) compared to the control group (P<0.05). The apparent digestibility of organic matter in the diets supplemented with zinc methionine and zinc glycine was significantly higher than that of the other treatments (P<0.05). The digestibility of NDF and ADF in lambs receiving zinc methionine, zinc glycine and zinc oxide was improved compared to the treatment containing zinc sulfate and the control group (P<0.05). Serum glucose and zinc concentrations were significantly higher in all lambs receiving zinc supplements than the control group (P<0.05), but there was no significant difference in serum albumin, cholesterol, urea nitrogen, copper and iron concentrations between experimental treatments. Feeding zinc supplements had no effect on pH, ammonia nitrogen and the concentration of volatile fatty acids in the rumen fluid.

The results of this study show that the addition of 30 mg Zn/kg DM from organic zinc supplements (zinc glycine and zinc methionine) and inorganic zinc supplements (zinc sulfate and zinc oxide) meets the needs of growing lambs fed a basal diet containing 19.39 mg Zn/kg DM. The use of zinc supplements in the diet of fattening lambs improved growth performance, serum zinc and glucose concentrations, and crude fiber digestibility. There were no differences among the treatments supplemented with organic sources of zinc.

Investigating the performance of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa willd.) forage and determining its digestibility in dried and ensiled formABSTRACT

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa willd.) is a dual-purpose crop for grain and forage production. Quinoa has excellent properties such as low water requirement for growth, resistance to drought, salinity and nutritional good quality, which are the reason for the great interest in Iran. The objective of this study was to investigate the performance of quinoa forage and determine its digestibility in dried and ensiled forms.

Three genotypes of quinoa forage (Sejama, Titicaca and Q12) were used in a completely randomized design in dry in the shade and silage forms. All genotypes were sown at the same time and harvested at the time dough of seeds and then were calculated performance of quinoa forage. The harvested forages were chopped and one part was dried in the shade and the other part was ensiled during 60 days in experimental silos. The silages were appearance characteristics evaluated after opening the silos. The samples were ground to pass a 1-mm screen, and then were used for evaluation of rumen degradability and rumen disappearance of dry matter (via incubating the samples inside the bag (pores 50 micrometers) in the rumen of steers) and post-ruminal disappearance of dry matter (via incubating the samples inside the bag in the DAISYII incubator). The samples were incubated in the rumen using polyester bags. All variables were statistically analyzed in a completely randomized design by the Statistical Analysis Systems (SAS).

The results show that, the duration of sowing to the dough stage of seeds was 60 days in Kerman condition, and wet plant yield for Sejama, Titicaca and Q12 genotypes were 34500, 30400 and 36610 kg/ha respectively. The appearance characteristics of silages were in an acceptable condition and were scored 16.75, 17.50 and 18.13 for Sejama, Titicaca and Q12 genotypes respectively in a 0 to 20 scoring system (P<0.01). The average of ruminal and gastro intestinal tract DM disappearance varied between 64.64 to 69.86 % and 69.64 to 75.19 % respectively (P<0.01). Furthermore, rapidly degradable DM fraction (a), in dried forage was lower (39.65 vs. 45.23 %) than in ensiled forage, and slowly degradable DM fraction (b) and rate constant of degradation of the b fraction (c) in dried forage was higher (41.46 vs. 36.39 % and 0.079 vs. 0.063 per hour respectively) than ensiled forage (P<0.01).

In general, the results have shown that quinoa forage had an acceptable digestibility and can be used as a substitution feedstuff with low water requirement in ruminant nutrition.

Various methods have been used to evaluate the digestibility coefficients of nutrients. The total fecal collection (TFC) method is a reliable approach for determining the digestibility of rations in live animals. In this method, animal are kept in a metabolic cage in to collect all the feces, making it the most accurate method for measuring feed digestibility. Total fecal collection (TCF) is one of the most accurate direct procedures to determine apparent digestibility. Despite its accuracy, TFC is labor-intensive and time-consuming when evaluating a wide range of feed samples and requiring a large number of animals. Moreover, animals should be confined in stalls, considering that being surrounded will be accepted by camels for a short period and training is necessary for camels fed with ration containing high amounts of energy. Other disadvantage of keeping the animal trapped includes the potential impact on animal metabolism. These problems led to separation from the animal's normal behavior. Accurate measurement of food intake and fecal collection is a tough work. Digestibility coefficients can be measured indirectly by markers. Various indigestible markers include polyethylene Various indigestible markers include polyethylene, chromium oxide (Cr2O3), acid detergent lignin (ADL) and acid-insoluble ash (AIA) have been used to determine the digestibility of nutrients in different parts of gastrointestinal tract. By the end of 19th century, lignin was considered as a potential internal marker for the estimation of digestibility. Because no specific enzymes exist for degradation of lignin in mammals or in anaerobic bacteria, different results have been re-ported by researchers when using ADL for the estimation of digestibility. Digestibility was reported to be underestimated when using AIA as a natural marker. However, it is difficult to apply this method to grazing animals. AIA is one of the most common internal indicators for determining apparent digestion coefficients. One of the advantages AIA compared to other markers is simplicity of analysis and it does not need special equipment. This study aims to evaluate the nutrient apparent digestibility of different diets in camels using AIA, ADL and TFC.

The field phase of the research was conducted at Asrar Sabzevar Agricultural Research Station, and the laboratory phase was conducted at the Animal and Poultry Nutrition Laboratory of Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources. Four male camels (age=1 year, BW= 116.3±9.35 kg) were used in a completely random design to measure the apparent digestibility of nutrients in wheat straw and wheat straw with rice hull using AIA, ADL, and TFC. The experimental period was 42 days (2 periods of 21 days) with 14 days of adaptation to experimental diets and 7 days of data collection. Camels had free access to water, and feeding was done once a day at 8 A.M.

The results showed no significant difference between TFC and AIA for measuring the digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, crude fat, crude protein, neutral detergent insoluble fibers, and acid detergent insoluble fibers in wheat straw and wheat straw with rice hull (P>0.05). However, digestibility was significantly higher in TFC than in ADL (P<0.05).

The recovery percentage of AIA marker was 92.8±92.38 in the diet of 75% wheat straw with 25% rice hull. Based on the study's results, AIA can be used as a suitable internal indicator to measure digestibility in camels if the recovery percentage is more than 90%. The amount of digestibility measured using AIA was close to the amount of digestibility measured using TFC.

With the increase of the population in the last century, the need for protein sources, especially protein with animal origin, has increased. One of the important and inexpensive sources of animal proteins is poultry products. However, many food-borne diseases that are among the most obvious problems related to human health are transmitted to humans through poultry products. Generally, poultry are sensitive to pathogenic bacteria such as Clostridium, Salmonella, and Campylobacter. Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli are the main causes of bacterial enteritis in humans and account for about 90% and less than 10% of deaths in people with campylobacteriosis, respectively. Poultry farmers use antibiotic growth promoters to prevent the colonization of pathogenic bacteria, but their use has been banned in European Union since 2006 due to antibiotic resistance. However, in order to prevent the reduction of growth performance and mortality caused by the colonization of pathogenic bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract, it is necessary to introduce suitable alternatives. The antimicrobial potential of several medicinal plants, some plant-derived bioactive compoundsas well as some organic acids against a suspension of two Campylobacter serotypes (including 8 strains of C. jejuni and 3 strains of C. coli) has been investigated, under in vitro study. It has been revealed that oregano, rosemary, and cinnamon have a higher potential in reducing campylobacter colonization, among other phytobiotic compounds. Considering that under in vivo conditions, no research has been conducted on these medicinal plants with broiler chickens exposed to Campylobacter colonization. Therefore, this research was conducted with the aim of investigating the growth performance, excreta microbiota, intestinal morphology, and nutrient digestibility of broiler chickens challenged with C. jejuni and evaluating the potential of oregano, rosemary, and cinnamon in reducing the negative effects of this pathogen.

A total of 192 one-day-old chicks were randomly allocated to 6 dietary treatments in a completely randomized design with 4 replicates of 8 birds. The dietary treatments were as follows: 1-negative control (NC; basal diet without additive and without of C. jejuni); 2-positive control (PC; basal diet without additives but challenged with C. jejuni); 3-basal diet + Erythromycin (55 mg/kg); 4-basal diet + oregano powder (3 g/kg); 5- basal diet + rosemary powder (3 g/kg) and 6-basal diet+cinnamon powder (3 g/kg). All chickens were orally gavaged once a day with a suspension of C. jejuni live culture (2×108 cfu/mL, 1 mL/bird) on days 21 to 25, with the exception of those fed the NC. Throughout the experimental period, the birds were fed ad libitum and had free access to water.

The results showed that the C. jejuni, while weakening performance during the growth period, caused an increase in campylobacter colonization and a decrease in lactobacilli counts of the excreta (P<0.05). The reason for the improvement of the microflora can be due to the presence of antibacterial compounds such as thymol, carvacrol, verbenone, and cinnamaldehyde in the composition of the mentioned medicinal plants. Campylobacter jejuni also decreased the digestibility of organic matter and led to a decrease in villous height, villous height to crypt depth ratio, and villi surface area in the jejunum (P<0.05). The reason for the improvement of the intestinal morphology by herbal additives can be due to the improvement of the microflora of the digestive tract. All the negative effects arising from C. jejuni were alleviated by dietary treatments containing feed additives (P<0.05).

In general, it can be concluded that oregano and rosemary have the potential to reduce the pathogenic effects of Campylobacter jejuni and can be used as suitable alternatives to antibiotics in feeding broilers.

In the current study, the effects of quinoa seed treating on chemical compounds and anti-nutritional factors by four treatments:1)raw seeds, 2)seeds of soaken in 40ºCwater by ratio of1:10during 24 hours, 3)seeds of soaken in 1%acetic acid solution by ratio of 1:5during 24hours, 4)seeds of soaken in 1%sodium bicarbonate solution by ratio of 1:10during 24hours, in five replications and diets ileal digestibility in 240laying quails by six treatments: 1)corn-soybean meal without quinoa seeds based diet, 2)diet containing 10%raw quinoa seeds, 3)diet containing 10%quinoa seeds of soaken in 40ºC water, 4) diet containing 10% quinoa seeds of soaken in 1% acetic acid solution, 5) diet containing 10% quinoa seeds soaken in 1% sodium bicarbonate solution 6) diet containing 10% raw quinoa seeds supplemented with 0.05% Rovabio multi-enzyme in five replications, and eight birds per replication by a completely randomized design, were investigated. The soaking in 1% acetic acid solution significantly decreased the crude fiber of quinoa seeds (P<0.05). The soaking in 1% sodium bicarbonate solution significantly increased the crude ash and sodium of quinoa seeds (P<0.05). The lowest tannin and trypsin inhibitors in seeds of soaken in water 40ºC and the lowest saponin and phytic acid were in seeds of soaken in 1%acetic acid solution (P<0.05). Treating and enzyme supplementation, significantly increased the ileal digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, crude fat, crude fiber, ash, calcium, and phosphorus of the diet (P<0.05). Soaking quinoa seeds in 1% acetic acid solution by ratio of 1:5 during 24 hours was the best treating method.

The aim of this research was to evaluate the effects of different levels of camelina sativa meal (CSM) (native variety of Soheil) on nutrients intake, growth performance and apparent nutrient digestibility of Lori-Bakhtiari fattening lambs. A total of 30 fattening lambs with average age of 4 to 5 month (average live weight of 34.5 ± 5.0 kg) were used in a completely randomized design with 3 treatments and 10 replications for 56 days. Experimental diets were replacing soybean meal with CSM at levels 0 (control), 5 and 10% diet of dry mater (DM). The results showed that by increasing the level of the CSM in the diet up to 10%, except fot ether extract consumption which increased linearly (P <0.05), intake of other nutrients including DM, organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), neurtal detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) were similar among experimental diets (P >0.05). In term of performance traits, final body weight, total weight gain, average daily gain and feed conversion ratio were unchanged during the entire fattening period and once every two weeks by feeding experimental diets (P >0.05). Also, experimental diets did not affect nutrients digestibility of DM, OM, CP, NDF and ADF (P >0.05). In general, the results of the present study showed that the use of native variety of camelina meal instead of soybean meal as a new protein source is recommended up to 10% in fattening lambs diet.

The management of suckling calves guarantees health and performance in their productive life. The sensitivity and low immune system in newborn calves increase the odds ratio of some disorder incidence and sometimes it is associated with the death. Therefore, the use of antibiotics in suckling calves became popular. Laws prohibiting the use of antibiotics in raising domestic animals led to the use of natural alternatives with similar properties. These compounds cause positive effects on the reduction of intestinal infections, and disorders and increase the absorption of nutrients by creating intestinal microbial balance. Prebiotics have the same feature that changes the microflora population in the digestive system. It has been proven honey has prebiotic characteristics that improve the immune system in mammals. This product and its by-products are used for different goals in human feed. This prevents intestinal infection, modifies intestine microflora population, and improves health situation and lipid metabolism. Honey is a natural product that is thickened from saturated or supersaturated sugar solutions. It usually consists of 17% water, 38% fructose, 31% glucose, 10% other sugars, and a wide range of micronutrients, vitamins, minerals, and amino acids, with a pH below 4. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of milk enrichment with natural honey on the performance, digestibility, blood parameters, and skeletal growth indices of suckling Holstein calves.
Eighteen Holstein suckling male calves with an average weight of 58±4.2 kg were used. Treatments were divided into three groups which contained zero, 2.5, and five g per day of natural honey to the milk consumed. The duration of the experiment was 30 days evaluated in a completely randomized design. Calves were kept in individual pens and fed based on NRC requirements. Starter provided to total mixed ration (TMR) form which is given at 8:00 am and 4:00 pm daily. Calves fed milk based on 10% of body weight in the morning and evening. The amount of milk consumed by calves is measured, and to calculate the milk solids, it is multiplied by a coefficient of 12.5%. Dry matter (DM) digestibility, blood samples, average daily gain, dry matter intake, stool score, and skeleton growth were evaluated during 30 d and compared treatment by the general mixed model in SAS software.
The results of this study showed that adding natural honey to milk significantly improved the feed conversion ratio and increased the final weight, average daily gain, and dry matter digestibility of the calves (P<0.05). The group of calves that consumed five g of natural honey per day had the highest final weight and average daily gain, as well as the lowest feed conversion ratio. However, the milk and starter intakes were not affected by the experimental treatments, and there was no significant difference observed between the control group and the groups that received natural honey (P<0.05). Supplementing milk with honey improved the growth rate and feed conversion ratio of the calves, likely due to the presence of enzymes and other substances in honey that aid in breaking down polysaccharides into usable energy for the animals. Blood glucose concentration decreased in the calves that received natural honey (P<0.05), but the concentrations of cholesterol, triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, and very low-density lipoprotein were not significantly different among the treatments (P>0.05). The reduction in blood glucose can be attributed to the antioxidant compounds present in honey, which can reduce intestinal glucose absorption by inhibiting the digestive enzymes of alpha-amylase or delaying the emptying of stomach contents into the small intestine. The stool consistency score increased with increasing levels of natural honey in the milk, and the group that received five g of natural honey per day had the best stool score, while the control group had the lowest stool consistency score (P<0.05). However, there was no effect of treatment on the number of animals with diarrhea or the number of days involved with diarrhea (P>0.05). Natural honey is rich in antioxidants and has prebiotic properties, which promote the growth of beneficial microorganisms and decrease harmful microflora in the gut. There was no significant difference observed in skeletal growth indices between the different experimental treatments (P>0.05).
The experiment's findings indicated that incorporating natural honey (up to five g/day) into the milk given to Holstein calves can improve their performance and health, making it a recommended practice.

In order to investigate the chemical and nutritional characteristics of pea pod silage (PPS) and its effect on the performance of fattening lambs, 24 Zandi male lambs (initial BW, 33.5 ±1.5 kg) were used in a completely randomized design over 75 days. Experimental treatments were: 1) control; (basal diet) 2- pea pod silage (PPS replaced wheat straw and alfalfa in the basal diet). The amount of dry matter (DM), crude protein, ether extract, ash, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber of PPS were determined 20, 11.8, 1.8, 8, 62 and 20.2 percent, respectively, and pH was 6.02. The rumen degradability potential of DM and in vitro gas production potential of PPS after 96 h of incubation were estimated 83 and 58.6 percent, respectively. The use of PPS in fattening lambs rations improved the final body weight and increased the daily weight gain (P<0.05). The amount of DM digestibility was affected by the treatment (P<0.05), but digestibility of other nutrients was not affected by the experimental treatment. Blood parameters (cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL and LDL) were not affected by the experimental treatments, except for the glucose, which significantly decreased by feeding PPS (P<0.05). The experimental treatments had no significant effect on carcass traits. Based on the results of this study, the use of pea pod silage as a cost-effective alternative forage in replacement with common forages such as wheat straw and alfalfa can improve the performance of fattening lambs.

Sixteen male Markhoz kids (13.2±1.6 kg live body weight, 3 months old) were used to evaluate the effects of a commercial bacterial probiotic supplement on growth performance, nutrients digestibility, meat quality attributes and fatty acid profile of triceps brachii muscle and omental fat based on a completely randomized design with two treatments and eight replicates. The Primalak probiotic was fed daily in the amount of two grams to each kid in the respective treatment. Growth performance parameters, including average daily feed intake, average daily weight gain, and feed conversion ratio were not affected by bacterial probiotic feeding. Digestibility of diet’s chemical components showed no significant difference between treatments. Similarly, the quality attributes of triceps brachii muscle, including pH24, drip loss, water holding capacity, and chemical composition had similar values in both experimental treatments. Kids with access to bacterial probiotic had significantly lower saturated fatty acids, higher mono-unsaturated fatty acids and greater unsaturated to saturated fatty acids ratio in examined muscle (P<0.05). However, with the exception of lower C15:0 concentration in kids receiving bacterial probiotic (P<0.05), fatty acids profile in omental fat tissue did not change in response to probiotic consumption. It can be concluded that Primalak multi-strain probiotic with the mentioned dosage (2g/d/h) is not an effective additive to make significant changes in nutrients digestibility, Markhoz kid’s performance, meat quality attributes and fatty acids profile of different fat tissues.

Drought have had adverse effects on the animal husbandry industry and has caused a decrease in livestock population and performance. In this regard, changing the cultivation pattern and replacing water-resistant species can be a suitable solution for this problem. However, due to low protein and dry matter (DM), animals fed exclusively with cactus pear may show weight loss, and digestive disorders such as diarrhea. Combining cactus, which is high in soluble sugars, with high fiber and raw protein ingredients could complement each other's weaknesses and form a balanced diet. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of feeding different levels of cactus-alfalfa mixed silage on nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation, and blood parameters.

The silage was prepared from a homogeneous blender of 66% fresh spineless cactus (Opuntia ficus indica) and 34% alfalfa hay on a w/w basis using 220 L plastic gallons. The chemical composition and quality of the ensiled material were determined. The samples were taken to determine the chemical composition after ensiling on day 45. In this experiment, four Kermani male sheep were used in a change-over design with four periods of 21 days. Experimental treatments were based on increasing levels of cactus-alfalfa mixed silage (0, 10, 20, and 30% DM). During the week of sampling the amount of feed offered and leftovers were collected and weighed daily before the morning feeding to measure daily feed intake (on a DM basis) and digestibility of nutrients. On the last day of each period at 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 h after morning feeding, rumen fluid was sampled from sheep (by esophagus tube and was filtered through three layers of cheesecloth) to determine pH, ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), and volatile fatty acid (VFA). Blood samples were collected on the four days of each period and three h after morning feeding in 10 ml. To determine the amount of allantoin and microbial protein synthesis, the daily urine produced during 24 hours was collected.

The gas production volume (ml) was a significant difference among experimental diets (P<0.05). Fat and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) digestibility increased when animals were fed 30% cactus-alfalfa mixed silage than those fed 10% and 20% cactus-alfalfa mixed silage and control diet (P<0.05). Also, there was a quadratic effect on DM, organic matter (OM), and acid detergent fiber (ADF) digestibility by feeding different levels of cactus-alfalfa mixed silage (P<0.05). The highest concentration of ruminal NH3-N was observed by an experimental diet containing 30% cactus-alfalfa mixed silage in all sampling occasions (P<0.05). Feeding of 20% and 30% of cactus-alfalfa mixed silage than after treatments increased linearly ruminal propionic acid molar and decreased linearly acetic acid and acetate/propionate ratio (P<0.05). There was a significant effect on concentrations of triglyceride and urea-nitrogen by adding different levels of cactus-alfalfa mixed silage (P<0.05). Blood Urea nitrogen level in sheep-fed cactus-alfalfa mixed silage was significantly increased linearly (P<0.05).

The results of this study indicated that cactus-alfalfa mixed silage has appropriate nutritional value and its inclusion up to 30% on DM basis in the diets provided favorable conditions for ruminal function and digestibility. Therefore, it is recommended, cactus-alfalfa mixed silage could be included in livestock diet during drought or feedstuff shortage especially in arid and semi-arid regions.

Since, feeding in animal husbandry is one of the most critical and costly issues, therefore should focus on cheap resources like agricultural wastes which provide adequate nutrients for livestock. Olive pomace is a residue of the oil extraction of olive fruit, which after drying can be used as a by-product in animal feed. Olive pomace contains high lignin (32% DM), cellulose and hemicellulose (Sadeghi et al., 2009). Raw olive pomace contains high amounts of 16 and 18 fatty acids; and about 96% of olive pomace fatty acids include linoleic acid and oleic acid (Nazari et al., 2008). Olive pomace is containing anti-nutritional components such as phenolic compounds and tannins (0.58 to 1.1 g/kg DM), and it may have adverse effects on livestock (Molina et al, 2003). Feeding dairy ruminants with non-core olive cake containing tocopherol, retinol and phenols can cause positive changes on milk quality, and improved oxidative stability of milk (Pauselli et al, 2007). Most of buffalo breeders use wheat flour in buffalo diet. Using wheat flour, can destroy the rumen microbial population and as an important part in human foods, increases costs. However, there is no research on wheat flour replaced with olive pomace in buffalo nutrition. Therefore, this study was conducted to explore the effect of olive cake on digestibility, blood biochemical parameters and production performance of Khuzestani dairy Buffalo.

Fifteen dairy buffaloes average 4 years, average body weight 570 kg and 2 parities were used in a completely randomized design with 3 treatments and 5 repetitions. Experimental treatments were included 0%, 7.5%, and 15% olive pomace substituted with wheat flour, which fed two times daily for 45 days in a completely randomized design. Diets were formulated according to the NRC. The olive pomace used in this study dried by air drying. The pomaces were stirred and mixed several times daily. The crude protein, metabolizable energy, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fibers, and fat of olive pomace were 6.5%, 2.65 Mk / kg DM, 56, 45, and 9 %, respectively.At the end of the experiment, feed intake, nutrient digestibility, production performance and blood parameters were measured. The diets were prepared completely mixed and given daily at 7:00 and 17:00. Fresh water was also available to them. The combination of control diet consisted of corn silage, wheat straw, olive cake, wheat flour, wheat bran, rice bran, mineral supplement and vitamins, limestone. Milking was done every day in the morning and evening and milk production was recorded. Milk scanner was used to measure milk protein, fat, and lactose. The milk pH determined by using pH papers or electrical pH meters; and milk solids and non-fat solids (SNF), by lactometer.Also, blood samples were taken from all buffaloes at the end of the period, 3 to 4 hours after morning intake and blood metabolites determined. For apparent digestibility of the diets, during three consecutive days, buffalo feces were collected. Also, sampling of feed residuals in the last three days of the period was weighed. Then, the digestibility of organic matter, dry matter, crude protein, crude fat, acid detergent fibers and neutral detergent fibers were measured.The obtained data were analyzed using the General Linear Model procedure of the SAS. A comparison of the mean was made with Duncan. The model of this design was a completely randomized design with three treatments, and each treatment includes five replications based on the statistical model: Yij= µ + Ti+ eij. Also, repeated data per time were analyzed based on the mixed statistical model. Yci = µ + Tc + Ɛic + (T*P)ik.

Milk fat and SNF increased in experimental treatments at the end of the period (P<0.05). However, milk production, protein, acidity, density and pH of milk were not affected by the experimental treatments (P>0.05). Milk production increased by using dried olive kernels in dairy buffaloes (Terramoccia et al., 2013). Inclusion of unsaturated fatty acids often reduces the saturated fatty acids of milk. Also, high fat in olive pomace can be a major reason for high percentage of milk fat in the olive pomace treatment compared to control (Chilofalo et al. 2003). Also, the concentration of blood parameters was not affected by experimental diets. But, blood cholesterol in 7.5% olive cake increased and the concentration of alkaline phosphatase enzyme increased by 15% olive cake compared to the other treatments (P<0.05). Obeidat (2017) reported that adding olive pomace to the diet of Awasi lambs had no effect on blood parameters (glucose, blood urea nitrogen, aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase). But Hashish and Al-Sameh (2012) declared that saturated fatty acids in olive pomace can increase the concentration of saturated fatty acids and blood cholesterol. Other researchers also concluded that with the increase in dietary fat concentration, blood cholesterol increased (Bhatta et al., 2011). Nutrient digestibility was not affected by experimental treatments (P>0.05). Using olive pomace up to 20% instead of barley in Lori lambs increased microbial protein production in the rumen. Also, olive pomace in the Dalagh sheep diet increased feeding efficiency and carcass weight; and reduced production costs up to 66% (Samadi, 2009). The use of olive pomace in Awasi lambs, did not influence dry matter intake, digestibility of crude protein, neutral detergent fiber and acidic detergent fiber (Obeidat, 2017).

According to the recent study, replacing wheat flour with olive cake had no negative effect on production, blood parameters and digestibility of nutrients in dairy buffaloes, and due to the reasonable price of olive cake; replacing olive cake up to 15% with wheat flour in the diet of dairy buffaloes is recommended.

Eucalyptus leaves contain tannins and flavonoids (Asghari and Mazaheriani 2010). Tannins have beneficial and harmful effects depending on their concentration, animal physiological condition and diet composition (Dubai et al. 2011). By increasing the amount of tannins, the digestibility of proteins decreases and prevents the digestion of lignocellulosic materials that are dependent on extracellular enzymes (Babadi et al. 2018). In addition to the anti-nutritional effects of tannins at high concentrations, the positive effects of dense tannins at optimal concentrations include improved live weight gain, increased milk production, reduced NH3 and methane production in the rumen (Lim and Mortijaya 2007). Using methods that can reduce the amount of tannins, make tannins plants used more and more effectively in animal nutrition (Huang et al. 2018). In addition to chemical methods and other methods for de-tannins, there are also biological methods (Chaji et al. 2020; Mohammadabadi et al. 2020). The enzyme tanase, which leads to the breakdown of tannins, has wide applications in the food and chemical industries. In addition, tanase is used in the production of animal feed (Chavez-Gonzalez et al. 2012). Bacterial tanase can effectively break down and hydrolyze natural tannins and tannic acid (Kumar et al. 2015). Bacterial tanase can effectively break down and hydrolyze natural tannins and tannic acid (Kumar et al. 2015). Klebsiella pneumoniae and Acinetobacter, as tannin degraders isolated from deer rumen, improved the fermentation parameters of eucalyptus leaves, so the use of these isolates will be useful to improve the nutritional value of tannin-containing plants (Mohammadabadi et al. 2021). Japanese rats with the bacterium Lactobacillus, which produces tannins; Was able to adapt to tannin-rich foods (Sasaki et al. 2005). Therefore, in tropical and subtropical regions, the processing of tannin-rich trees with tanase is very important in animal nutrition systems (Mohammadabadi et al. 2020).

The tannin-degrading bacteria used in the present experiment were isolated from the rumen of deer and goat Najdi, and their ability to produce tanase and de-tannins them has already been investigated in experiments (Chaji et al. 2020; Mohammadabadi et al. 2020; Mohammadabadi et al. 2021). The tannin degrading bacteria used in the present experiment included Klebsiella pneumoniae and Acinetobacter isolated from deer rumen, Lactobacillus fermentum isolated from Najdi goat rumen and commercial Lactobacillus fermentum. For processing, eucalyptus leaves, after turning them into 3-4 cm pieces, were tested in 10 liters of distilled water containing 1 liter of Nutrient Broth solution containing bacteria (107 cfu / ml) and to anaerobize the environment, immediately were transferred in10 kg plastic bags, and were closed and kept at 37 ° C for 10 days. After leaving the bags, they were dried, ground and mixed with rations, were given to lambs (Mohammadabadi et al. 2021). Experimental treatments include 1- Eucalyptus leaves or diets containing it without processing (control), treatment 2-5- Eucalyptus leaves or diets containing it that were treated with any of the four tannin-degrading bacteria. Then, the nutritional value of eucalyptus leaves alone or in combination with diet of fattening lamb, was studied by two-step digestion and gas production experiments.

The effect of experimental treatments on gas production potential, gas production rate, truly degraded organic matter, and production of microbial biomass of eucalyptus leaves and diets containing it was significant (P <0.05). The gas production potential of all experimental treatments was higher than the control (P <0.05). The digestibility of DM, NDF and ADF of eucalyptus leaves, and diets containing it in all treatments was significantly higher than the control treatment (P <0.05). The effect of experimental treatments on NH3 concentration, pH, and protozoan population of ruminal fluid of eucalyptus leaves and diets containing leaves was significant (P <0.05). Increased gas production in the treated treatments and the reason for significant improvement or numerical of gas production parameters can be attributed to the role of tanase-producing bacteria used in the decomposition of eucalyptus leaf tannin (Yarahmadi et al. 2017). In fact, tannins reduce ruminal fermentation by inhibiting the activity of microorganisms or microbial enzymes (Goel and McCarthy 2012). Increase though numerically of actually decomposed or digested material, microbial efficiency and PF in some treatments indicate the effect of tanase-producing bacteria in the present experiment (Gatacho et al. 2008). Tannins inhibit the digestion of fibers and proteins, so reducing the level of tannins by isolates, increases the activity of proteolytic enzymes and improves the digestibility of feed by releasing nutrients from the tannin binding (Goel et al. 2005). Tannins also reduce the concentration of NH3 by binding to proteins and reducing the rate of protein degradability (Ben Salem et al. 2005). The decrease in protozoan population in the control treatment and its increase during treatment with tanase-causing bacteria is probably due to the polyphenolic structure of these foods (Goel et al. 2005).

The results of this experiment showed that the use of tanase-producing bacteria degraded leaf tannins and improved its quality, so their use can be a good way to reduce tannins and improve the nutritional value of eucalyptus leaves for livestock.ntroduction: Eucalyptus leaves contain tannins and flavonoids (Asghari and Mazaheriani 2010). Tannins have beneficial and harmful effects depending on their concentration, animal physiological condition and diet composition (Dubai et al. 2011). By increasing the amount of tannins, the digestibility of proteins decreases and prevents the digestion of lignocellulosic materials that are dependent on extracellular enzymes (Babadi et al. 2018). In addition to the anti-nutritional effects of tannins at high concentrations, the positive effects of dense tannins at optimal concentrations include improved live weight gain, increased milk production,

Sunflower is primarily an oil crop but the plant itself and its crop residues are used as animal feed. This study was to investigate the replacing of sunflower head wastes with wheat straw.

This research was conducted in the form of two experiments. In the first experiment, in order to determine the degradability of dry matter and neutral detergent fibre (NDF) of sunflower heads, three rams of Dalagh breed with rumen fistula were used and in the second experiment, 8 male Afshari lambs with an average live weight of 30±4.5 kg were tested in the change-over design with zero, 7, 14 and 21% in the diet. In this research, feed intake, digestibility, blood parameters, and chewing activity were measured.

The results showed that degradation percentage of DM and NDF was 20.41 and 25.59, respectively at time zero, and at 96 hour later it reached to the highest level of degradation equal to 73.47% and 46.40%, respectively. In this study dry matter intake (DM) was influenced by the experimental treatments (P=0.003). Replacing wheat straw with sunflower head improved digestibility of dry matter, organic matter and neutral detergent fiber but not significant. The feed conversion rate was improved with sunflower head treatments but not significant. Lambs that were used sunflower head residues, had more weight gain compared to the control group. None of the treatments containing sunflower head residues had a significant effect on blood parameters. Eating and chewing activity and whole chewing activity were influenced by the experimental treatments (p=0.01). The highest rumination activity per kg neutral detergent fiber, was related to the control treatment.

In general, replacing wheat straw with sunflower head residues up to 21 percent in the diet, can be done successfully. In general, according to daily weight gain, sunflower head residues can be replaced up to 21% levels in the diet by wheat straw.

 Pomegranate has many secondary metabolites such as tannins and phenolic compounds, which have various properties such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immune system stimulating effects. The amount of tannin in pomegranate skin has been reported up to 20.6%. The limiting effects of tannins can be related to reducing the use of nutrients, especially protein, reducing growth and performance, reducing palatability and feed consumption, and reducing the activity of digestive enzymes. In addition to the anti-nutritional effects in high concentration, the positive impact of dense tannins in optimal concentration includes improving live weight gain, preventing flatulence, increasing milk production, reducing intestinal nematodes, and reducing the production of NH3-N and methane in the rumen. Therefore, the present experiment was carried out to improve the nutritional value of pomegranate peel as a tannin-containing edible material by treating it with some tannase-producing bacteria for ruminants.

 Pomegranate peel was treated with tannin-degrading bacteria including Klebsiella pneumoniae and Acinetobacter (isolated from deer rumen), Lactobacillus fermentum (isolated from Najdi goat rumen), and commercial Lactobacillus fermentum, and its nutritional value including chemical composition, digestibility, and fermentation ability alone (first experiment) or as a combination in a standard fattening lamb diet (second experiment), with two-stage digestion method and gas production test were studied. In the first experiment, five experimental treatments included 1- Pomegranate peel without treatment (control treatment), treatment 2 to 5- Pomegranate peel treated with each of the four tannin-degrading bacteria. The five treatments of the second experiment included 1- Diets containing pomegranate peel without treatment (control treatment), 2-5- Diets containing pomegranate peel treated with each of the four tannin-degrading bacteria.

Results and discussion:

 Applying tannin-degrading bacteria reduced the tannin in pomegranate peel (P<0.05), which is caused by the tannin-degrading bacteria. In an experiment of ensiling and adding polyethylene glycol and urea to pistachio hull for tannin removal, total tannin decreased. The concentration of total tannin with the potential and rate of gas production, truly decomposed organic matter, microbial biomass production, and microbial biomass production efficiency improved in pomegranate peel treated with tannin-degrading bacteria compared to the control (P<0.05). Perhaps the reason for the decrease in gas production potential in the control treatments compared to the treatments treated with bacteria is their higher amount of tannins, because tannins and phenolic substances by forming bonds and complexes with nutrients such as carbohydrates, proteins, reduce the availability of microorganisms. Ruminants to them and as a result reduce their decomposition. Similar to the results of the present experiment, other studies have also shown the positive effect of tannin removal on the improvement of gas production parameters. NH3 concentration and population of protozoa of pomegranate peel treated alone and in the diet increased compared to the control (P<0.05). The reason for the increase in NH3 concentration and protozoa population after degrading the tannins with bacteria can be the presence of tannins and polyphenolic compounds in this edible material. By binding to protein and reducing the rate of protein decomposition, tannins reduce the concentration of NH3, on the other hand, these structures lead to the rupture of the protozoa cell membrane, the inactivation of enzymes, and the reduction of the substrate needed for cell metabolism. The percentage of digestibility of dry matter, NDF, and ADF of pomegranate peel processed alone and in the diet with tannin-degrading bacteria increased compared to the control (P<0.05). Due to the reduction of the tannin level by the isolates, the activity of proteolytic enzymes has probably increased, and releasing nutrients from the binding of tannin, has improved the digestibility of the materials. An increase in cell wall digestibility has been reported as a result of treatment with tannin-degrading bacteria in laboratory conditions. Gas production potential and rate, separation coefficient, microbial viable mass production, and microbial viable mass production efficiency were improved in diets containing processed pomegranate peel compared to the control (P<0.05).

Conclusion:

 The use of tannin-degrading bacteria in the processing of pomegranate peel by reducing the tannins concentration led to an increase in the digestion and fermentation potential of pomegranate peel and diets containing pomegranate peel processed with tannins-degrading bacteria compared to the control. Therefore, considering the positive effects of processing pomegranate peel with tannins-degrading bacteria, it can be said that processing it by reducing tannins is a suitable solution to improve its nutritional value.