جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « Glutamine » در نشریات گروه « علوم دام »

Heat stress (HS) affects physiological, biochemical and production functions in livestock. By suppressing various components of the immune system, HS increases the susceptibility of livestock to various diseases. This tension has a negative effect on the health and production ability of livestock by disrupting the nervous-hormonal system and suppressing the immune system. The use of different nutritional solutions to improve the immune system of livestock in different stages of production has attracted a lot of attention. This research was conducted to evaluate the effects of glutamine supplementation and protein level on inflammatory indicators, immune system and blood parameters of pregnant Zel breed ewes during the transitional period and the immune response of their lambs during HS.

20 pregnant ewes with an average weight of 42±1 kg and an age of 2.5±1 years and multiparous were selected and randomly assigned to four experimental treatments. Experimental treatments included: 1) basal diet (equal metabolizable protein requirement) 2) basal diet with glutamine (1% diet) 3) diet with 10% more protein than requirement and 4) basal diet with 10% more protein with glutamine.  Blood sampling was done weekly before morning feeding from all ewes using vacuum tubes containing heparin (Venojet) from the jugular vein. Blood parameters including albumin, total plasma protein, alkaline phosphatase and malondialdehyde were measured with relevant kits and with an automatic analyzer. Insulin, immunoglobulin G (IgG), interleukin 2 (IL-2), interleukin 6 (IL-6) and interleukin 10 (IL-10) were measured using ELISA kits. In order to evaluate the immune response and the state of general inflammation, the differential blood count profile was examined.

One week before and after parturition and on the day of parturition, the amount of albumin, total protein, insulin and IgG increased with glutamine consumption (P<0.05).  Also, glutamine supplementation increased the concentration of IgG in lambs born from ewes (P<0.0001).The effect of experimental treatments on alkaline phosphatase was not significant. Also, the consumption of glutamine supplement one week before parturition, one week after parturition and on the day of parturition decreased the concentration of malondialdehyde (P=0.0030, P=0.0057 and P=0.0301, respectively). The number of white blood cells in one week before parturition and on the day of parturition increased significantly with the addition of glutamine (P=0.0015 and P=0.0024, respectively). Glutamine supplementation significantly reduced blood neutrophils (P<0.05). However, blood lymphocyte was significantly increased (P<0.05). On the day of parturition and one week after parturition, treatments increased the values ​​of IL-2 (P=0.0216 and P=0.0586, respectively) and IL-10 (P=0.0573 and P=0.0019, respectively). While the amount of IL-6 on the day of parturition and one week after parturition was significantly reduced by consuming glutamine and adding the level of metabolizable protein (P=0.0079 and P=0.0027, respectively).

The results of this experiment showed that glutamine supplementation improves the health status of pregnant ewes under HS and their lambs.

Heat stress (HS) potentially has several physiological complications that lead to great economic losses in the sheep and goat breeding industry, including reproductive disorders, immune system weakness, inflammation, electrolyte imbalance and reduced feed intake. Glutamine is the most abundant amino acid in the body and this amino acid has different roles such as building proteins, increasing nitrogen balance, stimulating the immune system, anabolic and anti-catabolic effects on muscles, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant. This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of glutamine supplementation and protein level (equal to and 10% higher than National Research Council requirement) on blood parameters, inflammatory and immune indices of fattening lambs during heat stress.

In this study, 16 Afshari male lambs with an average weight of 31.5 ± 0.22 kg and an average age of 3 to 4 months were used. Experimental lambs were tested in 4 treatments and 4 repetitions in a completely randomized design for 45 days. Experimental treatments include: 1- basic diet (metabolizable protein equal to requirements), 2- basic diet with glutamine (0.2 grams per kilogram of body weight), 3- diet with 10% more metabolizable protein than reqirements and 4- The diet had 10% higher metabolizable protein with glutamine (0.2 grams per kilogram of body weight). Blood sampling was done from the jugular vein two hours after the morning meal on the 15th, 30th and 45th days of fattening with the help of Venoject tubes containing anticoagulant. Blood parameters including albumin (Alb) and total protein of plasma, alkaline phosphatase and malondialdehyde were measured with relevant kits and with an automatic analyzer. The concentration of cytokines was including interleukin 2, interleukin 6 and interleukin 10 as well as Immunoglobulin G was measured using ELISA kits.

The effects of the treatments on blood Alb on the 15th day of fattening did not show any significant difference. While on days 30 and 45 of fattening, the effects of treatments on blood Alb were significant (P=0.0217 and P=0.0087, respectively). Glutamine increased total plasma protein concentration on days 30 and 45 (P=0.0071 and P=0.0019, respectively). Also, increasing the protein level in the diet of fattening lambs on days 30 and 45 increased TP of plasma (P=0.0139 and P=0.0386, respectively). On the 45th day of fattening, addition of glutamine increased blood ALP enzyme (P=0.0123). Also, taking glutamine supplement on the 30th and 45th days of fattening decreased MDA (P=0.0012 and P=0.0029, respectively). There was no significant difference in the number of red blood cells, hemoglobin level, hematocrit, mean concentration of hemoglobin in cells and mean cell volume between treatments on the 15th and 30th days of fattening. While on day 45, glutamine decreased the number of red blood cells and hematocrit percentage (P=0.0036 and P=0.0081, respectively). The number of white blood cells increased on the 30th and 45th days of fattening with the addition of glutamine (P=0.0004 and P=0.0012, respectively). The effect of treatments on blood IgG, IL-2 and IL-10 on the 15th day of fattening was not significant, while the treatments on the 30th and 45th day of fattening increased the values of IgG (P=0.0287 and P<0.0001, respectively). In addition, IL-2 increased on days 30 and 45 under the influence of treatments (P<0.0001 and P<0.0001, respectively). On the 30th and 45th days of fattening, addition of glutamine increased the levels of IL-10 (P=0.0194 and P=0.0007, respectively). The concentration of IL-6 on the 45th day of fattening decreased with the addition of glutamine and the addition of metabolizable protein level (P=0.0004 and P=0.0233, respectively).

In the conditions of this experiment, the basic diet with glutamine showed better results than other diets.

Introduction Glutamine (Gln), a semi-essential or conditionally essential amino acid, is an abundant amino acid in plasma and skeletal muscle. It is the main energy substrate for cells that undergo intense replication, such as enterocytes, lymphocytes, macrophages, neutrophils and kidney cells and plays an important role in their function and homeostasis. Apart from providing nitrogen for protein synthesis, Gln is a precursor for nucleic acids, nucleotides, hexose amines, the nitric oxide precursor arginine (Arg), and the major antioxidant-glutathione. It plays a central role in nitrogen transport between tissues, specifically from muscle to gut, kidney, and liver. In addition to its role as a gluconeogenic substrate in the liver, kidney, and intestine, Gln is involved in the renal handling of ammonia, serving as a regulator of acid base homeostasis. So the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of nutrient dilution and L- glutamine (Gln) supplementation on growth performance, intestine morphology and immune response of broilers during starter (0 to 10 days), growth (11 to 24 days) and finisher (25 to 42 days) periods.
Materials and methods A total of 320 one-day-old male Ross 308 broiler chicks were randomly assigned to eight treatments with 4 replicates and 10 chicks per each. In this study two levels of nutrient dilution (Ross 308 broiler nutrition recommendation and 5% diluted) and 4 levels of Gln supplementation (0, 0.5, 1 and 1.5%) were used in a completely randomized design as factorial arrangement 2×4. Growth performance was measured periodically. In order to investigate jejenual histomorphology such as villus height, depth of crypt, villus height to depth of crypt ratio, villus width, muscle layer thickness and epithelium thickness, on day 42 after 4 h fasting, one bird per each replicate was randomly selected, slaughtered and 1 cm of middle section of jejenum was cut. Cellular immune response was assessed in 40-d-old chick using the in vivo cutaneous basophilic hypersensitivity response lectin phytohaemagglutinin (PHA-P) and humoral immune response was evaluated by injection of 1 ml of 10 % suspension of sheep red blood cell (SRBC) on day 18. Primary immune response was measured after 6 (24 –day-old chick) and 12 (30 –day-old chick) days of the injection and secondary immune response was assessed on day 36 and 42 experiment.
Results and Discussion The results indicated that nutrient dilution and Gln supplementation significantly improved feed conversion ratio (FCR) in grower and finisher periods. Gln supplementation increased relative weights of jejunum, small intestine, thymus and bursa of fabricius. The nutrient dilution and Gln significantly affected villi height and crypt depth of jejunum. Gln is an important oxidative fuel for rapidly proliferating cells such as those of the gastrointestinal tract and immune system, reticulocytes, fibroblast. To study humoral immunity, the highest primary and secondary antibody response against Sheep red blood cell (SRBC) was seen in diets containing 1.5% Gln and the lowest was seen in control (without Gln supplementation). In cellular immunity determination, 24 h after subcutaneous injection of Phytohemagglutinin-P (PHA-P) revealed that Gln supplementation increased toe web thickness. Gln is known to modulate immune function. Glutamine is utilized at a high rate by cells of the immune system in culture and is required to support optimal lymphocyte proliferation and production of cytokines by lymphocytes and macrophages. More recently, Gln has also been shown to have anti-inflammatory effects, modulating cytokine production, both in vitro and in vivo, possibly through decreasing a major transcription factor regulating immune and inflammatory responses. In addition, it has been demonstrated that glutamine can modulate immune response by T cell activation. Therefore the increased toe web thickness after PHA-P injection can be explained by increasing T cell proliferation.
Conclusion The results of present study revealed that formulation of diets with Ross 308 nutrient recommendation and 0.5% Gln supplementation improved growth performance and enhancement of immune system function was observed in chicks fed diet with 1% Gln supplementation and Ross 308 nutrient recommendation.

Experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of L-glutamine on coated sperm freezing by using four rams. Semen was collected by artificial vagina contact with a tube containing Tris-fructose-egg yolk 15%. Samples were pooled and centrifuged. After removing supernatant and diluting pellet، samples were split into 5 equal part and added 0، 40، 80، 120 and 160 mM L-glutamine. Samples were frozen by using liquid nitrogen After two weeks، samples were thawed and incubated at 37 °C for nine h. Sperm motility، plasma membrane integrity، viability (Hoechst 33258) and acrosome reaction (PNA-Alexa -flur-488) were investigated at 0، 3، 6 and 9 h. The main effect of L-Glutamine showed that sperm viability was higher in 0 (35. 95%)، 40 (40. 65%) and 80 (45. 95%) mM L-Glutamine than 160 mM L-Glutamine (30. 40%; P<0. 05). There was an interaction between incubation time and L-Glutamine on sperm motility and plasma membrane integrity (P<0. 05). After thawing and 3 h later، the highest of plasma membrane integrity was observed in 80 mM L-Glutamine (49. 25% and 47. 34% respectively; P<0. 05). Nine hours after thawing، the highest of sperm motility (26. 4%) was observed in 80 mM L-Glutamine (P<0. 05). Therefore، the addition of 80 mM L-glutamine to Tris-glycerol diluent (5%) improves coated sperm survival.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of in ovo injection of L- Glutamine on pre and post hatch growth performance، carcass traits، jejunum morphology and immune responses of broiler chickens. Four hundred eighty fertile Ross 308 broiler breeder eggs in a completely randomized design were used into 6 experimental groups، 4 replicates of 20 eggs each. Treatment groups were: non-injected control، sham control (sterile water)، 10، 20، 30 and 40 mg glutamine were dissolved in 1ml sterile water and then inoculated into amniotic fluid of the 17. 5 d- old embryo through broad end of the egg. After hatch، 10 chicks per each replicate were distributed in pens and reared up to 42 d of age. The results showed that the hatchling weights and overall daily body weight gain were 3. 6% and 3. 8% higher in the group given 40 mg glutamine than noninjected control، respectively (P<0. 05). At day 24، relative weight of breast muscle was influenced by embryo feeding of glutamine (P<0. 05)، but relative weights of liver، gizzard and heart were not affected (P<0. 05). Compared with untreated control، glutamine was enhanced jejunal villi height and crypt depth in 3 and 24 days of post hatch. By 40 mg glutamine injection، the humoral and cell mediated immune responses were improved. The results suggest that in ovo injection of 40 mg L-glutamine into amniotic fluid of growing embryo can improve hatchling weight، average daily gain، morphometric development of the intestinal tract and humoral and cellular immune responses of broiler chickens.

To determine the effect of different levels of L-glutamine and glycerol on freezing coated sperm, semen were collected from 4 Taleshi rams through artificial vagina contact with a tube containing Tris-fructose-egg yolk 15%. Ejaculates were pooled, centrifuged and supernatant was removed, then cell fractions were used. Samples were split into 9 equal parts and 3 (g3), 5 (g5) or 7% (g7) glycerol and 0 (G0), 80 (G80) or 160 (G160) mM L-Glutamine were added. Then samples were frozen by using liquid nitrogen and thawed after 2 weeks. Sperm motility, plasma membrane integrity, viability and acrosome reaction were investigated at 0, 3, 6 and 9 h after thawing. The results showed that there was an interaction between glycerol and L-glutamine on sperm motility and acrosome integrity. The highest sperm motility was observed in G80g5 (45±1.95), G0g7 (48.75±1.95) and G80g7 (50±1.95). The lowest sperm motility was achieved by G0g3 (26.5±1.95). The lowest acrosome integrity was observed in G160g3 (76±0.94). The highest plasma membrane integrity (45.28±1.57) and sperm viability (36.71±1.16) was observed in 80 mM L-glutamine. The highest sperm viability was observed in 7% glycerol (41.71±1.58). Therefore, 7% of glycerol and 80 mM of L-glutamine could be beneficial to freeze coated ram spermatozoa.

A study was conducted to investigate the effects of glutamine on blood parameters، plasma enzymes activity، performance in broilers with pulmonary hypertension syndrome (PHS) during 4 weeks. A total of 160 male broilers randomly were divided in 2 groups of 4 replicates and 20 chicks for any replicate. At day 14، temperature was reduced to amplify the incidence of Pulmonary Hypertension Syndrome. Two treatment groups were: 1: Control group and 2: Control group with 100g glutamine/ Kg feed. Average BW gain، average feed intake and average feed conversion ratio were measured weekly from week 3. Mortality was inspected to determine cause of death and diagnose of heart failure. Hematological، biochemical and pathological tests were used; total red blood cell (RBC)، hemoglobin (HGB)، hematocrit (HCT)، release of alanine transaminase (ALT)، aspartate transaminase (AST)، lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). At end of the experiment (wk 6)، 2 chicks from each replicate were randomly selected and slaughtered. The heart was removed; the right ventricle was dissected away from the left ventricle and septum then ratio of right ventricle weight to total ventricle weight (RV/TV) calculated too. The results indicated that glutamine significantly، (P≤0. 05)، improved feed conversion ratio at week 5 and total experiment period. None of RBC، Hct and Hgb was not affected by glutamine. Glutamine at day 42، significantly reduced Plasma enzyme actives ALT and AST، nonetheless، LDH activity was not affected by glutamine supplementation. It is also، glutamine significantly reduced RV/TV and mortality compared to Control.