جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « Tallow » در نشریات گروه « علوم دام »

In the past studies, the beneficial effect of insoluble fiber in broiler feed has been well demonstrated. Studies have shown that moderate amounts of fiber in poultry diets lead to significant improvements in nutrient utilization efficiency. Depending on the type of dietary fiber (soluble or insoluble), the particle size plays a role in the growth and development of gizzard and improves the mixture of digestive substances with digestive secretions. On the other hand, nutritionists are trying to respond to the rapid growth needs of birds by increasing the energy concentration of diets. Fats are considered for this purpose, as their energy value is at least twice that of carbohydrates and proteins. At a young age, the secretion of bile acids and the activity of pancreatic lipase are low, and therefore, the ability to digest fat in young broilers is compromised. Some studies have shown that cellulose and oat hull as a source of insoluble fiber (3%) in the diet of broiler chickens have increased the apparent digestibility of crude fat in the ileum and increased the availability of energy for the bird. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to investigate the effects of sunflower hull with different particle sizes in diets containing different sources of fat on growth performance, digestibility of nutrients and the microbial population of the caecum of broiler chickens.

This experiment was conducted using 360 one-day-old Ross 308 broiler chickens in a completely randomized design with a 2×3 factorial arrangement for 42 days. Experimental treatments included: sunflower hulls (SFH) (without hulls, 3% with 1 mm particle size and 3% with 5 mm particle size) and different fat sources (3% tallow, 3% canola oil). Feed intake (FI) and body weight gain (BWG) of birds were recorded and feed conversion ratio (FCR) was calculated. To determine the ileal digestibility of nutrients, 3 g/kg of chromium oxide was fed to chickens on days 37-42 of the rearing period. On the 42nd day of rearing, the ileum contents of 2 birds were collected and stored in a freezer at -20◦C. To investigate the morphology of the small intestine, 5 cm of the duodenum, jejunum and ileum were taken. Cecal microbial population also determined at 42 days of age. The data obtained from the experiment were analyzed using SAS statistical software and GLM procedure. To compare means, Duncan's (1955) multi-range test was used at a significant level of 5%.

The results showed that, using of the coarse and fine SFH in the diet of broiler chickens increased FI and improved the FCR in the whole period of experiment (P<0.05). Canola oil improved FI and BWG compared to tallow (P<0.05). Apparent digestibility of crude protein and crude fat also increased by using of coarse SFH in the diet (P<0.05). The use of coarse SFH increased the villus height of duodenum and the villus height and thickness of ileum (P<0.05). Canola oil increased the villus height of ileum, but decreased the villus thickness compared to tallow treatment (P<0.05). The use of coarse SFH in the diet reduced the population of Escherichia coli bacteria in the cecum, and coarse SFH with different sources of fat increased the population of Lactobacillus (P<0.05).

In general, the results of the present study showed that the addition of coarse sunflower hull to the diet could improve the growth performance of broilers by increasing the digestibility of crude protein, crude fat, Lactobacillus population, and reducing the cecal population of E. coli. Although its interaction with canola oil also had positive effects on the population of beneficial gut bacteria.

One of the most important problems in the sheep breeding industry is its low reproduction capacity. According to the advances made in the field of reproduction, new methods have led to the improvement of the reproduction process. One of the important and effective indicators in reproduction is the level of energy used in the diet during the reproductive season. The use of fat supplements in the diet increases the energy density, and by reducing the inhibitory effects of the negative energy balance, it improves reproductive and productive performance. The right amount of oil consumption guarantees health and food safety. It is recommended that 10% or less of the energy needed by the body per day comes from saturated fat sources and 20-35% of daily energy comes from unsaturated fat. Due to the importance of oil seeds, their cultivation is also very important and they have a wide cultivated area all over the world. The purpose of this research was to investigate the effects of levels and sources of oil and fat on reproductive performance and blood factors of Kurdish sheep. The experiment was conducted at the Research Unit Farm of the Light Livestock Breeding Shightogan Delaware Company, located in the southern Khorasan province, Iran. Fifty-six ewes with Non-pregnant with an average age of one year and average body weight of 41.35±2.5 kg were divided into 7 treatments and 8 replications for 60 days (habituation period 14 days). Experimental treatments include: 1- base diet without oil, 2- Basic ration containing 2% sunflower oil, 3- Basic ration containing 2% canola oil, 4- Basic ration containing 2% tallow, 5- Basic ration containing 4% sunflower oil, 6- Basic ration containing 4% canola oil and 7- Basic ration It contained 4% tallow. Estral synchronization was performed in spring with CIDR. Ewes after CIDR (14 day) extraction and PMSG injection as soon as the signs of estrus were observed, the ewes were isolated from the others and artificially inseminated with fresh sperm using the transcortical method. Energy and chemical composition of rations were similar and were examined simultaneously with CIDR removal and estrus observation. Then, in each experiment parameters such as the time of estrus initiation (hour), rate of return to estrus, parturition rate, rate of multiple births, number of lambs and rate of lambing were evaluated Body weight (BW) and body growth measures were recorded First and period End. Data obtained were analyzed by statistical software SAS (version 1.9). Estral synchronization was performed in spring with CIDR. Ewes after CIDR (14 day) extraction and PMSG injection as soon as the signs of estrus were observed, the ewes were isolated from the others and artificially inseminated with fresh sperm using the transcortical method. The nutrition program with software (SRNS) version was adjusted based on the pregnancy diet. The results showed that the highest pregnancy rate (100%) and lambing rate (125%) were related to ewes receiving rations with 2% tallow oil and 4% sunflower oil. The highest increase in body weight was observed in ewes consuming ration with 2% sunflower oil, which was significantly different from the control group. But with other groups, this difference was insignificant. The highest body weight gain and the best (lowest) feed conversion ratio were observed in ewes consuming 2% sunflower oil diet, which was significantly different from the control group. But with other groups, this difference was insignificant. Triglyceride concentration, plasma total protein concentration and plasma albumin were not affected by oil and fat sources in the diets and no significant difference was observed between the diets. There was a significant difference in the average apparent digestibility coefficients of dry matter, crude fat and organic matter of nutrients between treatments. In general, use of vegetable and animal oils in the diet can positive effect on the productive and reproductive performance of sheep results of this research showed that in order to reduce the rate of consumption costs, 2% in the ration is suggested.

Fat inclusion in the diet presents positive features such as essential fatty acids and vitamin supply, slowing the passage rate, and lubricating the feed milling equipment. The price of conventional added fat sources has been increasing in the last few years; therefore, there is a growing interest in the use of alternative energy sources in poultry feeding. In this context, coproducts derived from the soybean oil refinement process represent an economic alternative and permit giving added value to residual products. Soybean lecithin, which is extracted from the soybean oil degumming process, is mainly composed of polar lipids (>60%), especially of phospholipids, but also contains an important amount of neutral lipids (30–40%), as triacylglycerols and free fatty acids. Soy lecithin may also act as a source of polyunsaturated fatty acids, which are important precursors of eicosanoids for human health benefits and neonatal growth. The inclusion of lecithin in the diet could improve lipid digestibility, liver function, and performance. Therefore, the present study was designed to evaluate the effect of fat source and soybean lecithin on performance, egg quality, nutrient digestibility, and blood parameters in laying hens.
A total of 144 Nick Chick laying hens were randomly divided into six treatments, six replicates, and four hens per replicate as a 2×3 factorial experiment in a completely randomized design. The experimental treatments included: 1) 3% soybean oil, 2) 3% soybean oil + 0.1% lecithin, 3) 3% tallow, 4) 3% tallow + 0.1% lecithin, 5) a mixture of soybean oil + tallow in equal proportions, and  6) a mixture of soybean oil + tallow in equal proportions + 0.1% lecithin. Lecithin contains 7480 kcal/kg metabolizable energy and is added to experimental diets at one kg/ton as per company recommendation. Productive performance and egg quality traits were recorded from 37 to 44 weeks of age. Egg production and egg weight were recorded daily and feed intake was recorded weekly. This information was used to calculate the feed conversion ratio. Egg quality was measured in four eggs which were individually weighed and the external and internal quality (shape index, yolk index, yolk weight, yolk color, Haugh unit, shell weight, and shell thickness) was determined. At the end of the experiment (44 weeks of age) celite was added to experimental diets as an insoluble marker. Apparent metabolizable energy, dry matter, fat and crude protein digestibility were measured. Liver enzymes’ activity (aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and lactate dehydrogenase concentrations) and blood parameters (triglyceride, cholesterol, HDL, and LDL) were measured at the end of the experiment.
Feed intake (P<0.01), egg production, and egg mass improved by a mixture of soybean oil + tallow (P<0.05) in the entire experiment. The effects of the source of oil on the productive performance of laying hens are contradictory and depend on the oil source and fatty acid compositions of oil/lipids, strain, and age of hens. Inclusion of lecithin in the diet increased feed intake and yolk color (P<0.01) but decreased Haugh unit (P<0.05). The reasons for the discrepancies among researchers concerning the effects of dietary lecithin on poultry production are not known but might depend on the type of bird used, as well as on the characteristics of the diet, including the level, source, and fatty acid profile of the lipid source used. The information available on the effects of lecithin on yolk pigmentation is scarce. The unsaturated fatty acid profile of lecithin is more favorable for xanthophyll absorption and utilization than that of the more saturated fatty acid profile of animal fat. Lecithin facilitates the absorption and transfer of fats, so it can cause the absorption of pigment substances as fat-soluble compounds. Yolk color increased and eggshell thickness was decreased (P<0.05) by a mixture of soybean oil + tallow. Apparent metabolizable energy, dry matter, fat, and protein digestibility were not affected by fat source, lecithin inclusion, or fat source × lecithin interaction. Moreover, the data indicated that the addition of soy oil decreased the cholesterol in the plasma (P<0.05). Aspartate aminotransferase (P<0.01), lactate dehydrogenase (P<0.05), triglyceride (P<0.01), cholesterol, and LDL (P<0.05) concentrations of the plasma decreased by lecithin inclusion in the diet. Lecithin is one of the natural elements that have dispersing properties. Lecithin is capable of reducing LDL cholesterol. It also promotes HDL cholesterol synthesis. In addition, it is used to help reduce cholesterol and triglycerides and protect the liver in the prevention of kidney stone formation. The lecithin modifies the cholesterol homeostasis in the liver, increasing the HMG-CoA reductase (3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme A reductase) and alpha 7 hydroxylase cholesterol activities. The LDL concentration and size are also significantly reduced and the bile acid pool and bile lipid secretion are increased.
In general, soybean lecithin can be added, in combination with soybean oil and tallow as an energy source in laying hens' diet to improve performance.

 To date, there is not any accurate estimation of calf mortality in the world; however, annual pre-weaning calves’ mortality was estimated to be around 7.8, 6.5, 5.5, and 2.6% in the United States, Iran, China, and Sweden, respectively. Raboisson et al. (2013) represented that most neonatal calf mortality happens at age under one month. Hill et al. (2011) reported that nutritional factors could modulate the calf immune system's functions. Studies on non-ruminants confirm that the consumption of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) relating to the n-3 FA can affect the immune response. In calves’ nutrition, using PUFA in milk or milk replacer (MR) had a pleasant effect on immune responses and antioxidant status. Supplementation n-3 FA, especially EPA and DHA, would increase the proportion of PUFA in the membrane phospholipids, which might change the performance of the immune system. The n-3 PUFA plays a critical role in influencing the immune system through various mechanisms described in detail by Calder (2012). Previous studies showed that adding n-3 PUFA to milk or MR decreases the symptoms of diarrhea and inflammatory diseases caused by viral or bacterial infections. So far, there are not enough reports regarding dietary n-3 PUFA on the APR in neonatal calves. Nevertheless, most research regarding FO supplementation and its anti-inflammatory effects on neonatal calves' health has been done on long-term consumption. As earlier mentioned, most calf mortality occurs at the first 30 days of age; consequently, long-term (more than one month) consumption of FO might not provide clear evidence to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of FO on the status of neonatal calves’ health. Therefore, the purpose of this study was the first evaluation of short-term supplementation of n-3 PUFA on the APR of neonatal calves.

Twenty-four bull calves, with a mean age of 34.5  3.7 days, were housed outdoors in individual pens bedded with wheat straw at the dairy farm facilities of Astan Quds Razavi Animal Husbandry and Agriculture Co. (Mashhad, Iran) in February 2019. The criteria for calf selection were, namely, the type of calf delivery (without any difficulty) and no history of disease or diarrhea. To achieve a quantitative similarity between calves, we used age and body weight as further criteria. The experiment's duration was 11 days (a week before LPS challenge and three days after LPS challenge) with an adaptation period (seven days). After the adaptation period, calves were weighed (57.5 ± 4.4 kg) and randomly assigned to 1 of 4 groups (six calves/group). Randomized calves received treatments during the study period according to the group they were already allocated: 1. negative control group (NC), 2. Positive control group (LPS challenge, PC), 3. Tallow 350 mg/kg BW group + LPS (TA), 4. Fish oil 350 mg/kg BW group + LPS (FO). All calves were fed the same diet, 5 L/d of whole milk, and had free access to freshwater during the experiment. The PC, FO, and TA groups were intravenously challenged with 0.5 μg/kg BW ultrapure LPS from E. coli serotype O111:B4 (Sigma–Aldrich: registered; product NO. L2630) on day eight. Treatments FO and TA were mixed with whole milk and were offered two times a day (at 0800 and 1700). FO and TA groups were isocaloric to compare the effect of manipulating fatty acid intake in the same level of energy intake on the APR of neonatal calves. The blood samples were collected at 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72 h, post LPS challenge (p.c.) to evaluate inflammatory condition. The clinical signs (RT, RR, and HR) were recorded at 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 12, 18, 24 h p.c. According to Plessers et al.'s (2015) model, the appearance of behavioral phases (respiratory, depression, and recovery phase) was assessed. Data were analyzed as a completely randomized design by using JMP (13.2) software.

The results of this study confirm previous experiments that showed a significant increase of cytokines level by the LPS administration (26, 29). As expected, the IL-6 increased when the TNF-α decreased (Maximal level at 3 and 1 h p.c., respectively). There was no significant difference in cytokines and APPs between PC, FO, and TA, while the FO had the minimum level. The typical sickness behavior of LPS-challenged calves was distinguished as respiratory, depression, and recovery phases according to Plessers et al.'s (2015) model. In this study, there was no significant effect of decreasing n-6/n-3 FA ratio on sickness behavior. Besides, the level of inflammatory cytokines and acute-phase proteins were not affected by experimental groups. These results were in line with McDonnell et al., (2019) reported no FO effect on immune function during the pre-weaning period. Although the level of DHA + EPA requirement for calves has not been well known, studies represented that their highest level in humans is 5 g/d. Stanley et al. (2007) concluded that the n-6/n-3 FA ratio might not be a helpful concept and distracts attention from increasing absolute intakes of long-chain n-3 FA. In this regard, Flaga et al. (2019) represented that DHA-rich algae supplementation in milk replacer could decrease cytokines' mRNA expression. They suggested that 3 g/d DHA might be the maximum level in neonatal calves’ diet with an appropriate effect on the immune system. In the current study, NC, PC, and TA received 2 mg/d, and FO received 3 g/d DHA. It might be worthwhile considering the amount of DHA + EPA when FO is used as an n-3 PUFA source in calves’ diet.

The results showed that decreasing the n6/n3 FA ratio in diets by supplementing FO could not affect acute phase response in calves. Besides, short-term supplementation of FO could not improve calves' immune systems as no differences in cytokines and APP between PC and FO were observed. Although sickness behavior in FO finished sooner than PC, there was no significant difference between them. In this study, increasing MUFA intake could not affect APR in calve. It seems that more studies are needed to evaluate the effect of EPA and DHA on the performance and health status of calves.

 Feed cost has gradually increased in poultry production worldwide. One approach to minimizing production cost is dietary manipulation of nutrient supplies through improved feed efficiency. The inclusion of lipids in broiler diets is essential to meet metabolisable energy requirement. Great amounts of animal fats and vegetable oils are usually added to broiler diets to increase their energy content. However, several factors can affect lipids digestion, both related to the animal characteristics such as bird age, genetic strain, secretion and activity of digestive enzymes, and to the diet composition such as type of fat used as lipid supplement, ratio of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids in the diet, presence of pentosans and dietary fiber. Within this reality, researches have been conducted to study the increased digestibility of oils and fats by emulsifying substances, such as bile salts and phospholipids. Lysophospholipid (LPL) is a more effective biosurfactant in emulsifying properties than bile salts and soy lecithin because one molecule in the hydrophobic tail is removed, indicating more stability in the aqueous environment of the gastrointestinal tract. Another action of lysophospholipids is related to the antibacterial effect. They may modify the biological structure of bacteria causing changes in membrane permeability, raising the speculation of a combined effect with organic acids on poultry gut health. The changes in membrane permeability by lysophospholipids may facilitate the ion dissociation of the organic acids inside the bacteria. In turn, the control of the intestinal microbiota through these additives could preserve the integrity of endogenous, consequently, the present study was designed to investigate the effects of dietary LPL supplementation in diets differing in fat on blood parameters, intestinal morphology, ceca microbiome and performance in broiler chicks.

This experiment was performed in a completely randomized design based on factorial arrangement to evaluate the effect of lysophospholipid supplementation (0 and 0.25g/kg) in corn-soybean meal diets containing three fat sources (soybean oil, tallow and their blend 50: 50%) and each at two levels (1.5 and 3%) with 12 isocaleric and isonitrogenous starter diets. Each diet was fed to six replicates of 10 chicks each during 1 to 14 days of age. Performance traits, jejunal morphology, serum lipid composition, cecal microbial population of one chick from each replicate were measured at day 14.

the interaction effects of lysophospholipid supplementation, fat source and fat level were not significant on broiler performance during 1 to 14 days of age, except for the lysophospholipid supplementation and fat level that was significant on feed intake in the starter period. Among the main effects only fat levels had a significant effect on body weight, body weight gain in the starter period, and 3% fat level compared to 1.5% improved body weight and body weight gain. These results are in agreement with zampiga et al, (2016) that demonstrated the addition of the lysophospholipid did not statistically improve final body weight and daily weight gain of broilers in the whole period of trial (0–42 d). These observations are partially in contrast with Melegy et al. (2010) who reported that the use of an emulsifier based on lysolecithin at the dosage of 0.25 or 0.5 kg/ton of feed significantly improved these productive parameters. Other factors may be affect on broiler performance such as inappropriate dose of lysophospholipid in diet, low energy levels of the experimental diets, use of 3 factors in the experimental design, and low bird population in each treatment that combined the effects. The Interaction effects of lysophospholipid supplementation, fat source and fat level were not significant on jejunal villus height, villus width, diameter of epithelium layer, crypt depth and villus height to crypt depth ratio. The interaction effects of lysophospholipid supplementation and fat levels in diet showed a significant effect on villus width. The effect of fat levels was significant for villus height and it increased by the use of 3% levels. The Interaction effect of lysophospholipid supplementation, fat source and fat level was not significant on the concentration of triglyceride, cholesterol, HDL and LDL in serum of broiler chicks. The interaction effect of lysophospholipid supplementation and fat level in diet was significant on the concentration of triglyceride level, and the interaction effect of lysophospholipid supplementation and fat source in diet was significant on LDL in serum lipid level of broiler chicks. The main effect of lysophospholipid supplementation was significant on the concentration of triglyceride, and also the effect of fat source was significant on cholesterol and HDL in serum of broiler chicks. The Interaction effects of lysophospholipid supplementation, fat source and fat level was not significant for lactobacillus and E-coli population in ceca. The main effect of lysophospholipid supplementation was significant increase on the lactobacillus population in ceca, and the effect of fat level in diet was significant decrease on the E-coli population in ceca.

It can be concluded in this study that of lysophospholipids supplementation did not have a significant effect on performance in broiler chickens during the starter period.

A 42-d study was conducted to investigate the effects of emulsifier and inulin supplementation in diets with different sources of fat on growthperformance, carcass traits, immune response, and blood biochemical indices of broilers. A total of 800 one-day-old male broilers in a 2 × 2 × 2factorial experiment with two fat sources (soybean oil and beef tallow), two emulsifier levels (0 and 0.1% lysophospholipids) and two levels of inulinsupplementation (0 and 0.1%) were used in a completely randomized design with eight treatments, five replications and 20 chicks per replicate. Birdsfed diets containing beef tallow and emulsifier had a lower feed conversion ratio and abdominal fat percentage than birds fed diets containing soybeanoil and emulsifier (P <0.05). The abdominal fat percentage and feed conversion ratio were lower in birds that received fat and inulin diets than otherbirds (P<0.05). Birds fed the emulsifier-containing diet had higher values of primary and secondary antibody titers against Newcastle disease virus,and secondary titers of total antibody and IgM against sheep red blood cells (SRBC) compared to those fed the emulsifier-unsupplemented diet(P<0.05). Daily weight gain and antibody titer against Newcastle disease and SRBC were higher in birds receiving the inulin-supplemented dietcompared to other birds (P<0.05). In conclusion, the use of 0.1 % emulsifier and inulin, either singly or in combination, in the diet of broiler chickenscan be useful for improving growth performance and immune response.

Introduction:

The digestion and absorption of dietary fats involve processing of insoluble triglycerides in water, which is done by bile activity to emulsify the fats and then to hydrolyze them by lipase. Lipid digestion is not optimal, especially in young birds and it is improved with increasing age; this is due to the low capacity of the digestive system in the secretion of lipase and bile acids, so that the lipase function in one-day-old chickens is one percent of its activity in 21 days of age. Emulsifiers can distribute fat droplets in the emulsion, which is required for the digestion and absorption of fats. Lysophospholipids increase the ability of the emulsion of the fat in the diet and facilitate the development of the chylomicron and, as a result, it increases the digestive capacity and absorption of lipids, such as essential fatty acids and lipid soluble vitamins in the small intestine. The purpose of this study was to estimate the added value of lysophospholipid supplement in corn-soybean diets and its added effect on metabolizable energy (ME) of different types of fat during the growth period of broiler chicks.

Materials and methods:

 Three hundred and fifty day-old male Ross 308 broiler chicks were obtained from a commercial hatchery unit. First, the whole chicks were kept in the pan for up to 14 days of age and fed with standard starter (1-10 days) and grower (11-14 days) diets. At 15 d of age, 288 chicks were divided into 144 two-part groups, then they were transferred randomly to metabolic cages and fed with experimental diets. The trial was conducted in a completely randomized design with factorial arrangement of two lysophospholipid (0 and 250 g/ton) levels, three fat sources (soybean oil, tallow and their mix) and four levels of fat (0, 3, 6 and 9 % replaced in diet) with 6 replicates of 2 male birds each. Twelve experimental diets were prepared by replacing and mixing four levels of soy oil, tallow and/or their mixture (50:50) in the basal diet. Then, each diet was divided into two equal parts; one part was mixed with 0.25 g/kg of supplemental lysophospholipid and the other one was kept intact to make 24 diets.

Results and Discussion:

 According to the different ratio of saturated fatty acids to unsaturated fatty acids (SFA: UFA) between tallow (33:60) and soybean oil (16:84), it is known that saturated fatty acids are less digestible in animal fats compared with fatty acids of vegetable oils. Addition of supplemental lysophospholipid did not have any significant effects on dietary ME, digestibility of dry matter (DM) and crude fat (CF). The interaction effect of the replacement level and the sources of fat was significant for the ME of diet, in which the basal diet with 9 percent soybean oil replacement had the highest ME compared to the other levels and the other fat sources. Two and three way interactions were not significant for ME and digestibility of dietary DM and CF. No significant effect of lysophospholipids on the digestibility of dietary nutrients using 1 and 1.5 g/kg of diet. The effects of lysophospholipids on the digestibility of nutrients depend on factors such as the difference in the base diet, especially in ingredient, the composition and ratio of fat in the diet and the emulsifier (lysophospholipid), which can lead to different responses. Soybean oil had the most ME among the sources of fat. The ME of soybean oil, tallow and their mixture was determined using replacement method to be 8367, 6134 and 6547 kcal/kg, respectively. Studies have shown that the degree of saturation, the amount of free fatty acids, and the position of fatty acids on the glycerol basis affect utilization of fat by the bird. Possibly, the effect of lipophospholipids on the digestibility of crude fat from diets containing tallow can complete the function of bile salts. In normal conditions, there is little effect on high amounts of saturated fatty acids. The lysophospholipid supplementation improved the ME of various sources of fat about 596.4 kcal/kg. The estimated added value (matrix) of lysophospholipid supplement for ME in each kilogram of soybean oil, tallow and their mixture, were 157, 43 and 211 kcal/kg, respectively.

Conclusion :

The results of this study showed that the lysophospholipid supplementation increased the ME of supplemental fats but had no significant effect on the ME, digestibility of DM and CF in diet.

Introduction Recently, dietary balance of glucogenic and lipogenic nutrients is known as an important factor on severity of the NEB and metabolic disorders in transition dairy ruminants. Insulin plays a central role in metabolism by stimulating utilization of glucose in peripheral tissues such as muscle and adipose tissue and by promoting accumulation of glycogen and lipid reserves. In this study the main hypothesis was that plasma insulin concentration would be influenced by dietary quantity and quality of starch and fat. In different studies in dairy cows, insulin was increased by diets with high starch content and was decreased by diets with high fat content, although increased insulin concentrations were found when supplementary fat increased energy intake. Blood concentrations of NEFA, BHBA, Glucose, insulin, cholesterol, AST and the quantity of RQUICKI were assigned to detect the insulin sensitivity in dairy cows. This experiment was aimed to study the dietary fat concentration and starch degradability effects on insulin resistance in ruminants in equal energy diet, using Baluchi sheep.
Materials and methods Twenty and eight female Baluchi lamb with 14.9 ± 2.3 wk of age and 26.3 ± 4.6 kg of BW were assigned to 4 treatments in completely randomized design with 2×2 factorial arrangement and fed 4 rations; 1) without tallow-corn (glucogenic-corn), 2) without tallow-barley (glucogenic-barley), 3) tallow-corn (lipogenic-corn) and 4) tallow-barley (lipogenic-barley), for 9 weeks. Experimental TMR rations were formulated with 60% concentrate and 40% alfalfa according to the AFRC, 1993. Lambs had free access to clean water and feed through individual boxes. Daily feed intake, body weight gain and fasting blood sampling were detected weekly. Blood sampling were sampled by the 6ml tubes (Gel/Clot activator, GD060SGC, Zhejiang Gongdong Medical Technology Co., Ltd), then Serums were reserved in the -800C until blood metabolites detection. Statistical analysis was performed by SAS (9.1) software.
Results and discussion Experimental diets was not affected on average feed intake of lambs, but body weight gain and feed efficiency in week 4 to 8, affected by fat × cereal interaction and they were highest in lipogenic-corn treatment and feed efficiency was correlated with serum glucose concentration (P

Introduction Using vegetable oils and animal fats in poultry diets have beneficial effects for poultry production. They often have higher biological value than expected, increasing dietary metabolizable energy, which usually results in higher growth rates and better feed efficiency. Sterol-regulatory element binding proteins (SREBPs) play a key role in transcriptional regulation of cholesterol metabolism in response to cholesterol levels in the cell. This study was carried out to evaluate the effects of soy-lecithin, soy-oil and tallow on performance and expression of SREBP-1 gene in the liver of broiler chickens.
Materials and methods A total of 768 male broiler chickens (Ross 308 strain) were used in a completely randomized design as a 3 × 4 factorial arrangement with 4 replicates and 16 chicks per each. Broiler chickens were fed with three types of fat (soy-lecithin, soy-oil and or tallow) and four levels of fat (0, 1, 2, and 3) from day 1 to day 42. Experimental diets were formulated to be isocaloric and isonitrogenous. At 42 d, liver samples of birds washed with normal saline, put into the liquid nitrogen tank and transferred to -80°C freezer. Relative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was performed to assess HSP70 gene expression in the heart and liver of broiler chickens. Total RNAs were extracted from the homogenised tissues using high pure RNA isolation kit (Roche, Basel, Switzerland). RNA concentration was assayed by spectrophotometer nano-drop (MD-1000) in wavelength of 260/280 nm. Synthesis of cDNA was done by gene PAK RT universal kit (Fermentas, Hanover, MD, USA), with reverse specific primer and hexanucleotide random primer. Genotype and sequence of the primers of B-actin and SREBP-1 was collected from the National Center for Biotechnology Information (Bethesda, MD, USA). Then, specific primers were designed by primer-5 software and examined by BLAST for checking the specificity of primers. Synthesis of the primers was done by Sigma Company. Qualitative PCR showed that primers designed well and there was no non-specific band or primer dimer (Figures 1 and 2). Optimization of annealing temperature was examined with melting curve by applied biosystems-7300 RT-PCR system. The highest ∆Rn and the lowest Ct were considered to determine the optimum annealing temperature, which was 62°C for both genes. The optimum level of primers was 0.15 µL. Real time PCR was executed in triplicate. Reaction conditions were 45 cycles of a three phase PCR (denaturation at 95°C for 15 s; annealing at 62°C for 30 s; extension at 72°C for 30 s) after an initial denaturation step (95°C for 10 min). In real-time assay, a melt curve analysis, performed at the end of the PCR cycles, will confirm specificity of primer annealing. The thermal profile for melting curve is 95°C for 15 s, 60°C for 1 min; 95°C for 15 s and 60°C for 15 s. The efficiency calibrated model is a more generalized ∆∆Ct model. In this model, Ct is the sign of the first cycle that amplification curve begins to rise. The model considers both Ct of target gene and also Ct of reference gene or housekeeping gene. ∆Ct for each target gene is then calculated by subtracting the Ct number of target gene from that of housekeeping gene for each sample. ∆∆Ct for each gene was calculated by subtracting the ∆Ct of target sample from that of control sample.
Results and discussion Soy-lecithin improved birds’ average daily feed intake and average daily body weight gain during the whole experimental period (PConclusion Since dietary soy-lecithin had a similar growth performance compared to soy oil, it can be included as an energy source in broiler chickens diets. Further studies should be done to clear the physiological mechanisms of soy-lecithin on birds’ performance.

In order to study the effect of different levels of desiccated ox bile (DOB; 0.00, 0.25, and 0.50%) and organic acid (OA; 0.00, 0.15, and 0.30% of the diet) on performance, fat digestibility, blood metabolites and ileal digesta viscosity in broiler chickens fed diets containing 5% tallow, in a completely randomized design with a 3×3 factorial arrangement and 4 replicates in each treatment, 360 day-old Ross male broiler chickens were used. The isocaloric and isonitrogenous starter and grower diets were fed ad libitum to chickens from 0-21 and 21-42 days of age, respectively. Feed intake (FI), body weight gains (BWG), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) was measured for starter (7-21d) and grower periods (21-42 days of age). Chromic oxide at the rate of 3 g/kg was added to experimental diets to determine fat digestibility at 19-21 and 40-42 days of age. Serum cholesterol (Chol), triglyceride (TG), high density lipoprotein (HDL), low density lipoprotein (LDL) and ileal digesta viscosity were measured at 21 and 42 days of age. Addition of DOB significantly increased BWG during 7 to 42d of age and FCR during 7 to 21 was improved. Although fat digestibility significantly increased by supplemental 0.50% DOB and 0.15% OA in the starter period, no interaction was observed between dietary DOB and OA for these parameters. Dietary OA had no effect on blood parameters, but supplemental 0.50% DOB significantly increased blood chemistry. Interaction between DOB and OA showed an increasing effect in Chol and TG at 42 days of age. Digesta viscosity was remained unchanged by dietary treatments. The results of this study indicated that supplementation of DOB in the diet significantly increased BWG and measured blood metabolites. Dietary supplementation of DOB increased fat digestibility of the birds fed diet containing 5% tallow.