جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « abdominal fat » در نشریات گروه « علوم دام »

Lipids (fat and oil) are the most concentrated sources of energy for animals, which are usually added to poultry diets to meet energy requirements for better performance (Abudabos 2014). However, there are problems with dietary lipid levels and digestibility in poultry, especially in young birds due to low bile secretion (Ravindran et al 2016). This physiological limitation of the poultry digestive system can be solved by using exogenous emulsifiers. Emulsifier can help increase the active level of lipids, stimulate the formation of micelles, and then increase the digestibility of dietary lipids and other nutrients in broilers (Siyal et al 2017). Upadhaya et al (2017) showed that 1, 3-diacylglycerol as an exogenous emulsifier can improve growth performance and increase nutrient digestibility in broilers. In addition, a large number of studies have also shown that exogenous emulsifier can improve meat quality and regulate fat metabolism of broilers (Zhao and Kim 2017). Bile acids are the main pathway of cholesterol catabolism in mammals. Cholesterol is converted into bile acids by changes in ring structure, oxidation and side chain shortening (Li and Chiang 2019). The chemistry of bile acids is complex due to the large variety of chemical structures in natural compounds such as cholic acid, kenodeoxycholic acid, deoxycholic acid, and lithocholic acid. Bile acids of birds are mainly composed of kenodeoxycholic acid and cholic acid (Hoffman and Hagee 2018). Recently, bile acids have been considered as an emulsifier to increase digestibility (Upadhaya et al 2019) and improve the performance of broiler chickens (Parsai et al 2007). Supplementation of bile acids in the diet of broilers significantly improves fat digestibility (Lammasak et al 2019). The effect of bile salts on performance, carcass characteristics and blood parameters of broiler chickens were investaigeted.

Three hundered one-day-old broilers (Ross 308) were divided into 5 treatments and 6 replications with 10 birds in each replication. Five experimental treatments included the control diet (corn soybean based diet), emulsifier (added to control diet) and three levels of 0.05%, 0.1% and 0.2% of poultry bile salts (added to control diet). All the dietary treatment were fed to the birds from day one to day 42 of age. The experiment lasted for 42 days and were performed during the starter (1-10 days), grower (11-24 days) and finisher (25-42 days). Performnce indices were measured during the difeferned periods and carcass characteristics and blood parameters were determined on day 42 of age. The data obtained from the present study were statistically analyzed using SAS statistical software and GLM procedure. To compare the means, Tukey's test was used.

The results showed that consumption of different levels of bile salts had no significant effect on feed consumption (P<0.05). However, consumption of 0.1% bile salts improved body weight gain and feed conversion ratio during the starter period (P<0.05). Previous studies have shown that the consumption of 0.05% commercial emulsifier can improve the growth performance of broiler chickens (Wang et al 2016). In addition, in the present study, 0.05% poultry bile acids supplement significantly improved daily weight gain and feed conversion ratio during 1 to 10 days, which is consistent with the results of Alzawqari et al (2011) regarding bile. These researchers observed improvement in daily weight gain with 0.05% bovine bile acid supplementation. Arshad et al (2020) reported that feed intake was not affected by bile acid supplementation in the initial, growth, finisher and overall periods. In the newly hatched chick, the ability to digest and absorb dietary fat is poor as a result of limited bile secretion (Tancharonrat et al 2013). For this reason, artificial bile acid and bile salts have shown the greatest effect in young broiler chickens to improve fat digestion, and the improvement in the performance of birds receiving bile in the initial period of recent research was for this reason. The results of Maisonnier et al (2016) showed that 0.5% of pig bile acids can increase fat digestibility and body weight in broilers. These results may imply that the supplementation of bile acids in diets improved the growth performance of broiler chickens by increasing the solubility and digestibility of dietary fat and fat-soluble nutrients in this study. Abdominal fat decreased significantly by consumption of 0.1% bile salts (P<0.05). Subcutaneous fat and abdominal fat are considered as the main factors influencing the performance of poultry carcasses (Tůmová and Teimouri 2010). In agreement with our results, many researchers have pointed out the positive effects of emulsifier on reducing fat status and improving carcass quality in broiler chickens (Zhao and Kim 2017). Blood triglyceride concentration was decreased in 0.05% bile salts fed birds wherease cholesterol and uric acid concentrations decreased in the birds fed emulsifier (P<0.05). Triglyceride, cholesterol, HDL and LDL blood are key indicators of lipid metabolism balance (Helkin et al 2017). In agreement with our results, researchers reported that bile acids increased hepatic AST and ALT activity in broilers and reduced serum triglyceride levels, which could be due to the participation of these enzymes in the lipogenesis process (Ge et al 2019). In addition, Siyal et al (2017) showed that feed emulsifier can reduce serum triglyceride concentration in broilers. It can also be stated that bile acids may enhance fat catabolism and inhibit fat synthesis by regulating the expression of genes related to lipid metabolism which may play a pivotal role in improving serum lipid profile and reducing fat deposition in broiler chickens (Ge et al 2019).

Totally, it was found that dietary bile salts supplementation improves the performance of, carcass characteristics and blood lipids in broiler chcikens.

An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of autolyzed yeast with enzyme supplementation and barley particle size on energy and protein efficiency ratio, immune system and ileal digestibility with 400 one-day-old Ross 308 broiler chickens from both sexes in completely randomized design with factorial arrangement 2×4 with 8 treatments, 5 replicates from 1 to 35 days of age. The experimental treatments included type of additive (without additive, enzyme, autolyzed yeast and autolyzed yeast with enzyme) and barley particle size (fine (2 mm) and coarse (8 mm)). Supplementation of autolyzed yeast and enzyme improved FCR compared to the treatment without additives (P>0.05). Autolyzed yeast with coarse barley particles increased the European efficiency factor, energy and protein efficiency ratio compared to other treatments (P>0.05). Supplementation of enzyme led to a decrease in abdominal fat percentage compared to other treatments (P<0.05). Autolyzed yeast with enzyme increased the length and dry matter percentage of the tibia compared to the treatment without additives (P<0.05). Addition of autolyzed yeast with enzyme improved the response immune system compared to other treatments (P<0.05). Supplementation of autolyzed yeast with enzyme improved the ileal digestibility compared to other treatments (P<0.05). Addition autolyzed yeast alone and with enzyme decreased litter pH compared to the treatment receiving enzyme alone and the treatment without additive (P<0.05). As summary, autolyzed yeast with enzyme can be used to improve the performance of broiler chickens fed diets containing barley.

Cottonseed meal (CSM) is a by-product of the separation of oil from cottonseed, which is limited in poultry feed due to its gossypol, cyclopropenoid fatty acids, high fiber and low protein quality. For this purpose, in the present study, the effect of different levels of cottonseed meal with silymarin on the performance and some blood parameters of broilers was investigated.

Treatments consisted of different levels of CSM (0, 12 and 24 percentage of diet) and 2 levels of silymarin (0 and 600 ppm) that was performed in completely randomized design with 2×3 factorial arrangement with 240 broiler chicks. Experimental diets for starter period (1 to 21 days) and grower period (22 to 42 days) were performed based on the requirements of the National Research Council. Feed intake (FI), body weight gain (BWG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were recorded weekly. On day 42 of breeding, blood samples were taken to evaluate blood lipid parameters. Breast weight, thighs, abdominal fat, total gastrointestinal tract, liver, spleen and bursa of fabricius were also measured at day 42 and the data were reported as a percentage of live body weight.

The results of this experiment showed that dietary supplementation of silymarin was more effective on increasing FI in birds that consumed 12% CSM at starter period. Supplementation of silymarin to the control diet significantly decreased FI at grower period and whole period of experiment (p<0.05). Improved BWG and FCR was related to the birds fed silymarin at 2 levels (0 and 600 ppm) without cottonseed meal (p<0.05). Highest relative weight of thigh was related to the birds that consumed diet without cottonseed meal and silymarin. Highest value of relative weight of breast was recorded for the birds that received diet with silymarin and without CSM that had significant difference to the diet contains cottonseed meal (with or without silymarin). Also, highest value of relative weight of gastro-intestinal tract was recorded for the birds that received diet with 12% CSM and silymarin. The plasma LDL level of birds fed diet with silymarin and without CSM were lowest that had significant difference to the other treatments (p<0.05). Also, dietary supplementation of silymarin at the lack of CSM increased but in CSM diets decreased significantly plasma triglyceride concentration (p<0.05).

The results of this experiment showed that supplementation of silymarin at 600 ppm to the CSM diets could not reduce negative effects of gossypol in broiler chickens.

Iron is an essential trace element for all living organisms. It plays an important role in many metabolic processes and required for synthesis of DNA, RNA and proteins. It is essential for cellular enzymes of oxidases, catalases, peroxidases, cytochromes, ribonucleotide reductases, aconitases, and nitric oxide synthases (Dallman 1982; Lieu et al. 2001). Unfortunately there are millions of people in the world who suffer from deficiency of essential trace element such as iron and zinc and according to World Health Organization (WHO) iron deficiency is the most common nutritional disorder in the world and it has epidemic proportions (Lopez et al. 2002; Abbaspour et al. 2014). The iron (Fe) requirement of broiler chicks has been reported to range from 40 to 80 mg Fe/kg diet (Vahl London and Klooster, 1987; NRC, 1994). Vahl London and Klooster (1987) found that increasing level of dietary inorganic Fe from 0 to 180 mg/kg increased haematological indices such as Hb and TIBC in broilers. Also, Yang et al (2011) reported that inclusion of inorganic Fe into broilers diet had no effect on growth performance.

A total of 450 one-day-old Ross 308 male broiler chicks were used as 3×3 factorial design with three levels of 0.0, 40 and 80 mg/kg supplemental Fe (FeSO4.7H2O) during total (T: 1-42 days of age), grower and finisher (GF: 11-42 days of age) and finisher (F: 25-42 days of age) periods. The basal diet included corn-soybean meal with 85.40, 83.72 and 84.37 mg Fe per kg diet in starter, grower and finisher feeding phases, respectively. On the 42 day of the study, final body weight, average daily feed intake (ADFI), average daily weight gain (ADWG) were recorded and feed conversion ratio (FCR) was calculated for whole experimental period. Mortality rate was recorded daily and used to adjust the FCR. After slaughtering and removal of skin and feather, whole carcass, breast muscle, thigh muscle, and abdominal fat were excised and weighed individually. Yields were expressed as the percentage of live body weight. At 42 days of age, blood samples were obtained via wing vein of 5 birds in each treatment and collected into vials containing EDTA. The red blood cell (RBC) and white blood cell (WBC) counts were determined by a hemocytometer method using Natt-Herrick solution; hematocrit (HCT/PCV) and hemoglobin (Hb) values were measured by microhematocrit and cyanmethemoglobin methods respectively (Kececi et al., 1998). The mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) were computed according to Campbell (1995). Also, whole serum iron and total iron binding capacity (TIBC) were determined by methods described by Fairbanks (1999) and Andrews (2010), respectively.

The results showed that supplementing basal diet with 80 mg/kg FeSO4 significantly (p < 0.001) decreased ADFI in broilers during T period. However, supplemental Fe from dietary groups at different periods had no significant effect on ADWG and FCR. Similar to present study, Mrkaljevic (2014) observed no effect of high levels of iron (140 to 240 mg/kg) on growth performance. It seems that high levels of dietary Fe rather than recommended level in NRC (1994) does not lead to significant effect on production performance, because iron intake can be limitedly absorb and the rest of iron intake will be finally excreted. Also, adding FeSO4 significantly (p < 0.05) increased the yield of thigh and breast muscle of birds at T and GF periods, respectively. Compared with birds fed the diet supplemented with 80 mg/kg of FeSO4, abdominal fat percentage of birds fed control diet and 40 mg/kg FeSO4 significantly influenced during the T period (p < 0.001). The control of lipid deposition in broilers aimed at efficient lean-meat poultry production is of current interest and any reduction in the amount of abdominal fat is considered to be positive by both producers and consumers (Hermier, 1997). It was reported that the high prevalence of micronutrient deficiencies such as iron, zinc, vitamin A, vitamin E and vitamin C might be contributing to the development of obesity (Garcia et al. 2013), and these micronutrients decrease or inhibit the expression of leptin, in both humans and animal models (Garcia et al. 2013; Garcia-Diaz et al. 2010). Microcytic hypochromic anemia is the most important anemia in poultry. This type of anemia can be seen in iron deficiency when the MCV, MCH and MCHC are reduced (Weiss and Wardrop, 2010). Blood hematological indices such as Hb, HCT, MCV, MCH, serum Fe concentration and TIBC was increased in chickens fed 40 and 80 mg Fe/kg compared to control diet (p < 0.01). Blood parameters are good indicators of physiological, pathological and nutritional status of an animal and changes in hematological parameters demonstrate the effect of dietary factors and additives in the diet of any living creature (Ganong, 1999). Increased hematological indices such as Hb and HCT, which are the main indicators in estimating iron requirements for broiler chickens, indicate the supply of iron requirements in broiler chickens and physiologically, they provide bird health (Ma et al. 2016). In the current study, the use of additive levels of iron sulfate supplementation from 0 to 80 mg/kg resulted in an increase in serum iron levels in broiler chicks. It was demonstrated that serum iron is typically decreased in iron deficiency and in inflammatory diseases (Weiss, 2010).

It was concluded that use of 40 and 80 mg/kg FeSO4 had no remarkable effect on performance, but can be improved hematological status of broiler chicks by elevating of Hb, PCV, MCV, MCH, serum iron concentrations and reducing TIBC value.

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of different levels of oak acorn and sex on abdominal fat and mRNA expression of pancreatic lipase gene in broiler chicken. A total of 264 one-day old boilers of male and female for Cobb 500 strain were assigned in a completely randomized design to 3 experimental groups each with 4 replicates (22 broilers per replication). In the first treatment (control), the broiler chicks were fed with early and end-of-corn diets (without oak), while in the other two treatments, the diets contained 15 or 20% oak acorn. In order to determine the effect of treatments on lipase gene expression at the age of 21 and 42 days from each treatment, 6 broilers were slaughtered and sampled from their pancreatic tissue. Gene expression data were analyzed using SAS and REST softwares. The results showed that the expression of the pancreatic lipase gene was significantly higher in 15 and 20% oak acorn treatments relative to control group (P<0.05) on day 21,however, there was no significant difference in expression of lipase gene on day 42 (P>0.05). In addition, relative weight of abdominal fat was significantly increased in both treatments of oak acorn on day 42 (P<0.05).

The effect of Pioglitazone and Curcumin on lipid metabolism and plasma metabolites of broiler breeder was investigated as a completely randomized design with three treatments and four replications by using of 60 hens at age 45 weeks during 10 weeks. Experimental treatments including: 1) Control (basal diet), 2) Adding 20 mg/bird/day Pioglitazone to diet and, 3) Adding 20 mg/bird/day Curcumin to diet. At the end of experiment, blood samples were collected, and birds were slaughtered. The results showed that hens receiving Pioglitazone or Curcumin had higher egg production and shell thickness when compared with control group (p<0.05). However, the yolk and egg weight of birds in the control group were higher than two another groups (p<0.05). Plasma concentrations of glucose, triglycerides and cholesterol were lower in hens feeding Pioglitazone or Curcumin than control (p<0.05). Liver and abdominal fat weight and adipocyte diameter were lower in birds receiving Pioglitazone or Curcumin (p<0.05). Based on current results, dietary supplementation of Pioglitazone or Curcumin, through lowering plasma lipids and subsequently positive influence on abdominal fat tissue and liver, could improve production in broiler breeders.

In order to investigate the effects of Aqueous extract of phenolic compounds in green hulls of two varieties Pistachios green hull Kaleghochi and Fandoghi on performance and carcass characteristics, blood biochemical parameters and immune response of broiler, a total of 220 male day old chicks (Ross 308) were allocated to 20 experimental units in a completely randomized design with five treatments, four replicates and 11 birds each. Treatments were 0, 200 and 400 mg/kg of water extract of Kaleghochi and 200 and 400 mg/kg of water extract of fandoghi. Body weight, feed intake and feed conversion ratio were measured at the end of each of three nutrition periods including starter (0-10 days), grower (11-24 days) and end (25-46 days). Two birds of each replicate were slaughtered and bleed to measure the blood biochemical parameters and immune system at 24 and 46 days. Results were indicated that the body weight gain and feed intake were higher in 400mg/kg Kaleghochi pistachio hulls extract as compared to control. The FCR were decreased when birds fed 400mg/kg Kaleghochi pistachio hulls extract. There were no significant differences among treatments for relative weight of carcass organs except for abdominal fat. The both pistachio hulls extract decreased the abdominal fat, cholesterol, triglyceride, and LDL (P<0.05). The enzyme activity of aspartate aminotransferase was decreased when birds fed both pistachio hulls extract. The pistachio hull extract improved the immune response against SRBC as compared to control. It is concluded that supplementation of Kaleghochi and/or Fandoghi pistachio hulls extract may improve the performance, immune response, decrease abdominal fat and blood lipid profile of broiler chickens.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of Pillaring bentonite nanostructure on growth performance, carcass components and blood parameters of broilers challenged by aflatoxin (AF). A total of 128 day-old Ross 308 broiler chicks in a completely randomized design were randomly allotted to 4 treatments, 4 replicates and 8 birds in each. The birds were reared for 35 days. Experimental groups consisted of: negative control (C), positive control (basal diet with aflatoxin) (AF) and two level 0.25 and 0.75 % of Pillared bentonite added to basal diet with aflatoxin B1 (positive control). The Pillaring process increased the concentration FeO (1.99 to 8.42%) and decreased concentration Na2O (2.43 to 0.43 %) in Pillared bentonite as compared to sodium bentonite. The aflatoxin increased feed conversion ratio and enzyme activity ALP and ALT as compared to control diet. Supplementation of 0.25% Pillared bentonite to the infected diet of broilers increased the feed intake and body weight and decreased the concentration of ALT. Addition 0.75% Pillared bentonite increased the concentration of ALT and ALP as compare to positive control. Therefore, the supplementation of Pillared bentonite nanostructure to broiler diets infected with aflatoxin improved the performance and reduced the liver enzyme activity. The results of present research showed that Aflatoxin may had no effect on body weight and feed intake of broilers and the levels of 0.25 Pillared bentonite nanostructure has the best efficient on performance of broiler fed diets contained aflatoxin.

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the time of the switch from a saturated (tallow) to an unsaturated (sunflower oil) dietary fat source on the performance of broiler chickens. A field experiment was carried out in which seven hundred (Ross hybrid female) broiler chicks were randomly distributed into seven groups with five replicates of 20 birds during a 6 week experiment. The birds were fed ad libitum with isocaloric and isonitrogenous diets containing 5 percent fat (tallow or sunflower oil) for two periods 1-21 and 22-42 days. Tallow was replaced by sunflower oil in the weekly diet of chicks (first treatment six weeks tallow، second treatment 5 weeks tallow followed by one week sunflower oil، and soon to the seventh treatment fed by sunflower oil for the whole six week). Results show that the dietary treatment for 1-21 days period had no significant effect on the body weight (p>0. 05). Further، birds fed diets supplemented with sunflower oil for 22-42 day and the whole period of experiment gained more weight compared to those fed diets supplemented with tallow (p<0. 05). Feed consumption was significantly higher for chicks fed tallow-supplemented diets in 1-21 days period and the whole period of the experiment (p<0. 05). The feed consumption decreased with replacing the type of fat from saturated to unsaturated (p<0. 05). however، in growing period diets had no significant effect on the feed consumption (p>0. 05). Chicks fed sunflower oil diet had the best value for feed conversion ratio (p<0. 05). The highest and the lowest melting points were observed in the first and the 5th-7th treatments، respectively (p<0. 05).

To determine the protein polymorphism of ovine transferrin association with carcass economic traits in Makoei, blood samples of 576 (male and female) lambs with two types of Venoject (EDTA anticoagulant containing and non-anticoagulant containing). plasma and serum were then separated and kept in the Central Laboratory of Animal Science Depaartment in Karaj at -20°C. The research was conducted in Maysam Slaughter House located in Robat Karim. Transferrin polymorphism was determined through horizontal electrophoresis gel polyacrylamid. In total 24 genotypes with 10 respective alleles of C, B, D, A, E, G, L, K, M, Q, frequency were determined. The C allele with 0.29 frequency was the frequent allele and the M one with the 0.004 frequency was the rare allele. Association of polymorphic variations of ovine transferrin with live weight, hot carcass weight, hot carcass weight with and fat-tail weight was significant (P<0.01), but the genotypes of different proteins of transferrin with abdominal fat were not recorded as significant (P>0.05).