جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « chewing activity » در نشریات گروه « علوم دام »

Sunflower is primarily an oil crop but the plant itself and its crop residues are used as animal feed. This study was to investigate the replacing of sunflower head wastes with wheat straw.

This research was conducted in the form of two experiments. In the first experiment, in order to determine the degradability of dry matter and neutral detergent fibre (NDF) of sunflower heads, three rams of Dalagh breed with rumen fistula were used and in the second experiment, 8 male Afshari lambs with an average live weight of 30±4.5 kg were tested in the change-over design with zero, 7, 14 and 21% in the diet. In this research, feed intake, digestibility, blood parameters, and chewing activity were measured.

The results showed that degradation percentage of DM and NDF was 20.41 and 25.59, respectively at time zero, and at 96 hour later it reached to the highest level of degradation equal to 73.47% and 46.40%, respectively. In this study dry matter intake (DM) was influenced by the experimental treatments (P=0.003). Replacing wheat straw with sunflower head improved digestibility of dry matter, organic matter and neutral detergent fiber but not significant. The feed conversion rate was improved with sunflower head treatments but not significant. Lambs that were used sunflower head residues, had more weight gain compared to the control group. None of the treatments containing sunflower head residues had a significant effect on blood parameters. Eating and chewing activity and whole chewing activity were influenced by the experimental treatments (p=0.01). The highest rumination activity per kg neutral detergent fiber, was related to the control treatment.

In general, replacing wheat straw with sunflower head residues up to 21 percent in the diet, can be done successfully. In general, according to daily weight gain, sunflower head residues can be replaced up to 21% levels in the diet by wheat straw.

This research was conducted to investigate the effects of corn and sorghum silages particle size on feed intake, digestibility, rumen parameters and feed intake behavior in Kermani sheep. Around 1000 kg of fresh corn and sorghum forages were chopped into two coarse and fine particle sizes and ensiled for 45 days. Four male Kermani sheep, 34.0±0.8 kg average BW, were used in this experiment which was conducted in a completely randomized design, with a 2 × 2 factorial experiment. There were four experimental periods and each of which lasted 21d, with 14d adaptation, 7d of sample collection. The ratio of forage to concentrate was 60: 40. Experimental diets were: 1) coarse corn silage diet, 2) fine corn silage diet, 3) coarse sorghum silage diet and 4) fine sorghum silage diet. The NDF content was higher in the sorghum silages than corn silages (p<0.05). In diets containing fine silage, ruminal pH tended to decrease after two hours of intake. Population of Holotrich and Cellulolytic protozoa increased when coarse silages were fed to animals (P<0.05). The maximum microbial protein synthesis in the rumen was achieved in diets containing fine silage(P<0.05). Duration of feed intake, rumination and chewing activity were higher in coarse silage diets (P<0.05). The types of silage did not have significant effect on animals’ performance and dietary feed intake behavior. In conclusion, corn silage can be replaced by sorghum silage, without any negative effect on feed intake, digestibility, and rumen parameters in sheep.

The objective of this experiment was to study the effects of two levels of barley silage particle size and two types of grain, barley and maize on feed intake, nutrients digestibility, rumen parameters and feeding behaviors in sheep. Statistical analysis was conducted using the changeover design experiment. Whole-plant barley was harvested at 28±1.5% moisture in 8 and 16 mm theoretical chop lengths for prepering short- and long- silages. Four male kermani sheep with the average weight of 53.38±2.05 kg were used and Experimental diets were: 1) long barley silage and barley grain 2) long barley silage and 20 percent corn grain 3) short barley silage and barley grain 4) short barley silage and 20 percent corn grain. Dry matter intake was influenced by the type of grain and was higher in diets that contain 20 percent corn grain (P<0.05). Rumen pH was affected by barley silage particle sizeand 2 types of grain, at 2 and 4 hours after feeding and was higher in long barley silage and 20 percent corn containing diets (p<0.05). Ammonia nitrogen concentration in rumen and microbial nitrogen and protein synthesis weren't influenced by treatments (p>0.05). Feeding behaviors, were affected by barley silage particle size, but did not affect by grain type. Dry matter intake was increased in 20% corn grain diets, due to increased pH and better rumen environment.

An experiment was carried out to evaluate the effects of particle size of two forages on rumen parameters of ten Sangsari fistulated lactating ewes using a complete randomized design with five treatments in six replications during 30 days.Experimental rations includes 1) coarse alfalfa犆ꮱ corn silage 2) medium alfalfaઆꮱ corn silage 3) medium alfalfa 縩 corn silage 4) Fine alfalfa犆ꮱ corn silage 5) Fine alfalfaᘩ corn silage. The ruminal content of ewes manually evacuated at 3, 7.5, and 12 h post feeding and seprated to particulate and liquied phase. The chemical composition of feed ingredients and experimental rations were similar but particle size of forages was different among treatments. Along with decrease of particle size, pef>8 decreased significantly. Also, reduction of particle size decreased the value of pef>1.18 in alfalfa and corn silage. Geometric mean of particles was decreased significantly with decrease of particle size, but standard deviation of geometric mean was tended to significance. Consumption of neutral detergent fiber was not affected by forage particle size. Geometric mean of solid particle size in rumen at different hours after feeding did not show significant difference. Along with increase of time after feeding, portion of passable phase particles from rumen was increased. Feeding activity and total chewing time were not affected by experimental treatment, but as was expectable along with decrease of particle size, rumination time was decreased significantly.

In order to design, manufactur and use chewing activity automatical recorder and more accurate assessment of livestock nutrition from 8 Holstein dairy cattle were used with similar production, weight, age, breed and health in change over design 2×2 in two 21-day periods (2 weeks to adapt to the diet and 7 days for sampling). Treatments were 2 diets with the same chemical composition and different alfalfa hay particle size. The geometric mean of coarse and fine alfalfa hay, and geometric mean of two experimental rations were 3.09, 4.65, 2.91, and 3.6 mm, respectively. Animal chewing activity was recorded with visual observation and chewing activity automatically recorder. Rumination time in cows fed fine particle size was lower (P= 0.0159). Eating time was not significant different by visual observation and chewing activity automatical recorder. The jaw displacement during each a rumination meal was 334.34 and 295.47 cm for fine and coarse diet, respectively (P= 0.0001). The each rumination time In this study was ranged from 68.93 to 55.33 seconds for diets containing fine and coarse particles (P= 0.0001). The chewing of a rumination meal was reduced by increasing of particle size. The movement of jaw in one second of rumination was 4.86 and 5.34 for diets containing fine and coarse particles, respectively (P= 0.1706). The degree of displacement in a jaw movement of one minute of rumination did not change with increasing feed particles size (P= 0.1706). The jaw movements in resting time between each meal of rumination were 4.61 and 4.46 seconds for fine and coarse diets. In current experiment, In addition to evaluating the chewing activity automatical recorder was confirmed accuracy and the precision of its operation.

Present experiment was conducted to compare the performance of Romanov×Lori Bakhtiari crossbred (F1) and Lori Bakhtiari male lambs. Fifteen lambs (initial body weight of 20±1 kg) from each group were fed ad libitum by a balanced diet, and weightd at the end of fattening period and at 15-days intervals. Average daily gain, daily feed intake, diet digestibility, rumen pH and ammonia nitrogen, blood glucose and urea nitrogen were determined. Chewing activity was studied during 24 h. At the end of fattening period, three lambs from each group were slaughtered, and the hot carcass and offal weights and were measured. Dry matter (58.79 vs. 62.35 %) and acid detergent fiber (35.84 vs. 39.92 %) digestibility in crossbred lambs were less than Lori-Bakhtiari sheep (P

Introduction Today, the citrus industry supplies the large quantities of diversed by-products such as whole citrus fruits, fresh or dried citrus pulp, citrus molasses, and silage as feed for animals. In 2000-2003, global production of citrus was 4.69 MT. Iran has produced 3.5 MT citrus fruits (3.5 % of the world's production) and is known as the world's sixth-largest citrus producing country. Citrus by-product feedstuff can be used as a high energy feed in ruminant rations to support rumen microflora, growth and lactation, with fewer negative effects on rumen fermentation than starch rich feeds (Leiva et al., 2000), andimproves dietary fiber digestion, rumen fermentation and microbial protein synthesis. To increase the usefulness of citrus pulp it can be preserved by drying, but direct drying is difficult because of the slimy consistency of the waste. Citrus pulp may be ensiled alone or in combination with high dry matter cereal crop residues, such as wheat straw to control effluent outputs from silages. Application of wheat straw in silage as an absorbent additive decreases ensiling losses but also decreases quality of silage (. However, using wheat straw and urea in silage citrus pulp silage and their effects on feedlotting lambs has not evaluated. Therefore, this experiment conducted to test the effect of citrus pulp silage on fattening performance of Zel male lambs.
Materials and Methods Sixteen Zel male lambs (BW=25±0.5kg) in 4 treatments with 4 replications over 90 days fed with 4 experimental diets including: 1) basal diet with 14.61% of the citrus pulp silage withowt additives, 2) basal diet with 24.46% of the citrus pulp silage with 40% wheat straw, 3) basal diet with 24.22% of the citrus pulp silage with 38.5% wheat straw and 1.5% urea, and 4) basal diet with 23.76% of the citrus pulp silage with 37% wheat straw and 3% urea when forage to concentrate ratio was 40: 60%. Rations formulated using SRNS® (version 1.9.4208), mixed and fed twice daily at 700 and 1900. The daily gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratios were determined each 15d. Particle size distribution of ration was determined with dry sieving. Digestive kinetics were measured using Cr-mordanted NDF wheat straw a single dose. At 53 th d, rumination and chewing activity animal was measured visually with five-minute intervals over 24 h for all animals.
There were no significant difference in daily weight gain, dry matter intake and feed conversion ratio among treatments. Gado et al (2011) showed that the intake of nutrients was not changed with orange pulp silage without additives or orange pulp silage treated with the enzyme lambs except the fiber fractions (i.e., NDF and ADF) were consistent with the results. Treatment 1 had highest apparent digestibility of nutrients than other experimental treatments therefore, additives significantly decreased digestibility in comparasion to treatment control. Increase dry matter digestibility with orange pulp is two reasons: (1) a large amount of pectin as a major component of orange pulp. 2- highly digestible NDF (Aregheore, 2000). Citrus pulp pectin and increase the surface area of the particle size reduction in treatment 1 increased digestibility (Mertens, 1997). Wheat straw, urea, increasing the diet particles size and physical effective fiber, increased chewing and rumination times in comparasion to treatment control and decreased the resting time. Krause and Combs (2003) reported consuming diets with equal cell wall, with reduce the particle size of corn silage in the ration, dry matter intake increased, rumen fluid pH and chewing activity decreased. Treatment 1 had the highest ruminall particulate passage rate and lowest ruminal mean retention time, but treatment 4 had the lowest ruminall particulate passage rate and the highest ruminal mean retention time. Particle size reduction and fresh citrus pulp in the low quality diet by increasing the digestibility and passage rate improve voluntary feed intake, in treatment 1 This research was observed (Teimouri et al., 2004; Scerra et al., 2001). Addition of urea in treatments 3 and 4 significantly increased ruminal pH and NH3N. Iow pH of fresh orange pulp silage and decreased rumination and chewing activity lead to lower rumen pH treatment 1 (Krause and Combs, 2003).
The results experiment showed that the citrus pulp silage treated with urea, produced suitable alternative from protein source for fattening lambs and reduced costs, also partly resolved the problem of disposal of byproducts in the factories. So that 15% citrus pulp in diet improvements digestibility of nutrients, daily weight gain, feed conversion ratio and fattening lambs performance without negative effect.

The use of agricultural residues for feeding of livestock and poultry play an important role in reducing production cost.
This experiment was conducted for evaluation the effects of different levels of tomato pomace (TP) on dry matter intake, body weight gain and blood metabolites of male Holstein calves.
This research was conducted using 12 Holstein male calves in a Completely Randomized Design with 3 treatments and 4 calves in each group. Experimental diets were 1) control (no TP), 2) diet with 8% TP on dietary dry matter (DM) basis and 3) diet with 16% TP on dietary DM basis.
Using TP had significant effects on body weight gain and feed intake and feed conversion (FC) ratio (p It can be concluded that up to 8% of TP successfully can be used in beef cattle diet without any undesirable effects on animal production.

The best sources of plant protein legum forage (beans) are oilseeds and meals. Plant protein supplements usually are high in rumen degradability. Soybean, which is assumed to be worth 100 with 41 to 45 percent crude protein is the most abundant and highest quality plant protein supplement. And contains a high energy and protein and amino acid pattern is relatively good. It is contain high lysine and low methionine. Sesame meal is sesame seed oil extraction operations (Sesamum indicum) with more than 44% crude protein and contain appropriate amounts of essential amino acids especially arginine, leucine and methionine. However, little attention to the use of sesame meal has been fed to sheep. The purpose of this study The effect of substitution soybean meal with sesame meal on growth performance, feed intake, nutrient digestibility, average daily gain, carcass characteristics and meat quality in growing lambs.
This study was conducted to investigate the effect of replacing levels of soybean meal by sesame meal on feed intake, digestibility, performance and carcass characteristics of feedlotting lamb in a completely randomized design with 5 treatments including 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 treatments with replaced 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% sesame meal by soybean meal in4 replications for 90 days. Animals were weighed every 15 days, feed intake measured daily, and total collection of faeces was done for 50 to 55thendigestibility of dry matter and nutrients were determined. At the end of the experiment, two replications of each treatment are slaughtered and their carcasses were evaluated.
Daily feed intake, body weight, daily gain and feed conversion, time feed intake, rumination and chewing activity there were no significant differences among the treatments. The apparent digestibility of dry matter, crude fat and organic matter, difference between treatement was statistically significant. Treatment 4 had the highest apparent digestibility for DM between treatments. By increasing sesame meal the passage rate of solid mater in the rumen reduced and in contrary the ruminal mean retention time increased comparision to treatment 1. Full replacement of sesame meal at treatment 5 significantly increased the N-NH3. In addition, a significant dofferent were observed in the breast, blood and, kidney fat weight and body length of the hip bone among treatments.
The results showed that the diet with 75% sesame meal situated with soybean meal as a protein source without significant effect improved digestibility, average daily gain, feed conversion ratio and the performance. In general, sesame meal can replaced at any level with soybean meal in the ration of fattening lambs without harmful effects on the parameters of production and fattening performance.

For the first time in Iran, the device automatically recorded the activity of chewing design, manufacturing and evaluated for identify eating, ruminating and chewing activity behavior. During this experiment two multiparous Holstein cows (early lactation) at individual place (4×3 m) were kept and they keep with the same ration and feeding chewing of activity in two forms eye witnesses (1, 5 and 10 minutes) and using the automatic device 4 consecutive days during the chewing activity recorded. No significant differences between two ways to eat, rumination, chewing, time of eating to food consumed, rumination time to feed intake, chewing time to feed intake and rumination time to eating time that demonstrate a function correctness and was acceptability the device automatically records chewing activity. Using the automatically recorded chewing, the number of chewing during rumination per second 1.16±0.077 (time), the number of chewing during eating every second 1.26±0.095 (time), every meal time rumination 62±6 (second), the displacement per serving rumination 566±64 (cm), the displacement eat in one minute 482±22 (cm), rest time between each meal rumination 5±0.44 (second) and the number of chewing during eating 72±12 (1 min), respectively, which the data is very valuable for researchers animal science. According to the obtained data this study by device automatically records chewing activity Can be concluded the major disorder due to eating is animals craving to eat, because animals during eating 1.26 times per minute your jaw moves as well as the movement of the jaw is 482 cm per minute, in the event that the time of animal rumination to move your jaw is slowly (1.16 times) and movement of the jaw is a greater range (566 cm), indicating the relaxed state and rest is the rumination time. Scientifically examined with experiment conducted device automatically records chewing activity and it was confirmed the accuracy of performance. It is hoped, in the future, animal nutritionists can use these devices in their scientific and research projects conveniently and easily and extract more acceptable results and to extract more acceptable results in order to discuss the scientific community with greater confidence. The results show used automated device recording chewing activity in addition to exactly measurement eating time, ruminating and chewing activity can evaluated another valuable information of chewing behavior dairy cow.

This experiment was carried out to evaluate nutritional behavior and nutrient digestibility in lactating dairy cows. Three Brown Swiss dairy cows (average milk yield of 22 kg/d and 200±20 days in milk) were used in a latin square design (3×3) for a three periods. The experimental treatments were 1. TMR with mash concentrate, 2. TMR with pellet concentrate and 3. TMR in a cubic form. Diets chemical composition were similar but were were different physically. The experimental diets were delivered to the animals twice daily at 0800 and 2000. Each experimental period consisted of 21 days; 14 days for adaptation period and 7 days for sampling. The results indicated that average length of eating, rumination and chewing total over 24 hours, and per 1kg consumed NDF and dry mater intake was significantly lower (P<0.05) for cows fed with cube diet. However, it was not significant between mash and pellet diets.. Total apparent digestibility was not significantly affected by the experimental diets. Therefore, Dry matter intake was higher in TMR with pellet concentrate and on 2h after feeding (for mash,pellet and cube diets were:5.03,7.82 and 5.03 kg resoectively). Plasma glucose and urea nitrogen increased as significant (P<0.05) in diet with pellet concentrate. It seems that decreasing feed particle size in cubic diet decreased chewing activity. It is concluded, when particle size increased, chewing activity increased but no effect on digestibility of DM, OM,CP and NDF.

An experiment was carried out to evaluate total mixed ration (TMR) physical form on some characteristics of rumen fermentation، milk yield and its components in lactating dairy cows. Three Brown Swiss dairy cows (average milk yield of 22 kg/d and 200±20 days in milk)، rumen-fistulated، were used in a Latin Square Design 3×3 with three diets as treatments. The experimental diets were: 1. TMR with mash concentrate، 2. TMR with pellet concentrate and 3. TMR with cubic form. The experimental diets were fed twice daily. Each experimental period was lasted 21 days، that allocated first 14 days for adaptation and next 7 days sampling practices، respectively. Samples were taken from milk، feed intake، feed residual and rumen fluid. Total time of chewing activity (including eating and rumination time) was measured for only one day during each period. The results indicated that consumption of DM، OM CP and NDF، milk yield، milk protein and lactose yield and percentage، rumen pH were not significantly affected by the experimental diets. However، the average time of eating and rumination feed intake over 24 hours as well as milk fat percentage and rumen N- NH3، were different significantly (P<0. 05) among the experimental diets. It seems that a decrease in the feed particle size of cubic processing is accompanying with decreasing chewing activity and milk fat percentage، but no adverse effect was revealed on dry matter intake، milk yield and its components.