جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « glucose » در نشریات گروه « علوم دام »

The aim of the present experiment was to evaluate the effect of feeding a glucogenic diet on the somatotropic axis of early lactation Holstein dairy cows. Sixteen fresh cows were used in a completely randomized design with two treatments and eight replicates in each treat. In the treatment of glucogenic diet, cows received 600 g of encasulated glucose daily as top dressed. In the control treatment, the cows received daily the same amount of glucose and coating material (mainly fat). Experimental diets were fed from day 4 to 30 after calving. Milk production and dry matter intake were recorded daily. Blood samples collected on days 4, 15 and 29 after parturition from coccygeal vein. The results show that there is no significant difference between treatments in terms of milk yield, energy corrected milk yield, 3.5% fat corrected milk yield, dry matter intake and blood glucose concentration. The glucogenic diet caused a significant increase in blood insulin (P<0.05) and a numerical increase in blood IGF-1 (P<0.15). Cows that received control diet showed a significant decrease in IGF-1 concentration (P<0.05) but no significant decrease was observed for cows received diet containing glucogenic supplement. The results of this study showed that feeding a glucogenic supplements can affect the somatotropic axis of early cows and cause an increase glucose turnover and blood insulin and relative improvement of blood IGF-1 levels.

Increasing glucose supply in the small intestine may be effective in improving the physiological status of dairy cows, and it is hypothesized that glucose supply in the small intestine increases whole body glucose supply and then improves the liver function of dairy cows during the early lactation. The aim of the present experiment is to produce a Rumen-Protected Glucose product and evaluation its effects on milk production and dry matter intake of fresh Holstein dairy cows.

In this study, the matrix and true encapsulation method was used to produce Rumen-Protected Glucose. Hydrogenated fat was used as the matrix for matrix encapsulation. For the true encapsulation coating method, the dextrose powder was first converted into 1-3 mm granules and then completely coated. In order to evaluate the rumen degradability of encapsulated glucose, three cows with ruminal cannula were used. In order to investigate the effects of produced Rumen-Protected Glucose, 16 fresh cows were used in a completely randomized design with two treatments and 8 cows in each treat. The diets of both treatments were exactly the same, except that the cows in Rumen-Protected Glucose treat received 600 g of Rumen-Protected Glucose daily as top dresesd, and the cows in control treat received the same amount of coating material and dextrose. Rumen-Protected Glucose was fed from day 4 to 30 after calving. The cows were kept in individual boxes and milk production and dry matter intake were recorded daily.

Matrix encapsulation failed to adequately protect glucose from rumen degradation. Using the true encapsulation method, a Rumen-Protected Glucose source with suitable degradation resistance (approximately 50% passing) and high intestinal digestibility (95% intestinal digestion) with a ratio of 70% active ingredient and 30% coating material was produced. Feeding 600 g of Rumen-Protected Glucose had no significant effect on dry matter intake (17.76 kg/day in Rumen-Protected Glucose treatment and 17.43 kg/day in control treatment; P>0.48) and milk production (33.58 kg/day in Rumen-Protected Glucose treatment and 33.95 kg/day in control treatment; P> 0.78). The effect of time on milk production was significant in both treatments (P < 0.005). However, the effect of time on dry matter consumption was not significant (P>0.31). Milk fat was increased in cows received Rumen-Protected Glucose (4.94% in Rumen-Protected Glucose treatment and 4.29% in control treatment, P< 0.033).

A source of Rumen-Protected Glucose with suitable degradation resistance (about 50% passing) and high intestinal digestibility (95% intestinal digestion) was produced. Feedig of Rumen-Protected Glucose to fresh dairy cows improved their glycogenic status and reduced nutrient transfer for milk production.

Ovarian cyst is one of the most important diseases that leads to reproductive disorders and many economic losses in dairy cows. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the blood serum biochemical parameters including glucose, phosphorus, total protein, blood urea nitrogen and triglyceride, and also some clinical features in cows with ovarian cysts and compare them with healthy cows. In this study 80 dairy cows were divided to 2 groups of cows with ovarian cysts and healthy cows that contain 40 cows, then blood samples and their clinical information were collected. The results of the present study showed that the most type of the ovarian cysts are luteal, and anestrus is the most common clinical symptom observed in cows with ovarian cysts. Furthermore, evaluation of serum biochemical parameters showed that there were no significant differences in BUN, phosphorus and total serum protein levels between cystic and healthy cows, while glucose and triglycerides levels were significantly different. It can be concluded that low glucose and high triglyceride levels play an important role in the development of ovarian cysts in the study area.

Nutrition and feedstuffs are the main part of the costs in the breeding of roiler chicekn. Introduce of new feedstuffs and agricultural wastes as part of the diet can be an effective step in reducing production costs. The use of dried surplus mulberry due to its valuable nutrients can be effective in poultry nutrition.The purpose of this experiment was to investigate the effects of using different levels of dried surplus mulberry and multi-enzyme supplementation on growth performance, carcass characteristics, blood indices, immune response and intestinal morphology in broiler chickens.

Three hundred twenty 1-day-old Ross 308 broiler chicks were used in a completely randomized design with factorial arrangement. The experimental treatments included 4 levels of mulberry (0, 2.5, 5, 7.5- %) and 2 levels of multi-enzyme (0 and 0.1%). Eight dietary treatments had 4 replicates and 10 birds in each replicate. At 42 days of age, 2 chickens were slaughtered from each replicate and blood samples and carcass coonents were taken. In order to evaluate the intestinal morphology, a 1 cm piece of chickens's jejunum was collected and fixed in formalin.

Resutls: 

The results were revealed that interaction effects in diet contained 7.5% of dried surplus mulberry compared to 2.5% of mulberry increased the amount of feed intake at the starter period (0-10 days; p<0.05). The carcass efficiency was higher in birds fed 2.5% of mulberry compared to other treatments. The treatment with 5 and 7.5% dried surplus mulberry with enzyme decreased abdominal fat percentage and increased the percentage of burs of fabricus, spleen and anti-SRBC titer compared to control group (p<0.05). The carcass efficiency and abdominal fat percentages were affected by the enzyme supplementation (p<0.05). The treatments of 5 and 7.5% dried surplus mulberry with enzyme, increased the villus height and absorption area of intestine in comparison to control group (p<0.05). The interaction effects of dried surplus mulberry and multi-enzyme were significantly decreased cholesterol, LDL and increased HDL concentration in comparison to control group (p<0.05).

It is concluded that using dried mulberry surplus with enzyme may decrease blood lipid and improve immune response and intestine morphology without effect on growth performance of broiler chickens.

Livestock systems in developing countries located in tropical and sub-tropical regions are heavily dependent on the natural resources (i.e. pastures). In these countries, decreased pasture availability and quality during the dry season has important consequences on performance and health of dairy ruminants. In these conditions, energy intake does not meet energy requirements for body maintenance, fetal growth and milk production, which results in negative energy balance, and high adipose tissue mobilization. If adaptation to NEB fails, the risk of metabolic disorders increased considerably, affecting not only animal performance, but also animal health and welfare. Fat-tailed sheep, such as the Lori-Bakhtiari and Turkey-Qashqai breeds, are raised in semi-arid regions of Eastern and Southern Africa, Central Asia, as well as numerous countries in the Middle-East. The common characteristic of all fat-tailed sheep is the deposition of a substantial amount of fat in the tail. Fat-tailed sheep are known for being highly resilient to harsh environmental conditions such as those related to the dry season such as water scarcity and low quality pastures and feedstuffs. According to the literature, fat depots are differently regulated in fat-tailed sheep compared to other sheep breeds during periods of feed scarcity. However, most of these studies have been performed in sheep breeds used for meat production.

The present study was carried out in the experimental farm of Yasouj University (Naregah, Yasouj, Iran). All animal procedures followed the ethical law on Animal Protection and were approved by the Committee of Animal Experiments (Yasouj University, Iran). All ewes used in this study were visually healthy and had no signs of diarrhea. The present study was carried out to investigate the consequences of a reduced energy intake on the body weight and blood metabolites of non-pregnant fat-tailed ewes. In this experiment, 10 non-pregnant fat-tailed ewes (Lori-Bakhtiari and Turkey-Qashqai) with average age 3.6 ± 0.3 y and BW 49.2 ±3 3.60 kg were used. During the trial, all animals were kept in individual pens (1.2 × 1.0 m) located in a closed barn. Each pen was equipped with a separate drink and feed container. Two weeks before the start of the experiment all animals were fed with a total mixed ration (TMR) diet formulated to fulfill 100% of the energy requirements recommended by the NRC (2007). Then, animals were randomly allotted into one of the two experimental groups, including the Control (Control; n= 5) and the Feed Restriction (Restriction; n=5) groups. From wk 1 to wk 5 (end of the experiment), ewes of the Control group access to the diet adlibitum. The feed restriction group was feed with a diet equivalent to the 100%, 50%, 65%, 80%, and 100% of the energy content of the dry diet on wk1, wk2, wk3, wk4 and wk5, respectively. During the entire experimental period, total mixed ration (TMR) was provided to the animals twice a day (0800 and 1700). In addition, animals had free access to drinking water and mineral blocks throughout the entire experimental period. The individual feed intake was recorded daily by weighing the offered TMR and the ort in the next morning before feeding. The ewes were weighed weekly on the last day of each experimental week. During the entire experimental period, blood samples were collected weekly from the jugular vein using heparinized vacuum tubes (6 mL) at 0730 (before feeding). All blood samples were kept in wet ice and then centrifuged at 3,500 × g for 15 min. The plasma was then aliquoted (1.5 mL) and stored at -20°C. The plasma concentration of glucose, urea, creatinine, triglyceride, cholesterol, albumin, low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), high density lipoprotein–cholesterol (HDL-C), as well as the plasma activity of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT), and glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) were determined using commercial kits (Pars Azmoun, Karaj, Iran), and NEFA and BHBA were measured by a RANDOX (Randox LTD, UK) commercial kit, and an automated analyzer (Mindray, B850, China), following manufacture’s instructions. The concentration of very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) was determined using the following equation: VLDL (mg/dl) = TG × 0.20. The data was tested for normal distribution using the UNIVARIATE procedure of SAS (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA, 2002-2008, Release 9.2). The data was evaluated using the MIXED procedure of SAS. The model included treatment (Control and feed restriction), time (from wk 1 to wk 5), and the interaction (treatment × time) as fixed effects. The individual ewe was set as a repeated subject. Concentrations of metabolites were considered dependent variables. Significant differences were considered significant if P<0.05, and a tendency if 0.05 

Obtained results showed that feed restriction reduced dry matter intake in the restriction group (P<0.001). different feed restriction percentage affected BW (P<0.01), and the lowest was related to the wk 2 in the restriction group (P<0.05). Among blood metabolites, plasma glucose, NEFA, and BHBA concentration tended to increase in the Restriction group (P= 0.07). Although plasma creatinine concentration was not affected by feed treatment, the sampling times affected of its concentration in the Restriction group (P<0.05). The other plasma metabolites measured were not affected by the feed restriction and sampling times except the LDL concentration at wk 4 in the Restriction group (P<0.05).

In conclusion, feed scarcity in tropical regions could affect on body weight in the non-pregnant ewes. With not changed the most of blood metabolites in the fat-tailed ewes, it could be speculating that, fat-tailed could also be considered as an energy source in these type of breeds, specially during the pregnancy and feed scarcity.

This study investigated the effects of subcutaneous injection of saline (0/5 ml/bird), melatonin(500 µg/bird), metocarbamol (10 mg/bird), and glucose (200, 300 and 400 mg/ bird) on behavioral responses of newly hatched chicks under road transport stress at such distances as 300, 600, 900 and 1200 kms, Using nonparametric Chi-square test with the use of 700 broilers being performed. Nine potential behavioral characteristics were categorized in three classes: Passive behaviors (sleeping on side, sleeping on breast, sitting and standing) active behaviors (jumping, pecking at their own body , pecking at objects ,Pecking at other birds) and vocalization behavior. The results showed that the injection of melatonin and metocarbamol significantly increased the passive behavior of chickens within 300 km (P <0.05). Except for the 600 km distance, standing behavior in birds injected with glucose and melatonin significantly increased (P <0.05). The doses of melatonin, metocarbamol, and glucose used in this study, did not affect the active behaviors of chicks along the distances studied. The birds' Vocalization behavior also showed a significant decrease only by glucose in the first 300 km (P <0.05), whereas no injections above 300 km had any effect on this behavioral parameter. In general, in this study, the sedative effects of melatonin and metocarbamol were induced by increasing passive behaviors (sleeping and sitting) and the glucose sedating effects by decreasing Vocalization behaviour in the first part of the distance traveled. However, a detailed description of the effects of these compounds needs further research.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of mineral supplementation and chelates of trace elements on production, milk composition and blood parameters of lactating Holstein cows. Lactating Holstein cows (n=24) were randomly assigned to one of the following four treatments; 1) the basic diet include inorganic trace minerals (C), 2) 55 mg of iron, 125 mg of copper, 360 mg of zinc, 3.5 mg of chromium, 200 mg of manganese, 2 mg of selenium and 12 mg of cobalt with daily feeding of 7 g of Bonzaplex7 chelated mineral supplement (B), 3) the same amount of zinc, manganese, copper and cobalt was supplied with 7 gr of organic trace mineral supplement Availa4 (A), 4) feeding 7 gr of Availa 4 plus 3.5 gr of Availa-Cr, 2 gr of Availa-Se, 1gr of Availa-Fe (A+3). This study lasted 35 days. Daily feed intake and milk production (3X) were recorded. In spite of more numerical increase in milk yield in treatment B, no effect was observed on the production of milk, milk composition, dry matter intake and rumen metabolites. Plasma glucose concentration in treatments tended to decrease (P=0.07). Plasma triglyceride concentration decreased significantly in treatments (A), (B), (A+3) compared to group (C), present results could be related to increase bioavailability of trace minerals in chelated form specially chromium and copper in present study.

Insulin and glucagon are glucoregulatory hormones which their secretions are critical for glucose hemostasis during inflammations. Intra-mammary LPS (lipopolysaccharide) challenge causes an immune reaction which is accompanied by metabolic and endocrine changes. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of intra-mammary LPS challenge concomitantly with elevated insulin concentrations on glucagon concentration during simultaneous hypoglycemia or euglycemia in dairy cows. Nineteen Holstein dairy cows with body weight of 3.0 ± 0.1 (mean ± SD) were randomly assigned to three treatment groups: an intravenous insulin infusion (Hypoglycemia; HypoG, n=5), insulin and glucose infusion (EuG, n=6), and a 0.9 % saline solution infusion (Control, n=8). At 48 h of metabolites infusions, LPS injected to two quarters of mammary glands. In response to LPS challenge, plasma insulin and glucose concentration increased. Intra-mammary LPS challenge caused an increase in plasma glucagon concentrations in HypoG and control compared to EuG group, pre infusion level, and pre LPS challenge. In conclusion, intra-mammary LPS challenge induced increases of glucose, insulin, and glucagon concentrations. The results showed that glucagon concentrations increased during immune system stimulation despite the increase of insulin concentrations, and its role is important in glucose metabolism hemostasis during inflammation.

Mammary immune suppression has been observed in high yielding dairy cows due to metabolites and endocrine changing after parturition. Twenty four Holstein dairy cows at the late stage of lactation were used to study the effects of long term (48 h) manipulating metabolites and hormones on mammary antioxidant genes that encode by nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). Treatments include 48 h intravenous infusion of insulin (HypoG, n=5), insulin and glucose (hyperinsulinemic euglycemic) (EuG, n=6), BHB (HyperB, n= 5), and 0.9 % NaCl (Control, n=8). Mammary tissue samples were taken from two rare quarters one week before and 48 h after the start of infusions. Following total RNA extraction, mRNA abundance of housekeeping and candidate genes related to Nrf2 measured by qPCR method. Hyperinsulinemic euglycemic down-regulated mRNA abundance of catalase (CAT),heme oxygenase 2 (HMOX2), microsomal glutathione S-transferase 3 (MGST3), NAD (P) H dehydrogenase, quinone 1 (NQO1),superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) (P<0.05), compared to pre-infusion in EuG group. Hyperinsulinemic euglycemic down-regulated GPX3 mRNA abundance in EuG group compared to HyperB group (P<0.05). Therefore, increased susceptibility and disease in mammary gland may be related to reduction in the mRNA abundance of antioxidant genes during metabolites and hormones changing.

In previous studies in low-protein diets, mostly used pure sources of protected methionine or combined lysine and methionine used. It has been used in limited studies of the pure source of protected lysine to balance the dietary amino acids. It seems that investigating the effect of protected lysine and methionine supplementation alone and in combination, in low-protein diets, especially in early lactation, is useful to achieve maximum performance. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of reducing dietary crude protein (CP) concentration and alone and in combination use of protected lysine and methionine amino acids on milk yield and milk composition and concentration of blood chemical metabolites in Holstein lactating cows during early lactation. In this study, 8 Holstein lactating cows with average 89±37 days in milk were used in a repeated measurement design two 21 day periods; each period contains 17 day for adaptation and 4 day for sampling. Treatments were: 1) a formulated diet with 17.8% CP, 2) a formulated diet with 16.5% CP plus 6-gram per day protected lysine, 3) a formulated diet with 16.5% CP plus 13-gram head per day protected methionine, 4) a formulated diet with 16.5% CP plus 6-gram lysine and 13-gram protected methionine per head day. The results of this study showed that dry matter intake, the percentage of milk fat and protein, molar proportion of volatile fatty acids, pH of rumen fluid and apparent digestibility of nutrients were not affected by experimental treatments. (P > 0.05). The results of independent comparisons in milk yield and feed efficiency indicated that by reducing the dietary protein concentration and the addition of protected methionine (alone and in combination with lysine) led to significantly increased in milk yield and feed efficiency, relative to the control group (P < 0.05). But in independent comparisons inside the treatments there was no significant difference between protected lysine and methionine in milk production and feed efficiency (P > 0.05). The addition protected lysine and methionine, alone and in combination resulted in a significant decrease (P < 0.05) in the milk concentration of urea nitrogen, relative to the control (respectively 12/36, 12/74, 13/12, to 15/37). Crude protein intake in the supplemented protected methionine and lysine, alone and in combination, group compared to the control group was significantly decreased (P < 0.05). Methionine and lysine supplementation (alone and in combination) resulted in an increase (P < 0.05) in the serum albumin total protein concentration, compared to the control group. In cattle receiving protected methionine serum urea nitrogen concentration was lower than that of control (P < 0.05). The addition of protected methionine (alone and in combination with lysine) led to significantly increase (P < 0.05) in serum glucose concentration in early lactation. The results of this study indicate that by decreasing the amount of protein in the diet from 17.8% to 16.5% in early lactation and the use of protected amino acids without adversely affecting on the nutrients. Also, the results of the present study showed that combined use of protected lysine and methionine compared to their individual use, one more effective to improve the performance of Holstein lactating cows during early lactation

To evaluate the effects of cobalt source and level on blood parameters and performance, 30 indigenous breed male goat kids of 3-5 months age, with an average BW of 17.8±2.5 kg were assigned to five treatments in a completely randomized design: 1) Basal diet containing 0.076 mg Co/kg DM (Control); 2) basal diet 0.25 mg Co/kg DM as Co-sulphate (sulphate 0.25); 3) basal diet 0.5 mg Co/kg DM as Co-sulphate (sulphate 0.5); 4) basal diet 0.25 mg Co/kg DM as Co-glucoheptonate (glucoheptonate 0.25); 5) basal diet 0.5 mg Co/kg DM as Co-glucoheptonate (glucoheptonate 0.5). Goat kids receiving 0.5 ppm of Co from glucoheptonate had higher DMI compared to control. Final body weight and average daily gain was affected by the level of Co supplement and was significantly higher in 0.5 ppm receiving treatments. However, feed conversion ration did not differ significantly between treatments and differences were only numerical. Cobalt supplements affected serum glucose and vitamin B12 and the highest difference was for glucoheptonate 0.5 treatment. Although the glucoheptonate 0.5 treatment differed significantly with control, there were no significant differences with other treatments. Cobalt treatments had no significant effect on serum biochemical and hematological parameters. In general, the level of cobalt had a significant effect on goat performance given that higher levels of cobalt caused greater dry matter intake and average daily gain. The results of the present study showed that the requirement level of 0.07 mg/d for goats is marginally adequate and the organic Co source performed better in the rumen for vitamin B12 synthesis and consequently glucoseand goat performance was better at 0.5 as compared to 0.25mg Co/Kg DM.

Xylazine is widely used in human and animal for different purposes such as anesthetics and analgesics in surgery. This component induces sedative, muscle relaxation and analgesic in veterinary. Xylazine is a α-2 agonist which causes cardiovascular and respiratory problem in animals. There is evidence that xylazine injection changed metabolites and endocrine in different species. In early lactation, the onset of copious milk production would bring about hepatic metabolic overloud to meet the energy and nutrient requirements for milk production. Elevation of energy and nutrient requirements for maintenance and milk synthesis cannot fulfill the feed intake, which consequently causes a negative energy balance (NEB) in early lactation in dairy cows. During a NEB, low plasma glucose concentrations are observed, while concomitantly concentrations of plasma free fatty acids (FFA) and subsequently ketone bodies are increased. Our earlier studies confirmed that manipulated insulin, glucose, and BHB concentrations, through infusion, changed plasma metabolites and endocrine in mid-lactating dairy cows, affected systemic/ local mammary metabolism, and immune response of the mammary gland. Based on our previous results and proved effects of xylazine injection on metabolism, this study aimed to assess the effects of xylazine injection on dairy cow metabolism alongside the change in some of blood metabolites and endocrine.
Material and The study was carried out on 24 clinically healthy multiparous (3.5 ± 0.10) Holstein dairy cows at 28 ± 0.3 (MEAN ± SD) wks in milk. Cows were free of mastitis throughout the experimental period. Animals were housed in tie stalls two weeks before the start of experiment as adaptation period. Animals were fed ad libitum with good quality hay, an addition protein- and energy-rich concentrate fed to them according to their energy and protein requirements twice daily. They received minerals (50 g/ cow) per day. Fresh water was available entire the experimental period. The cows were milked twice a day at 0530 h and 1600 h. Treatment infusion includs: an insulin infusion to induce hypoglycemia (2.5 ± 0.1 mmol/L; HypoG, n=5), an insulin combined glucose infusion to study effects of sole insulin at concurrently normal glucose concentration (EuG, n=6), a Na-DL-β-OH-butyrate to obtain plasma BHBA concentration between 1.5 to 2.0 mmol/L (HyperB, n=5) comparable to those in spontaneous hyper ketonemia (above 1.2 mmol/L), and a 0.9 % NaCl infusion (NaCl, 20 mL/h) as control group (n=8). On day before the start of infusion two indwelling intravenous catheters (Cavafix® Certo® Splittocan®, B. Braun Melsung AG, Germany) with a length of 32 cm and a diameter of 16 G were fixed in both jugular veins. The clamped infusions (56 h) started at 0900 am day one and continued to 0500 pm two days later. AS reported earlier (Kreipe et al. 2011; Vernay et al. 2012; Zarrin et al. 2013, 2014a,b) this study divided to two parts include: 48 h metabolites infusion to investigate the effects of manipulated metabolites concentration on metabolism and immune responses to metabolites infusion, and an addition 8 h to challenge mammary gland with lipopolysaccharide of E.coli (LPS) to investigate immune response simultaneously whit metabolite changing in dairy cows. At 47 h of infusion (1 h) before the intra-mammary LPS challenge to obtain mammary biopsies, a single dose of xylazine (16 μg/kg of BW) was injected. Blood samples were taken before (0 time) and 1 h after the xylazine injection. Plasma metabolites concentrations were measured enzymatically by commercial kits. Plasma insulin was measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA), and plasma glucagon concentrations were measured by using a commercial RIA kit. Changes of metabolites were evaluated by GLM procedure of SAS. Differences in plasma metabolites and endocrine parameters between before and after xylazine injection and between treatments were evaluated using the MIXED procedure of SAS with time points (0 and 1 h) and treatments (EuG, HyperB, HypoG, and Control) as fixed effects. Value presented as Mean ± SEM.
As expected, plasma glucose concentrations decreased before xylazine injection (2.25 ± 0.1 mmol/L; P The xylazine effects are different during the change of metabolites. Unchanged glucose concentration in HypoG and EuG is due to inhibitory effect of insulin on glucose elevation. Considering increasing glucose concentration in two animal groups without change in insulin and glucagon concentration, it can be speculated that other mechanisms than endocrine regulation contributes to glucose homeostasis.

Different metabolites such as glucose, cholesterol and urea nitrogen of serum are important indices for protein and energy status in sheep. It was shown that, the concentration of serum metabolites change at the different times of reproductive activities and also in the pregnant ewes with one or two fetuses. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different corpus luteum and fetus positions on serum metabolites in Lori-Bakhtiari ewes.
This study was conducted on the pregnant and non-pregnant ewes. At the beginning of the experiment Lori-Bakhtiari ewes (3 to 4 years of age) were chosen at abattoir. Then, the blood samples were collected before slaughtering and transported to the laboratory for evaluating glucose, cholesterol and urea nitrogen concentrations of serum. The first part of the study was conducted in out-breeding season and 48 non-pregnant ewes reproductive tracts were collected and divided into 3 treatment groups as follow: group 1 with one corpus luteum; group 2 with two corpora lutea (unilateral) and group 3 with two corpora lutea (bilateral). The second part of this experiment was conducted in the breeding season and 144 reproductive tracts were collected and divided into 9 treatment groups as follow: group 1 with one corpus luteum and non-pregnant; group 2 with two corpora lutea (unilateral) and non-pregnant; group 3 with two corpora lutea (bilateral) and non-pregnant; group 4 with one corpus luteum and one fetus; group 5 with one corpus luteum and two fetuses; group 6 with two corpora lutea (unilateral) and one fetus; group 7 with two corpora lutea (bilateral) one fetus; group 8 with two corpora lutea (unilateral) and two fetuses and group 9 with two corpora lutea (bilateral) and two fetuses.
This study indicated that among the experimental groups the maximum concentration of serum glucose was observed in the ewes with one corpus luteum and one fetus and the minimum concentration of serum glucose was observed in the ewes with two corpora lutea (bilateral) and two fetuses (P 0.05) between the ewes with different positions of corpora lutea (unilateral and bilateral) and the ewes with one corpus luteam and two fetuses.
In conclusion, the results showed that serum glucose concentration in out-breeding season was higher than breeding season. Whiles it was lower than in pregnant ewes compared with non-pregnant ewes and also in ewes with two fetuses compared with on fetus. The concentrations of cholesterol and urea nitrogen of serum were higher than pregnant ewes compared with non-pregnant ewes and also in ewes with fetuses compared with one fetus.

To evaluate the effect of Kombucha on blood glucose, lipids profile and performance 200 male broiler chicks' strain Ross 308 were applied for 42 days in five treatments and four replicates and 10 chicks for each replicate. Diets composition were equal in all treatments and water was different among groups receiving Kombucha fermented tea (0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%). At the end of each week, chicks were weighed and the average weight and feed intake and feed conversion ratio for each treatment was calculated. Blood samples were collected from jugular vein and the levels of glucose, total cholesterol, LDL (low density lipoprotein), HDL (high density lipoprotein) and triglyceride was measured. Statistical analysis was carried out with SAS software. Result showed that the concentration of triglyceride significantly decreased by the levels of 40% of Kombucha compare to the control group (P<0.01). But Kombucha fermented tea did not have significant effect on total cholesterol, glucose, LDL and HDL (P>0.05). In addition, feed intake, weight gain and feed conversion were not affected by Kombucha. Therefore, according to the results of this study, the use of Kombucha fermented tea in poultry diet is not economical and is not recommended.

Cinamon and Turmeric have the active components that can be useful for the broiler chickens under heat stress condition.
This study was designed to investigate the effect of supplementation of turmeric and cinnamon powders on performance, carcass characteristics and some blood parameters of broiler chickens under heat stress.
Two hundred one-day-old male chicks (Ross 308) were allotted to four treatments with five replicates each (10 birds per replicate) based a completely randomized design. The treatments were: the control (heat stress and without any supplements), and the heat stressed birds fed the 0.5% turmeric, 0.5% cinnamon, and a blend of cinnamon and turmeric (0.25% each). The experimental diets werefed during from day 25 to 42 of age and under the heat stress condition (32οC as cyclic).
The results showed that the consumption of all experimental diets (turmeric, cinnamon and both together) increased the feed consumption and weight gain of broiler chickens as compared to the control during the finisher (25 to 42) and whole experimental period (1 to 42) (P In conclusion, dietary consumption of 0.5% cinnamon and turmeric alone or together (0.25% of each one) improve the performance of broiler chickens under heat stress.

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is a generic term for a group of 18-carbon fatty acids with a conjugated double bond that influence a range of biological processes. Pro-inflamatory cytokines have been shown to contribute in insulin resistance process and CLA can inhibit some pro-inflamatory cytokines production. The effect of CLA on milk fat depression caused uses it as a nutritional strategy to improve negative energy of dairy cows. The aim of this study was to evaluate glucose tolerance test and blood glucose changes of dairy cows fed conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) from -21 to or -42 days (d) relative to parturition.
Seventy five multiparous dairy cows were allocated to one of four treatments: feeding palm oil (75g/d) from -21 d to d (C21) or d (C42) relative to parturition, feeding rumen protected CLA (75g/d) from -21 d to d (CLA21) or d (CLA42) relative to parturition. Rumen protected CLA provided 7.5 g/d each of trans-10, cis-12 CLA and cis-9, trans-11 isomers. Glucose tolerance tests (GTT) was carried out on five cows from each group by infusing 0.25 g/kg of BW of glucose (iv) through milk vein at 14 and 30 d after parturition. Blood samples were collected from the milk vein of opposite side of glucose infusion at −20, −10, 0, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 60, 80, 100 and 120 minutes (min) relative to infusion and plasma glucose level determined after centrifuge. Area under curve at 60 and 120 min, glucose clearance rate and time to reach half concentration of glucose were calculated as GTT indices. To evaluate blood glucose and insulin changes after parturition blood samples were taken via coccygeal venipuncture from a subsample of 8 cows per treatment at just after calving and 10, 21 and 42 d postpartum. Milk yield was recorded daily and milk samples to determine milk constitutes were taken weekly.
Feeding rumen protected CLA had no significant effects on GTT indices. Differences between GTT indices were significant at 14 and 30 d postpartum (P˂0.05) that was indicative of improvement of insulin sensitivity as days in milk increased. Blood glucose concentration was higher at parturition and 10 d after parturition in CLA fed cows than palm fed cows while blood insulin concentrations were the same among treatments (P˂0.05). CLA fed cows had less milk fat content and yield than palm fat fed cows (P˂0.05). Feeding rumen protected CLA during transition period increased milk yield during early lactation (P˂0.05). Extending rumen protected CLA or palm fat feeding to 42 d postpartum couldn’t increase milk yield compared to 21 d postpartum.
Results of this experiment showed that adding CLA supplementation to dairy cows ration during transition period resulted in increased blood glucose concentration at early lactation and increased milk yield without any negative effects on GTT indices as indicators of insulin resistance situation.

Nowadays, the healthiness and high quality as well as quantity of aquatic are of great importance and the role of diet components is well recognized (20). Fish needs energy and nutrients in order to achieve desirable level of growth and development and reproduction (11). In recent years application of immune system stimuli has been widely adopted in order to enhance the immune system of fish and non-specific immune responses and protect against disease. So it seems that using stimulator of the immune system is the perfect solution for the control of aquatic animal diseases. Using chemical drugs and antibiotics in aquaculture have consequences, including the risk of pathogens resistant to these drugs, the drugs persistence in the meat and fish as well as environmental pollution. Taking herbs and medicinal plants such as garlic fraught with same effect as antibiotics can be served as an alternative to medications and antibiotics. In this study, 180 gourami fish with average weight 0.10 ± 4.33 were prepared from reproduction and breeding center of ornamental fish in Golestan province. To add the garlic oil to the diets, the standard meal was purchased from commercial fish feed company of Mazandaran province and were ground using a mortar. Then, garlic oil at levels of 0, 0.10, 0.15 and 0.20 g/kg was added to water and mixed. Fish were fed for 8-weeks in three times by 3% body weight per day at hours 8-14-20. Fish diets and their growth rate monitored by conducting bio-survey at the beginning and during the growth for,every 15 days. 10 fish were sampled from each replicate to take serum. After anesthesia using 0.7 ml 2-phenoxyethanol, fish were dried, and about 2 ml of blood was taken by cutting the tail. In hematology laboratory, number of white blood cells, red blood cells, hemoglobin and hematocrit were measured according to standard methods. Glucose levels and serum protein were measured by spectrophotometry using a diagnostic kit (Sigma, America). Data analysis was performed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) in SPSS software. Significant differences (P

This experiment was conducted to compare the effect of free and sustained release thymol on rumen fermentation characteristics, microbial protein and some plasma metabolites. Six ruminally cannulated sheep were used in a 3×3 merged Latin square design. Treatments were (a) basal diet+ 250 mg free Thymol, (b) basal diet+ 250 mg slow relrase Thymol and (c) control (basal diet without Thymol). The experiment consisted of three 14-d periods with 10 d adaptation and 4 d sampling. At sampling period, the feces were collected and at the end of each period blood sampling and rumen fluid collection were made at different times. The measured traits were: Feed digestability, NNH3, plasma and glucose concentration, ruminal pH, microbial protein synthesis and efficiency of microbial protein synthesis. Dry matter intake (985.5 g and 917.5 g per day, respectively), crude protein digestibility (82.7% and 85.6%, respectively) and plasma glucose (114.8 mg/dL and 108 mg/dL, respectively) were increased by free and sustained release thymol consumption (P<0.05). Plasma urea concentration, microbial protein synthesis and N-NH3 were decreased in 5 and 7 hours after feeding (P<0.05). Number of diplodinia was 0.38 105 in diet with free thymol and this number was lower than those in other two treatments (P<0.05). Thymol consumption improved the efficiency of dietary protein utilization by decreasing N-NH3 and increased level of plasma glucose showed a positive effect on energy utilization of animal.