جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "rural household" در نشریات گروه "علوم ترویج"

In order to alleviate poverty and reduce migration, create social welfare, preserve the characteristics of traditional culture, preserve the traditional fabric, and create job opportunities, sustainable tourism is considered a basic and necessary element in rural areas. In general, tourism contributes to the economic development of the local community and improves the quality of life in rural areas; therefore, this industry can be introduced as the most important strategy for rapid employment generation in some areas. Consequently, in recent years, the importance of the tourism industry as a solution to reduce rural poverty, especially in developing countries, has been noticed by policymakers. Currently, the main emphasis to achieve poverty is focused on the role and impact of sustainable tourism. Sustainable tourism plays a fundamental role in the poverty of rural households by increasing economic growth and maintaining and increasing food production, creating intergenerational justice, and maintaining basic production resources. In this regard, in the present research, modeling of the effects of sustainable tourism in the poverty of rural households and answering the following questions are discussed:1- What is the level of poverty in the villages of the study area? 2- Which dimension of sustainable rural tourism is the most important factor affecting poverty in the studied area?

The statistical population of the current research consists of households of tourism target villages, rural managers of Ardel city, experts and elites. According to the announcement of the General Department of Cultural Heritage, Tourism and Handicrafts of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province, Ardel city has 10 tourism target villages, and this research was conducted in the period of December to February of 2018. Ten villages targeted for tourism have 3038 households and 11174 people. Using Cochran's formula, the number of samples required to complete the questionnaire of 310 households was calculated. Based on the nature and method of data collection, the current research is a descriptive-survey research (questionnaire), the design of the questionnaire indicators has been done using the theoretical research literature, the review of relevant research and interviews with experts and managers, and the type of questions is based on the Likert scale. 5 spectrums were categorized from very low (1) to very high (5). Descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (logistic regression and independent t-test) were used to analyze the data. Logistic regression is a statistical technique to show the effect of quantitative variables on a bivariate dependent variable. Logistic regression analysis is similar to linear regression analysis, but with the difference that in logistic regression, the dependent variable is a bivariate variable.

Findings show that 31.7% of households are in poverty and 68.3% are in the non-poor group. Based on the logistic regression model, the predictability of the model has been discussed. Based on this, the results show that in the first stage, where only the social dimension of sustainable tourism is included, the accuracy of classification of people by the model is equal to 68%, that is, in this stage, 95 households are correctly classified as poor and 207 households are correctly classified as non-poor; while 3 households are wrongly called poor and 4 households are also wrongly classified as non-poor. In the second stage, with the introduction of the economic dimension of sustainable tourism, the resolution of the model increased to 79%, but in the third stage, with the introduction of the physical dimension of sustainable tourism, there was no change in the resolution. Also, the results show that the discrimination power of the model for non-poor strata is higher than for poor groups, so that in the fourth step and with the inclusion of all four dimensions of sustainable development, the discrimination power for non-poor households is equal to 91.6%. According to this relationship, the economic dimension of sustainable development has the greatest impact and the environmental dimension has the least impact; therefore, in the final result, it can be said that within the scope of the study, the indicators of the economic dimension of sustainable tourism, the most important of which are the diversity of economic activities, the amount of income, access to financial credits, etc., are effective in reducing the poverty of rural households.

According to the results, to deal with rural poverty, due to the limited facilities and the extent of the rural community, and also to ensure the success in reducing poverty, the economic diversification programs such as the expansion of tourism can be used. Also, considering the two-way relationship between tourism development and increasing investment in villages, it is very important to create incentive mechanisms for investment according to the potential of the studied villages; Also, national, regional and local governments should consider tourism as one of the strategic pillars of rural development policies to understand the role that this area can play as part of a diverse rural economy and implement active policies to promote it; National, regional and local governments should fully integrate tourism into their development plans. Factors that should be considered include the territorial identity and specific characteristics of rural destinations, as well as policies for distributing tourism benefits throughout the country and turning tourism into an effective tool for comprehensive, resilient and sustainable development for rural areas.

Rural communities, as a large part of the population of developing countries, which are mainly food producers, are facing problems in providing their own food. Due to the trend of population increase on one hand and the reduction of environmental capacity on the other hand, it will be more difficult to provide food security in the future. In this regard, scientists have come up with various solutions to solve this crisis, and in most of these solutions, attention has been paid to sustainable agriculture and maintaining the relationship between its indicators, including the environment, agricultural exploitation, and food security. Nowadays, the position of animal husbandry activity in food security strategies has been increasingly improved. Because animal husbandry can play an important role in increasing income and increasing food security and nutrition, and it can also provide fertilizer and kinetic energy to the system, it can make agriculture more sustainable. However, few empirical studies have been conducted that show that there is a causal relationship between livestock ownership and food security. Therefore, it is felt necessary to pay attention to this category in order to ensure the food security of rural households.

The current research is based on the practical purpose and is descriptive-analytical in nature. The statistical population of the research is the households of the villages of Zanjan Township, which has 248 inhabited villages. Using the modified Cochran formula, 54 villages were selected as sample villages. The sampling method is simple probability (lottery method). The number of samples required to complete the questionnaire was determined by using Cochran's formula of 290 households, in the following, according to the number of households in each village, the number of samples in each village was determined. The method of collecting information in the current research is library and field, and descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data, and the food insecurity scale method was used to calculate the level of food security.

Descriptive findings related to the food security status of families with children on the scale of food insecurity show that the highest level of food insecurity is related to the index "In the past month, has it happened that you or one of the family members could not have enough resources to eat the foods you like?" with an average of 5.44 and the lowest level of food insecurity is related to the index "In the past month, has it happened that there is nothing to eat in your home due to not having enough money to buy food?" with an average of 2.79. Also, the descriptive findings related to the food security status of childless families in the food insecurity scale method show that the highest level of food insecurity is related to the index "In the past month, has it happened that you or one of the family members did not have enough resources to eat the foods you like? "with an average of 5.33 and the lowest level of food insecurity is related to the index "In the past month, has it happened that you or one of your family members did not eat anything for a whole day and night due to not having enough food?" with an average of 3.16.In the following, the investigations related to the average livestock ownership in the studied area show that 39.28 households own traditional poultry, 32.89 households own heavy livestock and 43.11 households own light livestock. Finally, examining the intensity and direction of the statistical relationship between animal husbandry and food security in the study area shows that animal husbandry has made a significant difference in the food security of the rural households under study. So that in households with food security, the correlation is 0.252 and in households with food insecurity without hunger, the correlation decreases (0.048), but it still has a positive relationship. Also, in households with food insecurity with moderate hunger, the correlation coefficient is -0.279 and for food insecurity with severe hunger, the correlation coefficient is -0.107. Therefore, it can be said that animal husbandry in rural households has led to the improvement of the food security situation, and with the reduction or elimination of animal husbandry, the food security of rural households also decreases. 

The results related to the investigation of the food security situation in Zanjan Township show that it is unfavorable, so that only 26.37% of the households have food security. However, food insecurity with moderate hunger and food insecurity with extreme hunger have a relatively lower average. This shows the need to pay attention to the factors influencing the improvement of food security in the region. Further, the investigation related to the average livestock in the studied area shows that this part of the research is in line with the studies of Upton (2004). As he points out, light livestock has more fans among livestock farmers due to its lower cost, domestic consumption and domestic sales, and has a positive effect on household food security. Also, the investigations of the relationship between livestock farming and the food security of the studied rural households showed that livestock farming in rural households has led to an improvement in the food security situation, and with the reduction or elimination of livestock farming, the food security of rural households also decreases. In the first stage, the ownership of livestock provides the villagers with the possibility of consuming livestock products, and in the next stage, it is one of the effective factors in food security through the creation of income and the possibility of selling its products and earning income to buy other foodstuffs.

The sustainable livelihood was introduced in the 1980 as a new approach of alleviating the rural poverty in rural development debate. Achieving sustainable rural livelihoods, regardless of livelihood assets in rural areas are not possible. Accordingly, this study aimed to assess sustainable livelihood capitals in rural households of the Central District of Dena County. This study was an applied research due to the aim of the study and non-experimental survey in terms of the method of collecting data. The statistical population consisted of 2500 rural households in the study area. The sample size was determined 300 ones based on the Krejcie and Morgan Table and were selected through cluster random sampling. The data was collected by a structured researcher-made questionnaire which its validity was confirmed by a group of rural development experts in Yasouj university and its reliability was also confirmed by calculating Cronbach's alpha. The results showed that among the five livelihood capitals, three capitals including social capital, human capital and physical capital were at average level in terms of sustainability and two capitals including financial capital and natural capital were at potential in sustainability (poor) level.