جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « امنیت غذایی » در نشریات گروه « علوم ترویج »

Food security is the most important principle for maintaining the health of society, when affecting various dimensions such as political, economic, social and cultural dimensions. Therefore, it is very important to examine the food security situation and identify the factors affecting it, so that practical policy and support solutions can be provided to improve the nutritional status of the society.

In this study, in order to investigate the factors affecting food security in the provinces of the country, the fractional Probit panel model, which is bounded for the dependent variables, has been used. The boundedness of the dependent variable (the food security index is in the range (1 and 0)), differentiates this model from the common panel data method. The difference of these variables from the point of view of econometrics is that not only do they have a possible outcome, but they include both the outcome of the corner solution and the continuous outcome in the range of zero and one.

According to the obtained results, using the fractional Probit panel approach, the variables of Gini coefficient, per capita tax, unemployment and inflation, have a negative and significant sign, and the variables of per capita income and financial development index have a positive and significant sign. Considering the final effect of the Gini coefficient on food security, it is expected that with an increase of one percent in the Gini coefficient, the food security index will decrease by 0.07 percent. Per capita tax, with a final effect of -0.99, shows that with a one percent decrease in this variable, the food security situation increases by 0.99 percent. Considering the positive and significant effect of financial development on food security, with a one percent increase, the food security index will improve by 0.13 percent. With a one percent increase in per capita income, the food security index increases by 0.84 percent. The sign of the inflation variable in this model is negative and it indicates the decrease in food security due to the increase in inflation. In fact, inflation reduces the availability of food by reducing purchasing power and as a result reduces the level of food security, so according to the results, with a one percent increase in inflation, the food security index will decrease by 0.17 percent. In fact, this result can be expressed as considering that the increase in the general level of prices reduces the available income and purchasing power of households, which reduces the economic access to food and food with higher nutritional value and threatens food security. The effect of the unemployment rate variable on food security is negative, which means that with a one percent decrease in the unemployment rate, the food security index will improve by 0.06 percent.

Based on the results, considering the final negative effect of the Gini coefficient on food security, it is suggested that the structure of income distribution by the government through implementing targeted and principled policies in line with investment in the provision of facilities and public goods and infrastructure, especially in less developed areas and rural areas should be reviewed and redesigned. The implementation of this policy by increasing the amount of per capita income and more public facilities, in addition to the distribution of income will become more balanced and help to reduce inequalities. Considering the negative effect of per capita tax on food security, it can be said that the effect of indirect tax on food security was greater than the effect of direct tax. In other words, due to the negative impact of indirect taxes on income distribution and its high share in the country's tax revenues, its destructive effect on income distribution has been overcome, and therefore, with the increase of the Gini coefficient and the decrease of available income, the food security situation worsens. Considering the positive and significant effect of financial development on food security, by creating a healthy competitive environment in the banking system and making payment facilities efficient, facilities and credits granted to the economic and production sectors are directed and on the other hand, by using new methods in the financial and capital markets, it will be possible to increase the access of individuals, companies and enterprises to financial tools and facilities in order to improve the performance and level of national production to help improving food security. Also, the results showed that inflation has a negative effect on food security. Inflation, especially high and continuous in Iran's economy, causes uncertainty in investment, lower real interest rates, and more depreciation of capital, which, along with the outflow of capital from the country, in the long term, causes a decrease in food security by reducing the purchasing power of the household. On the other hand, unemployment causes poverty by decreasing the household income, followed by a decrease in food security, which due to the two-way relationship between poverty and the destruction of natural resources leads to problems like soil erosion, water pollution, emission of greenhouse gases and the loss of environmental diversity, which limit production and production resources in the long term, leading to the food security situation to be more endangered.

Access to food is the concept of sustainable physical and economic access to resources to provide food items needed by society. Although in line with population growth the production of agricultural products has increased, the access of the people to the food has decreased and it has caused hidden hunger and food insecurity on a large scale. According to the World Health Organization, approximately 60% of child deaths in developing countries are the result of chronic hunger and malnutrition. In Iran, the level of food insecurity is reported about 23%, and the situation of access to food in both physical and economic dimensions is far worse in rural than urban areas. For example, the level of food insecurity in the rural areas of Qarasu in West Azerbaijan is reported 59.4%. Lack of access to sufficient food and the occurrence of food insecurity are affected by various factors, including economic, social, cultural, political and environmental. As a result, due to the importance of access to food, this study tried to investigate the factors affecting the access of rural households to food in Shavoor district.

Current research is a non-experimental survey research with a quantitative approach. The statistical population was all the rural households of Shavoor district (N= 2624), of which 300 households (n= 300) were selected as a sample using the stratified sampling method with proportional assignment. The data used in this research was primary data that was collected by a questionnaire. The validity of the data collection tool was done based on the point of view of specialists, and Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to determine its reliability. The value of this coefficient for different parts of the questionnaire was between 0.765 and 0.873, which indicates the appropriate reliability of the research tool. This study used SPSS, Excel, and SmartPLS for data analysis. In order to inferentially analyze the data, confirmatory factor analysis based on partial least square (PLS) method was used.

The findings showed that the average age of the respondents was over 47 years old, 85.7% were married, 28.7% were also illiterate. The average number of people per household in this study was 5.86 people. The average number of active people among the studied households was about two. Most households (41.3%) had an income of less than two million tomans per month and 58.3% of the households could not save any money. Although the main occupation of most (31%) heads of the studied households was agriculture, most of the households did not possess agricultural land. Also, the average area of irrigated and orchard lands and the number of light and heavy livestock of each studied household were 2.70 hectares, 0.37 hectares, 2.80 heads and 1.80 heads, respectively. According to the results of the confirmatory factor analysis based on Partial Least Squares (PLS) method, among the three main dimensions (physical, economic and continuity of access), the physical access to food is more unfavorable (0.458) than the economic access (0.900) and continuity of access (0.909). Based on the research findings, economic (0.528), social (0.362), and individual and family (0.340) factors are the most important factors affecting rural households' access to food respectively. Among the economic factors, the income variable has a greater impact on food access. Food consumption pattern and the education level of the head of the household, respectively among the social and the individual-family factors are very important and have a significant effect on improving the access of households to food. Various studies have emphasized the effect of the low level of education of heads of households in a society on poverty and food insecurity. Also, physical factors play a decisive role in households' access to food, and these factors indirectly affect the level of rural households' access to food.

In this research, an attempt was made to analyze the factors affecting the improvement of access to food for rural households in Shavor village located in Susa county. The findings of this research showed that despite the fact that the main source of income for most of the rural households in this village is from the agricultural sector, the situation of rural households' access to food is not favorable, especially in terms of physical access. And various factors, including economic, individual-family factors, social and physical, have directly and indirectly affected this access. In order to improve the access level of rural households to food, it is suggested to provide the necessary background and platform for diversifying rural jobs and improving their income sources. Creation and support of various organizations (such as consumer cooperatives) with the aim of providing facilities and supply of food items at a better price and with more variety to the villagers, targeting the granting of subsidies to agricultural inputs, adopting appropriate support policies for the price of agricultural products, strengthening the market and the transportation network for agricultural products are among the best solutions to improve the level of access of villagers to food.

Rural communities, as a large part of the population of developing countries, which are mainly food producers, are facing problems in providing their own food. Due to the trend of population increase on one hand and the reduction of environmental capacity on the other hand, it will be more difficult to provide food security in the future. In this regard, scientists have come up with various solutions to solve this crisis, and in most of these solutions, attention has been paid to sustainable agriculture and maintaining the relationship between its indicators, including the environment, agricultural exploitation, and food security. Nowadays, the position of animal husbandry activity in food security strategies has been increasingly improved. Because animal husbandry can play an important role in increasing income and increasing food security and nutrition, and it can also provide fertilizer and kinetic energy to the system, it can make agriculture more sustainable. However, few empirical studies have been conducted that show that there is a causal relationship between livestock ownership and food security. Therefore, it is felt necessary to pay attention to this category in order to ensure the food security of rural households.

The current research is based on the practical purpose and is descriptive-analytical in nature. The statistical population of the research is the households of the villages of Zanjan Township, which has 248 inhabited villages. Using the modified Cochran formula, 54 villages were selected as sample villages. The sampling method is simple probability (lottery method). The number of samples required to complete the questionnaire was determined by using Cochran's formula of 290 households, in the following, according to the number of households in each village, the number of samples in each village was determined. The method of collecting information in the current research is library and field, and descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data, and the food insecurity scale method was used to calculate the level of food security.

Descriptive findings related to the food security status of families with children on the scale of food insecurity show that the highest level of food insecurity is related to the index "In the past month, has it happened that you or one of the family members could not have enough resources to eat the foods you like?" with an average of 5.44 and the lowest level of food insecurity is related to the index "In the past month, has it happened that there is nothing to eat in your home due to not having enough money to buy food?" with an average of 2.79. Also, the descriptive findings related to the food security status of childless families in the food insecurity scale method show that the highest level of food insecurity is related to the index "In the past month, has it happened that you or one of the family members did not have enough resources to eat the foods you like? "with an average of 5.33 and the lowest level of food insecurity is related to the index "In the past month, has it happened that you or one of your family members did not eat anything for a whole day and night due to not having enough food?" with an average of 3.16.In the following, the investigations related to the average livestock ownership in the studied area show that 39.28 households own traditional poultry, 32.89 households own heavy livestock and 43.11 households own light livestock. Finally, examining the intensity and direction of the statistical relationship between animal husbandry and food security in the study area shows that animal husbandry has made a significant difference in the food security of the rural households under study. So that in households with food security, the correlation is 0.252 and in households with food insecurity without hunger, the correlation decreases (0.048), but it still has a positive relationship. Also, in households with food insecurity with moderate hunger, the correlation coefficient is -0.279 and for food insecurity with severe hunger, the correlation coefficient is -0.107. Therefore, it can be said that animal husbandry in rural households has led to the improvement of the food security situation, and with the reduction or elimination of animal husbandry, the food security of rural households also decreases. 

The results related to the investigation of the food security situation in Zanjan Township show that it is unfavorable, so that only 26.37% of the households have food security. However, food insecurity with moderate hunger and food insecurity with extreme hunger have a relatively lower average. This shows the need to pay attention to the factors influencing the improvement of food security in the region. Further, the investigation related to the average livestock in the studied area shows that this part of the research is in line with the studies of Upton (2004). As he points out, light livestock has more fans among livestock farmers due to its lower cost, domestic consumption and domestic sales, and has a positive effect on household food security. Also, the investigations of the relationship between livestock farming and the food security of the studied rural households showed that livestock farming in rural households has led to an improvement in the food security situation, and with the reduction or elimination of livestock farming, the food security of rural households also decreases. In the first stage, the ownership of livestock provides the villagers with the possibility of consuming livestock products, and in the next stage, it is one of the effective factors in food security through the creation of income and the possibility of selling its products and earning income to buy other foodstuffs.

Due to the growing population in cities, one of the most neglected issues is the urban agricultural development. This study seeks to investigate the impact of economic, social, cultural and managerial mechanisms on the development of urban agriculture in the Kraj city. This research is of applied type and after presenting the basics of the subject and research background, the data obtained from the distribution of the questionnaire in the statistical population of 127 experts have been analyzed using Smart-PLS software. Based on the results of this study, the KMO number (greater than 0.7) and the significance number of Bartlett test (<0.05sig) indicate the appropriate factor analysis for the data. The results of this study indicate the appropriateness of all questions in the process of factor analysis and because the number of subscriptions to the questions is more than 0.5, the validity of the questions has been confirmed. Also, after analyzing the results in this study, it was found that four assumptions of this study, including economic mechanisms, social mechanisms, cultural mechanisms and management mechanisms and related items have affected the development of urban agriculture in Karaj.

Today, one of the most important human challenges is to achieve food security around the world, a concept that means safe, nutritious and adequate food for all. The main objective of this study was to investigate food insecurity challenges among rural households in Bushehr Province. Statistical population was total rural households from two towns of Dashtestan and Tangestan in 2020. Sample size was calculated 380 by Krejcie and Morgan table. Main instrument of the study was a questionnaire that its validity and reliability were proved by a panel of experts and Cronbach Alpha coefficient respectively. The results of groping rural households indicated that more than 60% of them have food insecurity. In addition, results showed that the most important challenges of food security in rural households of Bushehr Province include “food price increase” and “weakness of agricultural supportive system.” Also based on the results of factor analysis, challenges of food security are categorized in 7 factors include agricultural and environmental challenges, supportive and economical challenges, marketing challenges, professional and cultural challenges, social challenges, technological challenges and climate challenges that totally explained 62% of total factor variance.

During the past two decades, the number of small towns has grown dramatically in Iran. Small towns have different functions such as providing services and facilities and overcoming deprivation of surrounding regions, population stability, improving employment and income, creating a market for agricultural products, agricultural development, increasing access to banking and health facilities and services, exchanging of information and communication and so on. This study was done to investigate the social effects and impacts of Likak town on the development of the surrounding villages and the region in two periods: before and after the town was established. In this study, two methods were used including library research to study theories and field study to collect households’ information. According to the study, the statistical population of the research consisted of the head of households. In the field study, 220 households were selected using Cochran's formula and stratified sampling. The general findings of the research indicated that there was absorb effects of rural resources by the town. In other words, the effect of absorb was more than the effects of diffusion. The status of villages has not considerable improvement in terms of population stability, social capital, agricultural products and development.

Today, considerable interest in urban agriculture is being manifested by policy makers, government agencies and academics due to its contribution to food security and poverty alleviation in cities. Therefore, this research has evaluated the farmers’ viewpoints regarding peri-urban agriculture in Noorabad city with an emphasis on the dimensions of food security. The study population consisted of peri-urban farmers of Noorabad who had at least two hectares of cultivated land. Based on the sampling table of Bartlett and colleague, 123 people were selected and distributed randomly with proportional assignment. The findings showed that the studied farmers evaluated urban agriculture in improving the dimensions of effective food security, but the diversity of views was seen among them. Therefore, the studied farmers were classified into two groups (negative evaluator and positive evaluator) using cluster analysis. The findings also showed that these two groups have different attitudes toward urban agriculture. On the other hand, the results showed that there is a direct and significant relationship between the impact of urban agriculture on improving the dimensions of food security (availability, availability, utilization and stability) with the attitude towards urban agriculture.

The main purpose of this study was to investigate agricultural entrepreneurship competencies on food security of rural households in Mahidasht district, Kermanshah province.

The research is of applied research type and the data collection method is non-experimental and cross-sectional research. The statistical population of the present study is 890 rural households (heads) in Mahidasht district and the sample size has been calculated using the Cochran's formula equal to 268 people. Data collection tool was a questionnaire consisting of 9 factors and 42 items and the dependent variable consisted of 5 factors of 24 items, the reliability of which was confirmed by calculating the Cronbach's alpha coefficient of dependent and independent variables. To investigate the causal relationship between variables affecting food security (dependent variable), multiple regression method was used stepwise.

Regression results showed that the risk-taking variable (beta coefficient 0.445); Opportunity identification (beta coefficient 0.347) and variable (beta coefficient 0.144) had the greatest impact on food security.

In this regard, it was suggested that the design of a systematic and purposeful system, monitoring and evaluation in order to implement consumption reform programs and investment in the agricultural sector with the necessary tools to establish food security is absolutely necessary.

Recent droughts have aroused extensive concerns on crop and food production in the world. Since the agricultural sector is the leading water consumer in Iran and farmers are one of the most vulnerable groups to drought, applying drought adaptation strategies changes their resilience and viability. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of drought adaptation strategies on farmers' livability and resilience in the Sistan region, Iran (N = 6000). Therefore, a sample of 361 farmers was taken by the multi-stage cluster randomization technique. The research instrument was a questionnaire which its content and face validity was confirmed by a panel of experts and discriminant validity (AVE). In addition, evaluating its reliability using Cronbach's alpha and the Composite reliability indices revealed that the values are within the acceptable range. The results indicated that the means of the physical, and environmental livability, responding, and recovery were significantly lower than the mean interval of the variables. The findings of SEM showed that 45.8% and 38.7% of farmers' livability and resilience to drought conditions depend on the adaptation strategies used by them, respectively.

Nanotechnology in the food industry provides a logical framework for developing an understanding of the reactions and self-arrangement behavior of small-scale food components. The purpose of this study is to identify and rank the factors affecting the improvement of food security based on the role of nanotechnology. The statistical population of the study was all the specialists of the Special Staff for Nanotechnology Development, whose number was 90 and due to the limited community of specialists of the Special Staff for Nanotechnology Development, they were selected through census. The present study is a descriptive correlation that a researcher-made questionnaire based on the theoretical framework of the research was used to collect data. Validity and reliability of the questionnaire indicated that the measuring instruments had good validity and reliability. The results of the research using SPSS software and prioritization of items based on coefficient of variation (CV) showed that in food storage, covering fruits and vegetables with nanocytosan containing copper was more important, also in Food processing, protection of nutrients against oxidation, in food production, production of biocompatible pesticide formulations, in food flavor and color improvement, nano-encapsulation of various fragrances and flavors in food to control the release of fragrances Flavors were more important in food health, the use of nanosensors to detect pathogens in food and in food packaging, the use of nanoparticles with antimicrobial properties of packaging.

Food security is one of the main conditions for the realization of national security and one of important functions of agricultural development. Therefore, the aim of this study is the study of the impact of agricultural development and other macroeconomic variables on food security and its sub-indicators (access to food, economic ability to buy food, and food health) in 64 developing countries. For this purpose, the panel data methods, and the data of developing countries in the period 1996-2016 are been used. The results show that agricultural development (the increase in agricultural value added) enhances food security through improving access to food. The GDP have a positive effect on food security so that all three dimensions of food security improved by increasing income. Rising prices will reduce food security by reducing access to food and reducing purchasing power.The urbanization has different effects on the different dimensions of food security but overall reduces food security. 

The main objective of this research was modeling the factors affecting rural households’ food security in Zanjan County. The statistical population of the current research was 25864 rural household heads in Zanjan County which based on Bartlett et al. (2001) formula, 353 of them were selected using a two-stage sampling method. A questionnaire was used for data collection. The face validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by a panel of experts and as well as the construct validity and the reliability of the questionnaire were obtained after making necessary corrections. The collected data were analyzed using SPSSWin22 and Smart PLS3 software. The descriptive results of the research showed that most of the surveyed respondents (more than two thirds) were in severe food insecurity situation. Moreover, the results of structural equation modeling revealed that each of five factors of economic, policy-regulatory, educational-information, family and geographical had positive and significant effects on rural household heads’ food security level and explained about 57.9 percent of variances in the dependent variable. However, the relationship between social factors and the food security level was not significant.

This study aimed generally at investigating and analyzing the consumption basket of rural households in different income deciles to achieve food security. For this purpose, the income deciles were initially divided into three general groups including the average of the first to third deciles as the first group, of the fourth to seventh deciles as the second group, and of the eighth to tenth deciles as the third group. Then, the Generalized Ordinary Differential Demand System (GODDS) was estimated using the integrated data of 2006-2017 in Seemingly Unrelated Regression Equations (SURE) method; and using Wald test, Almost Ideal Demand System (AIDS) function was selected as the appropriate functional form. The results of the price elasticity calculation showed that the price elasticity of food demand in rural areas was negative. It was also found that cereals and livestock meat as well as livestock and dairy products and sugar were complementary goods; cereals were known as the complementary goods for livestock, dairy products, and sugar; in addition, vegetables and pulses could be considered as substitutes for cereals in the rural areas. The calculation of income elasticity showed the positive values for food groups in the rural areas, indicating the normality of commodity groups. According to the results, the income elasticity of cereals, livestock, fish meat, shrimp and its products, dairy products, pulses and sugar was obtained a figure more than one, indicating that these foods were considered as the luxury goods.

The instability of production and the reduction of food security have been the result of man's profitable use of nature's capacities. In the field of environmental protection, the behavior of human beings as a key factor in the formation of environmental problems is irrefutable. Therefore, the purpose of the study was to identify the factors influencing the ethical behavior of the villagers, according to Experts of Jihad Agriculture and Environmental Organizations in Khuzestan Province using Grounded Theory method. In this method, coding is a basic technique for data analysis that has a three-step process and includes: Open Coding, Axial Coding and Selective Coding. In the Open coding phase, after conducting 10 in-depth interviews with employees of Jihad-Agriculture Organization and Khuzestan Province Environmental Organization, Line-by-line analysis was used to analyze the findings. Then the sentences and paragraphs were broken down into concepts. In the Axial coding stage of the categories, three categories: Political factors "," environmental ethics Perspective "and" educational factors "were identified as the main categories. Finally, the research paradigm model was drawn, considering the main categories under the terms casual condition, the cynicism of the villagers and the educators about each other as interventionist conditions, drought and lack of fallow as background, and necessary strategies to implement ethical behavior with the environment and their its associated consequences among the villagers, were formulated.

Planning in the system of agricultural extension for systematic and balanced development in order to achieve food security requires identification, determination and presenting strategies that are compatible with the internal and external environment of the system. Therefore, the purpose of the present research was to identify, determine and present strategies to improve the functioning of the extension system to achieve food security. The statistical population of the study consisted of 130 agricultural policy makers and experts of agricultural extension and development the country who were surveyed. Delphi method was used in three rounds. The strategies were identified and refined in three Delphi rounds. Then, using content analysis technique, they were classified into two main categories: macro and local strategies. Macro strategies fall into three structural, infrastructure, and cultural sub-categories, and local strategies into four structural, infrastructure, research, and cultural sub-categories.Finally, Nvivo software was used to present a comprehensive paradigm of performance improvement strategies for achieving food security. The findings of the software showed that training of human resources in extension in the field of food security, paying attention to the tangible and intangible needs of the users, clarifying the functional areas of the promotion system to move towards food security, promoting knowledge and Updating training in line with global food safety standards is one of the most prominent strategies to improve agricultural extension performance to achieve food security.

This study aimed at examining the relationship between food security and income poverty in rural areas of Amlash County in Guilan province of Iran. Data were collected from 200 rural households in a multistage cluster random sampling method as well as the food security standard questionnaire completed by the households. A household food security standard method was used to determine the food security status of the households. The Likert multi-choice spectrum and household per capita expenditure were also used to determine the mental and relative poverty. In addition, using multiple Logit model and analyzing the marginal effect, the impact of income poverty on food security in the rural households was examined. The results showed that the mental and relative poverty had a positive and significant relation with the food insecurity among the rural households. The analysis of the marginal effect showed that the mental poverty had the greatest impact on the food security. So, to deal with the food insecurity at various levels in the rural community, the poverty reduction in this community should be focused due to its highest priority and effectiveness.

This study examined the major effective factors on farmer’s adoption of improved wheat varieties and investigated their impacts on food security in East Azarbaijan province based on the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology. The population of this study comprised wheat growers who adopted improved wheat varieties in 21 regions. The study sample consisted of 380 wheat growers selected through stratified random sampling. A questionnaire was utilized for data collection. Validity was confirmed by face validity, convergent validity, and discriminant validity and reliability was calculated using Composite Reliability and Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Data was analyzed using Smart-PLS software. The findings showed that the performance expectancy, hedonic motivation, and trust, had a positive and significant effect on the intention to adopt technology as well as on the dimensions of food security. In addition, the moderating variables of age, gender, and experience did not have a significant effect on related constructs.