جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « Rural Areas » در نشریات گروه « علوم ترویج »

Physical resilience is very low due to the high fragility of rural settlements in the face of conditions and limited capacity to deal with changes. Rural housing as an important part of man-made environment, generally in accidents that happen quickly, suffer a lot of damage, so it is important to pay attention to the provision of resilient housing, especially in areas where natural hazards have intensified. Also, it is very important to pay attention to the rural areas that seem vulnerable to disasters due to the weakness in facilities and socio-economic level.The study area is Andika city. Andika city in Khuzestan province was hit by an earthquake with a magnitude of 5.7 and a large area in 2021, and this earthquake caused considerable damage to rural residential houses in this city. Also, in this earthquake, 600 residential units were damaged and more than 10 billion tomans cost of damage to housing in this city is estimated. According to the statistics and information obtained from the Rural Disasters and Crisis Unit of the General Administration of the Housing Foundation in Andika City and Khuzestan Province, out of a total of 552 inhabited villages in this city, 120 villages have been affected by accidents and suffered a lot of damage in the physical part, especially in housing, as for example in the village of Repi 100 houses have been completely destroyed. The studied villages are scattered in the central part, and they form the statistical population of the present study. According to the issues raised in the problem statement, the research question is raised as follows: At what level is the current state of houses of rural households in Andika city evaluated in terms of resilience?

In terms of its nature, this research is of the type of quantitative research, and in terms of its purpose it is of applied research, and in terms of the method it is descriptive-analytical. In the studied area, out of a total of 1726 rural houses in the city, 600 houses were damaged by the earthquake in 1400. In this study, villages were selected as samples, where the destruction of rural houses in the face of an earthquake was more than 20 units. Based on this, 9 villages that had the most damage caused by the earthquake in terms of housing were selected as sample villages. The sample size was calculated with the help of Cochran's formula, and with the help of the ratio sharing rule, the number of investigated houses in each village was determined. The total number of houses in the 9 surveyed villages was 256.

Due to its location on the earthquake belt, Iran has always been at risk of earthquakes. The formation of large faults and the presence of active stress fields have made Iran prone to earthquakes. In rural areas, due to the construction of non-standard houses, which is done due to various reasons such as incorrect government policies and economic savings, the houses are vulnerable to the risk of earthquakes. Therefore, it is very important to pay attention to the concept of rural housing resilience. In the context of earthquake management, resilience can be defined as the capacity of a system, potentially exposed to hazards, to adapt through resistance or change to reach and maintain an acceptable level of performance and structure. In the present study, the physical resilience of housing under 5 components with 36 indicators was investigated. According to the significant level obtained in all dimensions of the housing's physical resilience (except the spatial and structural dimensions), the mean is significantly lower than the theoretical mean and is evaluated at a low to medium level. Except for the spatial average with 3.24 and the structural dimension with 3.14, which is higher than the theoretical average (number 3), in other dimensions, the physical resilience of the villagers' housing is lower than the theoretical average and poorly evaluated. So that the averages of mental image dimension with 2.65, functional dimension with 2.74, and physical resilience structure of rural housing with 2.99 were lower than the theoretical average.There is a significant relationship between all variables except the number of household members living in a residential unit with resilience structure. There is also an inverse relationship with weak intensity between the variables (duration of residence in the village, age of the respondents) and resilience. There is a weak direct relationship between the variable number of years of education and resilience. According to the significance level of 0.01, there is a significant direct relationship with medium intensity between the variable of average income and resilience. There is a significant relationship between housing characteristics and resilience, except for the variable of total infrastructure area. There is an inverse relationship with moderate intensity between the variables (building age, number of floors) and resilience; in such a way that with the increase of each of the variables, the resilience decreases and with the decrease of each of them, the resilience increases. The relationship between the variables (total area of the residential unit, number of rooms) and significant resilience is of a direct type with medium intensity. There is no significant relationship between individual characteristics and the structure of housing vulnerability. There is a direct and moderate relationship between the characteristics of the roads and the resilience of the houses. The type of loan received, the quality of the structure in terms of almond, semi-durable and low-durable, and the types of framing of the residential unit are effective on the physical resilience of the housing.

The tourism industry is considered as a vital factor for the economy due to job creation and income generation. But tourism, along with positive effects, especially in the economic field, can sometimes have negative effects. Considering the negative effects caused by tourism, the concept of sustainable tourism was born, and among the many approaches for sustainable tourism, ecotourism was proposed as the most compatible type of tourism with the greatest potential. This form of tourism has a deep respect for people, tourist places and objects that are visited, and in it, a special emphasis is placed on protecting natural and cultural resources, involving local people in planning processes and creating prosperity for this. Among the tourism opportunities available in rural areas, the presence of natural attractions, pristine landscapes and suitable weather strengthens the ground for the development of ecotourism in villages more than other aspects of tourism development and as a complementary economy. Rural is a useful solution to reduce poverty and reduce migration from rural to the city and increase the level of welfare of rural people, and it can have an all-round effect on the lives of rural people. Considering the importance of ecotourism in national and regional development and the fact that Ardabil county as the center of Ardabil province is prone to develop ecotourism at the country level, and since it has unique ecotourism features and these features and advantages can be considered the basis of sustainable rural development of the city if planned, according to the importance of this part of tourism, the present research was conducted with the aim of determining the spatial performance of rural areas in terms of the ability to develop ecotourism in Ardabil county.

In terms of purpose and nature, the current research is of applied type and analytical and descriptive methods respectively. The geographical area under study is 52 rural points with a population of over 500 people from the three districts of Somrin (7 villages), Markazi (34 villages) and Hir (11 villages) in Ardabil county and the sample size is 50 students and professors of tourism to determine the importance of indicators. Quantitative data used in this research was obtained through the information contained in the birth certificates of the settlements published by the Deputy of Rural Development and Underprivileged Regions of the country and was analyzed using Guttman's model.

According to the results of Gutman's model, out of 52 studied villages, 3 villages have been evaluated at the tourism pole level, 21 villages at the center level and 28 villages at the tourism point level. In this way, 54 percent of the villages are at the level of tourist spots, and the average of these villages is less than 3.65, and 40 percent of the villages are at the level of tourist centers. As a result, the studied villages have not benefited from the benefits of ecotourism in the same way. Also, the results of the analysis of the poles of ecotourism by different parts of Ardabil county showed that the average of Somrin part is equal to 3.65 and according to this, Somrin village with an average of 6.56 and the highest score as a pole is in the central part of Ardabil county. Anzab Alia village with a score of 6.22 as a tourism hub and Hir section with an average of 3.96 has the best performance among other sections. In this part, Aralavi Bozorg village with the highest average which is equal to 6.44 can become a tourist hub if planned. Also, in the meantime, the village of Qezal Qiyah with a score of 5.33 has a high potential to change the function of the tourism center to a tourism hub.

Since all villages do not have the ability to develop in the field of tourism or this ability is very weak, it is necessary to select the villages that have a higher ability in the field of tourism than other villages with knowledge. According to the results of the village of Somrin, Anzab Alia and Aralvi Bozorg were chosen as the tourist hub of Ardabil county. Villages that have the function of tourism poles are the first priority for investment in the development of ecotourism. Tourism centers are those villages that, if strengthened, have the ability to become tourism hubs. There are 21 rural spots in Ardabil county. The tourism spot is considered as the third priority in the discussion of ecotourism development. Out of the 52 studied villages, 28 villages have the spatial function of a rural spot, which needs to be strengthened during a long-term planning. Also, among the three districts of Ardabil county, in terms of average, Hir district is in the first priority with an average of 3.96, Somrin district is in the second priority with an average of 3.65, and Central district is in the third priority with an average of 3.51.

Food security is the most important principle for maintaining the health of society, when affecting various dimensions such as political, economic, social and cultural dimensions. Therefore, it is very important to examine the food security situation and identify the factors affecting it, so that practical policy and support solutions can be provided to improve the nutritional status of the society.

In this study, in order to investigate the factors affecting food security in the provinces of the country, the fractional Probit panel model, which is bounded for the dependent variables, has been used. The boundedness of the dependent variable (the food security index is in the range (1 and 0)), differentiates this model from the common panel data method. The difference of these variables from the point of view of econometrics is that not only do they have a possible outcome, but they include both the outcome of the corner solution and the continuous outcome in the range of zero and one.

According to the obtained results, using the fractional Probit panel approach, the variables of Gini coefficient, per capita tax, unemployment and inflation, have a negative and significant sign, and the variables of per capita income and financial development index have a positive and significant sign. Considering the final effect of the Gini coefficient on food security, it is expected that with an increase of one percent in the Gini coefficient, the food security index will decrease by 0.07 percent. Per capita tax, with a final effect of -0.99, shows that with a one percent decrease in this variable, the food security situation increases by 0.99 percent. Considering the positive and significant effect of financial development on food security, with a one percent increase, the food security index will improve by 0.13 percent. With a one percent increase in per capita income, the food security index increases by 0.84 percent. The sign of the inflation variable in this model is negative and it indicates the decrease in food security due to the increase in inflation. In fact, inflation reduces the availability of food by reducing purchasing power and as a result reduces the level of food security, so according to the results, with a one percent increase in inflation, the food security index will decrease by 0.17 percent. In fact, this result can be expressed as considering that the increase in the general level of prices reduces the available income and purchasing power of households, which reduces the economic access to food and food with higher nutritional value and threatens food security. The effect of the unemployment rate variable on food security is negative, which means that with a one percent decrease in the unemployment rate, the food security index will improve by 0.06 percent.

Based on the results, considering the final negative effect of the Gini coefficient on food security, it is suggested that the structure of income distribution by the government through implementing targeted and principled policies in line with investment in the provision of facilities and public goods and infrastructure, especially in less developed areas and rural areas should be reviewed and redesigned. The implementation of this policy by increasing the amount of per capita income and more public facilities, in addition to the distribution of income will become more balanced and help to reduce inequalities. Considering the negative effect of per capita tax on food security, it can be said that the effect of indirect tax on food security was greater than the effect of direct tax. In other words, due to the negative impact of indirect taxes on income distribution and its high share in the country's tax revenues, its destructive effect on income distribution has been overcome, and therefore, with the increase of the Gini coefficient and the decrease of available income, the food security situation worsens. Considering the positive and significant effect of financial development on food security, by creating a healthy competitive environment in the banking system and making payment facilities efficient, facilities and credits granted to the economic and production sectors are directed and on the other hand, by using new methods in the financial and capital markets, it will be possible to increase the access of individuals, companies and enterprises to financial tools and facilities in order to improve the performance and level of national production to help improving food security. Also, the results showed that inflation has a negative effect on food security. Inflation, especially high and continuous in Iran's economy, causes uncertainty in investment, lower real interest rates, and more depreciation of capital, which, along with the outflow of capital from the country, in the long term, causes a decrease in food security by reducing the purchasing power of the household. On the other hand, unemployment causes poverty by decreasing the household income, followed by a decrease in food security, which due to the two-way relationship between poverty and the destruction of natural resources leads to problems like soil erosion, water pollution, emission of greenhouse gases and the loss of environmental diversity, which limit production and production resources in the long term, leading to the food security situation to be more endangered.

Rural production cooperatives provide the grounds for the broad participation of the villagers in the process of rural development and solve the problems of the villagers in the economic and social fields through cooperation and joint efforts. Despite the need for development and expansion, rural production cooperatives still do not have a worthy position. In this study, using the content analysis method, the rearrangements of the organizational model of the rural production cooperative were identified. The information was collected based on semi-structured interviews and a study of sources and documents. Findings show that out of 111 open codes, 34 basic concepts were identified that can be divided into 9 categories of organizing themes. The results of the analysis indicate that in the rearrangement and reorganization of rural production cooperatives should pay attention to member participation, board empowerment, effectiveness and efficiency and the need to achieve policy goals and optimal management of rural production cooperatives. , Getting help from the villagers themselves and involving them in all the decision-making and implementation process.

Today, one of the most important human challenges is to achieve food security around the world, a concept that means safe, nutritious and adequate food for all. The main objective of this study was to investigate food insecurity challenges among rural households in Bushehr Province. Statistical population was total rural households from two towns of Dashtestan and Tangestan in 2020. Sample size was calculated 380 by Krejcie and Morgan table. Main instrument of the study was a questionnaire that its validity and reliability were proved by a panel of experts and Cronbach Alpha coefficient respectively. The results of groping rural households indicated that more than 60% of them have food insecurity. In addition, results showed that the most important challenges of food security in rural households of Bushehr Province include “food price increase” and “weakness of agricultural supportive system.” Also based on the results of factor analysis, challenges of food security are categorized in 7 factors include agricultural and environmental challenges, supportive and economical challenges, marketing challenges, professional and cultural challenges, social challenges, technological challenges and climate challenges that totally explained 62% of total factor variance.

Due to the existence of suitable space and potential of rural areas of the country, renewable energy has been proposed as a suitable option for energy supply. Therefore, the aim of this study is to integrate multi-criteria decision making methods and geographic information systems in order to assess the potential of optimal areas at the local and rural levels to provide the highest possible spatial separation in this field by presenting decision methods in spatial studies. In this study, the best-worst method was used to weight the criteria and the WLC method was used to obtain a fitness map for the development of renewable energy in Mashhad. The results show the importance of environmental and economic criteria as well as attention to the type of renewable energy for rural areas. Thus, 54% of the total area of the study area is suitable for the establishment of solar power plants and 25% for the establishment of wind power plants in the class. In the study area, the villages were divided into two groups of villages with wind energy potential and solar energy. The villages of the first group are mainly distributed in the southwestern margin and the villages of the second group are distributed in the southern and central margins of Mashhad city. The results of this study can be very useful for planning and decision making at all levels of management for the development of renewable energy in the future.

Today, the renewable energy utilazation is considered as one of the most important ways to environment conservation and achieve sustainable development. Therefore, this study has been conducted with the aim of investigating the design of Pattern for renewable energy utilization in rural areas of Zanjan province. The study population was consisting of rural households that were covered by new energy technology in Zanjan province that according to Krejcie and Morgan sample determination table, 210 of the households were selected as samples. A questionnaire was used in quantitative research. Reliability and validity of survey instrument was evaluated. Face and content validity of the questionnaire had been confirmed by panel of experts and key informant before the pre-test stage. The reliability of instrument was assessed by conducting a pilot study among 30 samples out of the original sample. The reliability of instrument for the all sections based on Cronbach's alpha coefficients value (in the range of 0.72 to 0.90) shows acceptable level of internal consistency. Data analysis was performed by SPSS24 and AMOS22 software. The collected data was analyzed using structural equation modeling technique. The results based on direct structural model showed that there is a positive significant relationship between educational, socio-cultural, political and environmental factors with the dependent variable of renewable energy utilization and these variables explained 37% of variances of dependent variable. But there was no significant relationship between economic and technical factors with the renewable energy utilization.

In development theories, local leaders play a crucial role in rural development. However, having effective leadership is one of the challenges that rural communities face. Some believe that building a cohesive network of local leaders can help address this challenge. In this regard, the present study examines the effect of a rural development program called the carbon sequestration project on strengthening the cooperation network of local leaders in Golestan province. Using the social network analysis method, the communication network of local leaders of the three villages covered by this project was examined. The data collection tool was a questionnaire in which the cooperation link between local leaders before and after the implementation of the project was assessed. The results showed that the implementation of the carbon sequestration project has increased the parameters of the cooperation network of local leaders such as density, bonding ties, bridging ties, reciprocity, transitivity, and EI index. Besides, geodesic distance mean and network centralization have decreased. These findings show that after the implementation of the carbon sequestration project, the network of cooperation between local leaders has been strengthened, and therefore the network has more social capital and stability.

The purpose of the present study, which is of a descriptive-analytical type, is to explain the mechanisms and strategies of agricultural development with an emphasis on agricultural education in the rural areas of Aqra/Aqra city, Dohuk province of Iraqi Kurdistan climate. Data collection tools included document analysis, observation and questionnaire. In this study, content validity was confirmed using a panel of experts and its reliability was also confirmed using the triangulation method. The statistical population of this study included all the experts and specialists working in the Ministry of Agriculture of Kurdistan Region of Iraq (working in the four districts of Bejil, China, Zakurd and Gharcheesin) who are active in the field of agricultural development and are also familiar with the city of Acre. 32 people were selected using the purposeful sampling method and through the snowball method. According to the results of the SWOT analysis, an aggressive strategy (relative weighted average of internal factors = 3.14 and external factors = 3.26) was determined to transition from the current situation to the desired situation. In this regard, strategies such as cultivation of commercial crops according to suitable climate, modification and breeding of seed inputs to increase yield, employment of specialized forces for training for the commercialization of the agricultural sector, use of transgenic livestock to increase productivity and market needs assessment for Production of commercial products was extracted.

This applied research, in terms of documentary method and secondary information analysis, was conducted with the aim of investigating human development index(HDI) and its components based on official secondary demographic, economic and educational data in rural areas of Iran. In this study, the rural areas in different provinces were classified in two steps, first, classification was done by using of country’s official data in 2017 for HDI and its’ components measurement, based on UNDP criteria,and then zoning of these areas was taken. The research findings showed that the provinces were divided into two categories, middle(30 provinces) and low(Sistan and Baluchestan) classes in terms of HDI values. The findings of the research in the components of HDI also showed that in terms of Life Expectancy Index(LEI) values, 31 provinces were divided into two categories as very high and high LEI value. In the first group, Tehran province achieved the first rank and 24 provinces were categorized in the second group regarding. The third categorization was done by considering Education Index(EI) values,that rural areas were divided into two classes by very high and high. Eleven provinces were placed in the first group. Accordingly, the Alborz province achieved the highest index value. But Per Capita Income Index(PCII), the whole of Iran’s rural areas were placed in one category, based on PCII values.The maximum value of this index allocated to Mazandaran province by a score of 0.485 and the minimum of PCII belonged to the Sistan and Baluchestan province with a score of 0.270.

The operationalization of earthquake risk management objectives in rural areas requires a desirable management process and pattern. Therefore, this study aimed to desirable pattern of natural hazard risk management (earthquake) in rural areas using mathematical models, strategic management planning (SMP) and quantitative strategic management planning (QSMP). It was a descriptive and applied research, the required information of which were collected in both library and field methods. Initially, 19 appropriate indicators (such as housings quality, buildings age, population density, earthquake magnitude) were identified and weighted to rank the risks of vulnerability in the studied area and the data were analyzed after collecting their statistics and information. Then, the perspectives of respondents including 386 household members and 29 individuals from the local institutions (rural council and administrator) in 29 sample villages from a selected county in Qazvin province of Iran as well as the views of 15 specialists on management of earthquake risk and planning to reduce vulnerability were received, described and analyzed through 69 items within a questionnaire. The results showed that the desired integrated and sustainable pattern of earthquake risk management in the rural areas (with 100 percent allocation of scores) consisted of three stages including before (evaluation, prevention and reduction) with 50 percent, during (emergency response and initial rehabilitation and evaluation) with 21 percent and after (reconstruction and cleaning, rehabilitation and evaluation) with 29 percent of the total scores. Finally, understanding and promoting the basic components of earthquake risk management as key elements in each stage of earthquake risk management were emphasized.

This study aimed generally at investigating and analyzing the consumption basket of rural households in different income deciles to achieve food security. For this purpose, the income deciles were initially divided into three general groups including the average of the first to third deciles as the first group, of the fourth to seventh deciles as the second group, and of the eighth to tenth deciles as the third group. Then, the Generalized Ordinary Differential Demand System (GODDS) was estimated using the integrated data of 2006-2017 in Seemingly Unrelated Regression Equations (SURE) method; and using Wald test, Almost Ideal Demand System (AIDS) function was selected as the appropriate functional form. The results of the price elasticity calculation showed that the price elasticity of food demand in rural areas was negative. It was also found that cereals and livestock meat as well as livestock and dairy products and sugar were complementary goods; cereals were known as the complementary goods for livestock, dairy products, and sugar; in addition, vegetables and pulses could be considered as substitutes for cereals in the rural areas. The calculation of income elasticity showed the positive values for food groups in the rural areas, indicating the normality of commodity groups. According to the results, the income elasticity of cereals, livestock, fish meat, shrimp and its products, dairy products, pulses and sugar was obtained a figure more than one, indicating that these foods were considered as the luxury goods.

The aim of the present study is to investigate the role of Hamoon Lake’s environmental capabilities on the socio-economic development of rural areas of Sistan.The method of this research is descriptive- analytical and the required data were obtained through completing questionnaires and field study.To determine the sample size,Cochran sampling method(with error of 0.8) was used,and out of 600 rural households,120 supervisors were randomly interviewed.Also,10 agricultural experts from the region were interviewed, using available sampling.Descriptive statistics; frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation; and t-test were used to analyze the research data in SPSS software.Also,the VICOR ranking model was used for spatial analysis of the villages and finally the Fuzzy AHP model was applied to investigate the environmental impact factor in sistan.The results of the t-test showed that the environmental capabilities of Lake Hamoon had a significant effect on the economic and social sustainability of the studied villages of sistan,so that in both dimensions, the mean dimensions were higher than the theoretical median (3). Economic and livelihoods (4%) and socio-cultural (3.89%) were the highest,respectively. According to the results of the VICOR ranking technique, the Lourg va Bagh village with coefficient (Q =./…) is the best village to use environmental potentials in sistan. The results of Fazzy AHP technique showed that among the known capabilities, high groundwater level(0.48%) was the most important environmental power in sistan and the need for no fertilization (0.3%) was the least important factor.

The main issue of this research is to design a model for the development of micro insurance in rural areas in the form of cooperatives. This research has been done in 2 steps as follows. In the first stage, using qualitative study and in-depth interviews in the form of grounded theory approach, the requirements for the development of cooperative micro-insurance were categorized into three levels: micro, meso and macro. Micro level requirements include insurer, policy holder and distribution channel; Intermediate level requirements include actuary and macro level requirements include legislation and reinsurance. In the second stage, using quantitative study and structural equation modelling, micro-insurance cooperative model was designed in rural areas and then the challenges of micro-insurance development were identified. The statistical population includes three groups of insurance experts in the Ministry of Cooperatives, Labor and Social Welfare, the Central Insurance Research Institute and the Agricultural Products Insurance Fund. The results are summarized as follows: (1) Trust in micro-insurance through appropriate training programs among low-income groups is one of the first priorities at the micro level in order to develop micro-insurance. (2) Data collection items in relation to micro insurance customers, suppliers, products and prices of micro insurance, are among the first priority at the middle level (meso) to develop micro insurance. (3) The formulation of supportive policies (tax exemptions and subsidies) for the development of micro insurance is one of the first priorities at the macro level for the development of micro insurance. In economic challenges the variable “lack of savings" in poor people as an essential component to buy insurance; In socio-cultural challenges, the variable "lack of rural participation in cooperative insurance schemes" and "lack of trust among local community networks"; In educational-extension challenges, the variables "lack of mass media attention to micro-insurance issues" and "lack of education of low-income groups through custom cases"; In technical challenges, the variable "lack of information about micro-insurance marketing among the poor"; and In the policy challenges, the variable “lack of Agricultural Products Fund attention to the micro-insurance issues" has the highest priority of developing cooperative rural micro-insurance.

Nowadays, considering the huge unprecedented growth of the villages in developing countries, followed by the advent of many problems, some researchers proposed that development plans should be based on the emphasis on strengthening the villages, because they are the center of production and value-creation in any country. In this regard, the aim of the present study was to develop strategies for the development of sustainable employment in rural areas of Delfan County. The research tool was a questionnaire. The statistical population of the study included experts and managers of agricultural jihad in Delfan County. Considering the weaknesses, strengths, opportunities and threats mentioned, the results showed that if the conditions are ready, there will be a stable employment in the rural areas of Delfan County. Because among the internal factors, the most important strengths and weaknesses, respectively, are "the possibility of developing warm-water fish ponds and fisheries development in some villages" and "the lack of public acceptance of institutional and governmental organizations and the weakness of peoplechr('39')s participation in development projects" and Among the external factors, the most important opportunity and threat include "providing subsidies and low-interest facilities by agricultural Jihad for agricultural mechanization" and "reducing the security rate of policy-making towards employment development and rural industrialization". Also, the results of SWOT matrix strategieschr('39') prioritization showed that the strategy of diversity with the highest score is the most appropriate strategy to provide solutions to create sustainable employment in Delfan County. In addition, the study found that 13 strategies of sustainable employment development were designed in rural areas that could help policy-makers and rural development planners to help.

Markets have been the places where earliest human communities have formed based on essential social needs. This survey evaluated and explained the function of weekly street markets in improvement of qualitative indexes of life and conditions of livelihood in the rural families. It was an applied study in terms of objective, and a descriptive-analytical and survey study in terms of methodology. On this basis, different questions were prepared in different measuring scales (names, orders, and relative scales) within questionnaires. The statistical population included the household heads settled in the villages that had weekly street markets in three sub-districts of the studied region. In order to analyze and measure the data, correlation analysis tests such as Chi-Square and Phi-Cramer as well as mean value comparison tests of Freidman and Kruskal Wallis were used. The study results showed that there was a significant relationship at a confidence level of 99 percent between formation and establishment of the weekly street markets in some of the villages and the improvement of economic and social indexes such as entrepreneurship, income increase, job variety, reduction of expenses, and increase in motivation to stay in the villages. In addition, the results from Freidman and Kruskal Wallis tests on the comparison of physical development indexes in different villages showed that establishment of the weekly markets had significant differences in improvement and elevation of some physical factors; accordingly, to an acceptable extent, improvement of physical situations in the villages depended on the formation of markets in the studied rural areas.

Agricultural ecotourism tends to be a responsibility-based journey to natural and agricultural areas, their protect and the improvement of the lives of local people; in addition, paying attention to the natural and cultural capacities of villages plays an important role in revival of villages as well as creating employment and income for the rural people, protecting natural, historical and cultural heritage and ultimately, realizing an integrated and sustainable rural development. This study aimed at investigating the effects of agricultural ecotourism on economic, social and environmental development in rural areas of Sistan in Iran. It was a descriptive research, the data of which were surveyed through questionnaires and interviews. The statistical population included all the households and related experts in places with ecotourism capacity in the region, by distributing the questionnaires in a systematic sampling method. Validity of the questionnaire was calculated using experts' opinions and reliability of the instrument was calculated using Cronbach's alpha within the range of 0.742-0.953. The study results showed that the agricultural ecotourism improved the social, economic and environmental indicators as well as the quality of life in the region.

This study aimed at investigating the role of free trade zones in improvement of economic indexes in rural areas of Makou County in Iran. It was an analytical-explanative survey. Sample size was determined based on the Cochran’s formula and the required data were collected through questionnaires.  Content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by professors and experts and its reliability was determined based on Cronbach's alpha (0.85-0.91). The studied population consisted of all the rural people up 15 years old residing in rural areas of free trade zone in Makou County (N= 4689), among whom 400 persons were selected as thr statistical sample. Thus, 200 questionnaires were distributed among the villages situated at Makou free zone and 200 questionnaires were distributed among the villages far from Makou free trade zone in the comparative method. The results of statistical tests showed that there was a statistically significant positive relationship between all the studied variables and the improvement of economic indexes in the rural areas. Also, the results of spatial analysis showed that the role of free trade zone in the reinforcement of economic indexes among 25 percent of the villages was at a high level, 41 percent at a medium level and others at a weak level. Finally, according to the study results, a number of recommendations were presented.

The purpose of the present study was to identify the employment feasibilitis and effective job opportunity strategies in villages of Mashhad-e-Morghab district, Fars province which was conducted in a survey between experts and local elites. The data were collected using a protocol and a questionnaire with open and closed questions which were analyzed using SWOT technique in 96 year. The results showed that the study area faced by 39 factors pertaining to weaknesses (with weight of 0.876), 28 factors of threats (with weight of 0.952), 14 strength factors (with weight of 1.917) and three factors pertaining to opportunities (with weight of 1.659) for developing job opportunity. According to the Strategic Assesment and Spacead Matrix and the total value of strengths and opportunities, the aggressive strategy (SO), which focuses on internal strengths and external opportunities was identified as a priority of strategies for employment in rural villages of Mashhad-e-Morghab district. Therefore, in presenting job opportunity strategies in the studied area, the focus is on internal weaknesses (such as lack of adequate budget allocation for entrepreneurship, rural financial weakness, mismanagement of water resources with total value of 0.028) and external threats (drought and high banking profits with total value of 0.03). Also, in categorizing of identified capacities, the most important factor in the weaknesses and threats in creating employment are the economic factors. Finally, according to the results of the study, applied strategies for developing job opportunity in Mashhad-e- Morghab district were recommended.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors affecting the development of agricultural entrepreneurship in rural areas of the city of Soleleh (Northern District) of Lorestan province. The population of the study (N = 6432), agricultural experts (N = 54) and farmers (N = 6374) were located in the north of Lorestan province. The sample size was selected using Cochran's formula, taking into account the maximum variance, the large population and the confidence range of 0.05 (n = 360) were selected in two stages using multi-stage cluster and available clustering methods. In the first instance, villages (210 villages) were identified based on villages (Ghaleh Mozaffari, Hanam, Yosufvand, Duab) and then from each village four villages were sampled and resident farmers were studied. In order to assess the validity of the questions, expert opinion was used in the field of entrepreneurship and agriculture. Cronbach's alpha coefficient and combined reliability were used to measure the reliability of the research tool. Also, using structural equation modeling, job security, education, government support, and regulations have a direct and significant effect on the development of agricultural entrepreneurship. Meanwhile, job security variable had the highest impact (0/21). Based on the results, it is suggested that custodians provide the appropriate infrastructure for entrepreneurial activities by providing solutions such as guaranteeing purchase and insurance of agricultural products.