جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « تفرج » در نشریات گروه « منابع طبیعی »

Background and Objective 

Ecotourism activities lead to the development and environmental conservation if they performed on the basis ‎of environmental potential and continue through appropriate exploitation and conservation of managed ‎areas. Therefore, ecotourism is known as one of the kinds of sustainable tourism that with reasonable ‎management is able to meet the protection and development goals. One of the most ‎important management activities is zoning and spatial prioritization of suitable areas for tourism ‎development. Suitable areas have the best status of predefined evaluation criteria. The selecting process ‎of the appropriate zone involves two main steps typically; screening (identifying a limited number of ‎candidate zones from a wide geographical area according to a range of criteria), and evaluation. Land evaluation is a process of predicting the potential use of land-based on its attributes. Due to the ‎importance of zoning in tourism management, many studies have been done so far, but a review of ‎studies conducted in Iran showed that coastlines have been less considered in such studies. Therefore, ‎the present study intends to identify and prioritize suitable ecotourism areas in a part of the southern ‎coasts of the country according to ecological and socio-economic resources. The present study is to investigate the capability and zoning of the eastern watershed of Chabahar Gulf with a coastal length of 47 km for coastal tourism and also to identify and select the most suitable areas based on their preference in terms of criteria.

 Materials and Methods:

 At first, all possible criteria for land suitability evaluation for tourism development in the study area were selected according to the review of resources, and finally, using a questionnaire and Delphi method, the criteria were finalized. The identified evaluation criteria were in two forms of factor (continuous and discrete) and constraint as; Continuous factor criteria included; distance from the river, distance from the wetlands, distance from the mountains of Hezar-Dareh (Badlands)‎, distance from the port and the pier, distance from historical and cultural centers, distance from specific vegetation, distance from the specific animal, distance from agricultural lands, distance from the natural fountain, distance from rocky shores, distance from sandy shores, distance from the road, distance from rural areas, and distance from urban areas. Discrete factor criterion included; vegetation and restriction criteria included; wetland backline, river backline, and shore backline. Evaluation criteria were identified, prepared, and mapped. Finally Merged using the multi-criteria evaluation method (MCE) and the weighted linear ‎combination (WLC) approach. The weight of each factor ‎criterion was obtained by the analytic hierarchy process ‎‎(AHP) and all layers related to these criteria were ‎standardized and dimensionless by the fuzzy method. The ‎standardization of constraint criteria was performed by the ‎Boolean method.‎ Areas that have more than 70% suitability for the coastal ecotourism development and also have at least 9 hectares extension were identified as acceptable areas. These two filters were implemented by applying the Siteselect function.

 Results and Discussion:

The consistency ratio for the AHP were obtained 0.05, which is less than 0.1, therefore the weighting was done correctly. The filtered map (based on minimum area and minimum suitability) obtained from WLC showed that suitable areas for ecotourism development are along the coastline and mainly natural factors and spectacular geological attractions have been effective in this selection. The results of weighting the criteria show that rocky shores, sandy shores, and mountains of Hezar Dareh have the most weight among all operating criteria, which are respectively 0.19, 0.134, 0.12, and 0.09 and show the great attractiveness of these phenomena in attracting tourists from the experts' point of view. The resulting layer ‎of overlay was classified into two favorable and unfavorable classes. The results showed that the appropriate places for potential tourism were 233 hectares and are ‎located in seven zones along ‎the coast. Zones 4, 5, 2, and 3 had more priority, respectively based on the statistical characteristics of desirability, as well as the superiority of landscape features, proximity to the sea, and the greater accessibility, also the well-known locations. The field study also showed that these areas are more visited by tourists, which indicates the validity of the method and criteria used. Zones 7, 1 and, 6 are also in the next priority, respectively, which need more management and planning in terms of access to increase the tourism suitability. These results show the role of socio-economic factors, especially infrastructure. Ignoring it will lead to the elimination of recreational use or the imposition of irreparable damage to the environment.

 Conclusion:

 So far, our study area was less affected by accelerated development and its nature remains healthy. In this regard, allocating parts of the region to ecotourism landuse, if properly managed, can ensure the conservation of the environmental quality of the identification zones, because ecotourism is mentioned as the best policies of natural resources management which lead to the reduction of destructive factors and their sustainable protection, and on the other hand, by developing ecotourism sites and improving tourism facilities, the economic state of the tourist host community also improves. Among the identified zones, four zones 4, 5, 2, and 3 are suggested as the first priority ‎for tourism planning respectively.‎ Organizing, developing, and improving communication networks and roads in the region will increase the suitability of the region, especially zones 7, 1, and 6. Therefore, the development of communication networks and air transportation, maritime transportation, and Ground transportation and facilities and welfare and accommodation facilities needed by tourists are suggested, as well as maritime tourism tours to increase the region's attractiveness in attracting domestic and foreign tourists. Also, due to the high attraction of the mountains of Hezar-Dareh, which also have geological importance, it is suggested that parts of the study area be managed as a geological park or geopark. A more detailed study of the area is suggested to a spatial selection of coastal tourism activities with more comprehensive spatial information in the identified suitable areas in this study for future studies.

Recreational area can attract visitors in a limited level which is call carrying capacity. Carrying capacity types would includ Physical, Real and Effective. Physical and real Carrying capacity, in this study were estimated for Zaer forest park. At first based on zoning of this park, extensive and intensive (picnic and camping) recreation units were recognize. Result showed that physical carrying capacity in picnic area was 701530 people per year, in camping area was 345290 people per year and in extensive unit was 29453675 people per year. Also real carrying capacity in sited areas were 9726, 7181 and 8436423 people per year respectively.

In this study, the effects of recreation and conversion use of forested land to forest parks on soil physical and chemical properties followed by the biodiversity of Blouran forest park, Kuhdasht County was investigated. Three zones including non-recreation, extensive recreation and intensive recreation were chosen. In each area, 30 sample plots in a systematic random design (100 × 150 m) were established. In each plot, three soil samples were taken from 0-20 cm depth and a mixed sample was transferred to soil laboratory. For consideration of woody plants biodiversity current indices of diversity Simpson and Shannon wiener, evenness Camargo and Shannon wiener and richness with Margalef were assessed respectively. For data analysis, ANOVA and Duncan test was used. Results showed that some soil physical and chemical characteristics including pH value and bulk density of recreational areas has been increased but the amount of organic carbon, total nitrogen, absorbable phosphorous, exchangeable potassium, soil porosity, and litter depth in intensive recreational areas has been dropped. Indices of diversity, uniformity and richness in non-recreation zone had also significant differences with extensive recreation and intensive recreation zones. Thus, it is concluded that recreational activities cause high damages to forest, hence rational planning and management should be conducted for reducing these damages.

In this study، suitable areas in the Shourab forest park were identified for intensive and extensive outdoor recreation using five ecological parameters (slope، aspect، height، soil and vegetative cover). The result showed that 46. 447، 14. 244، and 515. 401 hectares of park area have the ability of class 1 extensive outdoor recreation potential، class 2 extensive outdoor recreation potential، and class 2 intensive outdoor recreation potential respectively. Besides it was determined that one of the problems caused increasing rudeness in park nature was absence of attention to all effective factors (water resources and recreation facilities) in assigning to outdoor recreation potential of the park. Therefore questionnaire and oral interview were used for evaluation of visitor''s suitable usage of outdoor recreation sites. In order to preparing of water resources and park facilities'' map، all area related to water resources and park facilities were identified and recorded using GPS. Result showed people usage of the park have not conformed to classification plan. It was also showed that outdoor recreation has a direct relation to water resources، facilities، and tourism charisma of the park. Therefore، these factors were intersected as positive informational layers with primary recreation capability map and a final recreation capability map was obtained based on those factors. The final results showed that despite the high efficiency of conventional method، due to the lack of consideration of all the factors affecting on outdoor recreation، other information layers (for example water recourses and recreation facilities) are also required in addition to ecological factors. In the last stage according to plan of final outing power، the map of development possibility was prepared in the park. The results of these maps showed that based on spatial extent for promoting regional outing based on spaciousness there are seven and three properties for first and second degree focused classes respectively.

Among environmental resources, forests and forest parks play a vital role in promoting human welfare. Different factors effect on tourism development in which security is one of the most important factor. The aim of this study was to investigate security sense in woody promenades and its effective factors. The method was discribing-surveying. Information was gathered in 200 statistical populations by questionnaire. Tools study validation was face validity and reliability of questions was approved using the coefficient alpha of Crohn Bach at 0.7 levels. The results showed that security is a basic criterion for selection of forest recreational areas. Some forested areas and away from others has a negative relationship with a sense of security, and the choice for recreation. Also, there is a positive correlation among increasing number of tourists, near the public area and accessed ways with a sense of security in these areas. The results of the Kruskal-Wallis test also showed there are significant relationship among age individuals, promenade with various tourism such as family, friends and the group tourist resorts with a sense of security in forested boulevard. At the end some solutions are presented to increase alignment the desires of tourists with forest recreation system.

Obtaining the sustainable development has several preconditions of which the most important one is determining territories’ use based on the land use programming. Therefore, the present study was conducted in an area of 7181 hectares in the aquiferous basin of Dohezar, Tonekabon, with the capability of tourism use for both the concentrated and unconcentrated, and by using the multi-criterion assessment model. In the method of multi- criterion assessment, all indexes measured in the linear model were taken into consideration. After the formation of decision- making matrix and the giving-weight process, in addition to determining the best choice with circumferential life units, for each kind of recreation, the determined ranks of choices were classified, then circumferential life units were classified based on the rank they had received for the tourism talent. Finally, the talent map of this area for the use of recreation was prepared in both concentrated and unconcentrated forms, The results showed that the concentrated circumferential life method No.2 in an area of about 6.907 hectares is considered to be as the best choice for the concentrated recreation, and circumferential life unit No.1 in an area of about 302.411 hectares is considered to be as the best choice for unconcentrated one. At the end, the area classification map of tourism use was provided separately in detail for both the concentrated and unconcentrated tourisms.