جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « Yield » در نشریات گروه « منابع طبیعی »

 Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is an annual plant and an ancient plant that has been cultivated in Asia and Africa for about 7500 years. Sesame seeds contains 40-60% oil and for this reason, it is cultivated as an oil plant in many countries. Drought is a serious problem for crop production in arid and semi-arid regions of the world. One of the most important research programs in drought management in different plants is the identification and grouping of sensitive, drought-tolerant genotypes. Mehran region in Ilam province is one of the sesame growing regions in the country. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to cultivate sesame cultivars in Mehran under drought non- stress and stress  conditions in order to identify superior cultivars in terms of yield and tolerance to drought stress. 14 sesame cultivars were planted in the form of a split-plot design based on a randomized complete block with three replications in the Agricultural Research Farm of Ilam University in Mehran. The main factor of irrigation levels included irrigation after 100 mm of evaporation from the class a pan (conventional irrigation) and irrigation after 200 mm of evaporation from the class a pan, and the secondary factor was the studied sesame genotypes. Traits were measured based on 10 plants harvested from two central lines and taking into account the marginal effect. The measured traits were economic yield and number of capsules per plant, number of sub-branches, number of leaves, capsule length, capsule width, capsule weight and plant height. In order to determine resistant and sensitive cultivars to stress, various indices related to stress resistance were calculated. The studied genotypes showed a significant difference in terms of the traits measured in the conditions of no stress and drought stress. The results of the table show that the effect of irrigation for the characteristics of capsule fresh weight, seed weight and capsule width showed a significant difference at the level of 1% and for capsule dry weight and plant height showed a significant difference at the level of 5%. Which indicates that the studied traits change under stress conditions. Other traits did not have significant differences. In the evaluation of tolerance to drought stress in different genotypes of sesame, plant height, biological yield and grain yield per surface unit decreased significantly with increasing drought stress intensity. According to the correlation of performance under stress (YS) and no stress (YP) conditions with drought tolerance indices, GMP, STI and MP indices have a correlation coefficient of 0.93, 0.905 and 0.853, respectively. Performance as the best indicators of drought tolerance in stress conditions and MP, GMP, STI and TOL indicators with correlation coefficient of 0.984, 0.935, 0.925 and 0.735 respectively with performance as the best indicator. The tolerances were under stress-free conditions. These indices can be used to identify genotypes tolerant to water stress with high yield. Based on this, Holeil variety is introduced as the most tolerant variety to drought stress.  In water conditions, the cultivar Yellow white had the highest yield and the cultivar Nashkofa had the lowest yield. Under stress conditions, Holeil variety had the highest yield and Nazmultib had the lowest yield. GMP, STI and MP indices had the highest correlation with performance in water and stress conditions and therefore were chosen as the best indices. Based on this, Holeil variety is introduced as the most tolerant variety to drought stress.

The Calotropis procera Aiton plant is a valuable and effective medicinal species used to treat various diseases, including as an anti-carminative and for indigestion, as well as for anticancer and anticonvulsant treatments. This species naturally inhabits fragmented habitats in southern Iran, particularly near the coasts of the Persian Gulf and the Oman Sea, in the arid and semi-arid regions of Sistan and Baluchistan, Khuzestan, Bushehr, and Hormozgan. On the other hand, due to the discovery of adverse effects caused by chemical drugs, people have turned their attention towards using medicinal plants. The health of agricultural products, especially medicinal plants, has special importance. The symbiosis of plants with mycorrhiza can be lead to improve of the root development and will affect on the absorption of water and nutrients. Aim of this study was investigate the effects of symbiosis between C. procera Aiton. with three different species of mycorrhizal on some phytochemical and antioxidant activity, and content of potassium, phosphorus, and sodium in shoots of C. procera Aiton. This research was conducted in the greenhouse of the Horticultural Science Department, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran. Transplants were cultured in the soil medium in pot condition. This experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design with four treatments include inoculation with three different mycorrhizal fungi (Glomus intraradicese, Glomus fasiculatum, and Glomus mosseae) and control (without inoculation) and three replicate.  Meusered indices were assessed 8 weeks after transplanting. Measured parameters include; growth indices such as fresh and dry weight of root and shoot, and phytochemical indices are chlorophyll a and b, Carotenoid, phenol, flavonoid, antioxidant activity, protein, and concentration of potassium, phosphorus, and sodium in shoots. Data were analyzed by ANOVA test using JMP, and means were compared using the LSD test at P˂0.01. The results of variance analysis were shown significant effects of mycorrhizal symbiosis on all investigated indices (P ≤ 0.01). Also, means comparison shows a significant difference between the effects of different mycorrhiza species. The highest content of chlorophyll a and carotenoid was obtained in symbiosis with G. mossae, and the highest content of chlorophyll b existed in symbiosis with G. fasiculatum and G. intraradicese. In this regard, it has been found that mycorrhizal symbiosis leads to an increase in water absorption, and an improvement in the absorption of nutrients by the plant, thereby leading to an increase in chlorophyll synthesis enzymes activity. symbiosis of G. fasiculatum had the highest effects on increasing phenol and antioxidant activity. increase in antioxidant activity leading to strong suppression of reactive oxygen species, which ultimately increases the remedial capability of C. procera Aiton. The highest amount of flavonoid was observed in the condition of symbiosis with G. intraradicese and G. fasiculatum, and the highest content of protein was observed in condition of symbiosis with G. fasiculatum and G. mossae. Symbiosis with the G. intraradicese significantly increased the concentration of potassium and phosphorus in shoots of C. procera Aiton, while symbiosis with G. mossae causes to a significant increase in sodium concentration. Generally, the results of the current study were shown that symbiosis with G. fasiculatum and G. intraradicese are more useful than symbiosis with G. mossae. The symbiosis of plants with mycorrhiza fungi increases the volume and length of their roots, as a result of which the roots have more contact with the soil, and the amount of water and nutrient absorption from the soil increases. results of the current study demonstrate that the phytochemical, antioxidant activity, and concentration of potassium and phosphorus and sodium have differed among extract and shoots related to symbiosis of C. procera Aiton and species of fungi. And symbiosis with G. fasiculatum had the greatest effect in increasing the production of secondary metabolites.

Potato (Solanum tuberosum) is one of the most important food products in the world, which is rich in carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins and other nutrients. Choosing the suitable planting date and cultivars is one of the most important and effective ways to reduce the negative effects of environmental stresses on potato characteristics. Cold stress is one of the limiting factors for production of agricultural crops. One of the adverse effects of this stress is increasing the biosynthesis rate of reactive oxygen species that causes oxidative stress. Plants have enzymatic and non-enzymatic mechanisms to overcome oxidative stress. The enzymatic antioxidant defense system includes different enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, polyphenol oxidase, guaiacol peroxidases and ascorbate peroxidase, and the non-enzymatic antioxidants include the soluble sugars, proline, carotenoids and other compounds such as flavonoids, and polyphenols. Nowadays, application of antifreeze compounds in agriculture is widely used technique to overcome chilling injuries. These substances are quickly absorbed by plants and increase the metabolic activity rate of plants. As a result, the amount of antifreeze proteins, amino acids, carbohydrates, lipids, vitamins and minerals increases in the plant organs leading to more resistance rate of plant cells against freezing. Potassium is one of the elements that reduces the effects of environmental stresses such as drought, salinity, high temperatures, cold, etc. through the accumulation of soluble carbohydrates and osmotic regulation. Also, potassium plays a role in regulating the activity of enzymes related to the detoxification of reactive oxygen species. The aim of the current study was to investigate the influence of cultivar, planting date and foliar application of antifreeze compounds on some of most important morpho-physiological characteristics of potato crop.           

The current study was conducted as a split-factorial experiment based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications at Ardabil Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Station during two cultivation seasons (2018-2019 and 2019-2020). The investigated factors included planting date in two levels (August 1st and 11th), foliar application of antifreeze compound at two levels (foliar application with a mixture of Frezzebon amino acid + potassium, and water as a control) and potato cultivars at 10 levels (901375, 901475, 902375, 8708-7, 8709-106, 7009-3, 905675, 8707-26, Agria and Savalan). Foliar applications were performed at the end of the growth season as same time as the increased likelihood of cold weather (considering the weather forecasts and the measured temperatures in the field and their correlation, one week before the possibility of temperatures below 7 ºC). Furthermore, before the spraying treatments, samples were taken from the experimental treatments and frozen using liquid nitrogen and stored in a freezer. After 24 h of freezing, the samples were again collected from the experimental treatments and rapidly frozen using liquid nitrogen before being transferred to the laboratory for measurement of the desired characteristics. After collecting the samples, laboratory experiments were conducted at the Faculty of Agriculture of Ardabil University of Medical Sciences and the Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Station in Ardabil.

Based on the obtained results, it was found that the foliar application of the amino acid Freezbon combined with potassium increased the yield, number of tuber per plant, leaf relative water content, proline and the activity of antioxidant enzymes. Also, the planting date of August 1st has the highest yield, number of tuber per plant, leaf relative water content, potassium and proline content, and the activity of catalase, superoxide dismutase and polyphenol oxidase enzymes. In terms of yield, 901475 cultivar had the highest yield (43.02 ton ha-1) and Agria cultivar had the lowest yield (26.35 ton ha-1). Among the cultivars studied, 8708-26 cultivar had the highest leaf relative water content, potassium and sodium content. The maximum content of proline and antioxidant enzymes activity were related to 7009-3 and 8707-26 cultivars. Based on these results, it seems that the planting date of August 1st and the foliar application of Freezbon with potassium can enhance the cold tolerance threshold, growth, and performance of potato cultivars in regions with cold weather by regulating physiological and biochemical responses. The results of the current study in line with the observations of the other conducted researches on different horticultural crops demonstrated that choosing appropriate planting date and application of antifreeze compounds positively influence the accumulation rate of osmoprotectants, cells antioxidant capacity and plant water and nutrient status resulting in a significant increase in cold resistance rate of plant cells.

Foliar application of antifreeze compounds Frezzebon amino acid + potassium, and planting date on August 1st can positively influence potato cultivars yield and physiological characteristics under cold conditions, therefore this foliar treatment and planting date are recommendable to overcome negative effects of cold stress on potato characteristics in cultivation reigns with cold weather.

Savory plant (Satureja hortensis ) belongs to mints family (Lamiaceae). Environmental and abiotic stresses affect the agricultural plants growth and yield in many regions of the world. Salinity is one of the most limiting factors for growth and production of crops in arid and semiarid regions. Soil salinity is a dominant issue for the sustainability of agricultural production. Reduction of vegetative growth, dry weight and cells mass are some of most common adverse effects of salinity. Salinity increases energy consumption to remove excess sodium ions accumulated in the root cells leading to significant reduction in plant growth rate. Nowadays, effective microorganisms (EM) is one of the biological fertilizers which has attracted a lot of attention as a useful tool to increase plant productivity and stress tolerance rate. The micro-organisms existed in EM improve the health and yield performance of agricultural plants by increasing photosynthesis rate, producing biologically active compounds such as hormones and enzymes, controlling soil diseases and accelerating the decomposition of organic matter in the soil. Therefore, the use of EM bio-fertilizer under conditions of environmental limiting factors such as salinity could be highly important to develop horticultural plant cultivation in regions with saline soli or saline water resources. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the morphological and bio-chemical responses of the savory plant to salt stress, and using EM bio-fertilizer to reduce the adverse effects of salt stress.           

In order to investigate the effect of EM bio-fertilizer on the morphological and bio-chemical characteristics of the savory plant under salinity conditions, a factorial experiment was conducted based on randomized complete blocks design with 4 replications at the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, during 2021. In this study, Em treatments were applied at three levels including 0 (control), 1 and 2 %, and salinity was induced at three levels including 0 (control), 6 and 12 dS/m NaCl. Fresh and dry yield of plants and fresh and dry weight of the roots were measured with a digital scale. The content of chlorophyll a and b, and total chlorophyll were measured by a spectrophotometric method. Proline, soluble sugars and total protein were measured as physiological characteristics.

The results showed that the highest height (30.66 cm) was recorded in plants treated with EM 2 % and grown under control condition. The height of plants decreased with increasing salinity level. Also, the highest fresh and dry yield, and fresh and dry weight of root were obtained by applying EM 2 % under control level of salinity. The highest number of leaves was counted in plants treated with EM 2 %, and grown under control level of salinity. The lowest leaf number was related to non-treated plants grown under salinity level of 12 dS/m. The highest recorded contents of chlorophyll a, b and total were 3.11, 1.85 and 4.96 mg/g FW, respectively. The lowest value of these traits (1.14, 0.65, and 1.79 mg/g FW) was recorded in non-treated plants grown under highest level of salinity. Generally, the amount of chlorophyll a, b and total decreased with increasing salinity level, while EM increased the values of these traits. The results showed that the highest amount of soluble proteins was obtained at control level of salinity and application of EM 2 %, with an average of 38.03 mg/g FW, while the lowest value (15.30 mg/g FW) was obtained in non-treated plants under salinity level of 12 dS/m. The amount of soluble sugars increased with increasing stress level. The highest amount of proline (35.4 μmol/g FW) was obtained under salinity level of 12 dS/m. EM increased the content of photosynthetic pigment under salinity conditions which led to increase photosynthetic performance of treated plants. Also, accumulation of proline as osmoprotectant agent in cells of treated plant, definitely led to decrease the activity of reactive oxygen species resulting in lower damages to cells membrane.

In conclusion, results showed that savory plants fed with EM bio-fertilizer had better growth and yield under salinity conditions than the unfed plants. These plants showed more tolerance rate against salt stress due to better absorption rate and physiological responses. So that the highest values of vegetative traits were recorded in plants treated with EM 2 %. Therefore, this treatment could be recommendable to overcome adverse effects of salinity on savory plants characteristics.

Bell pepper is a popular agricultural product, not only for its economic value but also for the nutritional value of its fruits, which are enriched source of natural colors and antioxidant compounds. During developmental stages, the pepper fruit serves as a significant carbon sink, exerting a notable influence on the growth and carbon levels of adjacent organs including buds, flowers, and immature fruits. The occurrence of abortion and the abscission of flowers and immature fruits can lead to substantial alterations in crop output during the growth cycle. The fruiting patterns are influenced by both environmental conditions and the quantity of fruits. When specific fruits attain ripeness, their rate of sink power decelerates. Consequently, a novel fruit set initiates its growth, thereby initiating a fresh cycle of fruit production. Consequently, the presence of unpruned plants leads to flash fruiting, characterized by periodic variations in fruit output, thereby constituting a significant challenge in greenhouse cultivation of bell pepper. The purpose of the current experiment was to investigate the effect of fruit pruning and harvest sequence on the yield and qualitative characteristics of two common bell pepper cultivars grown under greenhouse condition.

This study was conducted in a greenhouse located in the east of Isfahan during 2019. A factorial experiment was carried out based on completely randomized design with four replications. The experiment factors included a) fruit pruning at four levels: Non-pruning (control), and 10%, 20% and 30% pruning, b) pepper cultivar at two levels: Lumos yellow cultivar (from Syngenta company) and Lorka red cultivar (from Seminis company) and c) harvest sequence at four levels: first, second, third and fourth. Seeds sowing was done on October 23, 2019. Seeds were sown in transplant trays filled with a mixture of peat moss and perlite. Subsequently, on December 1, 2019, seedlings were transferred to the primary substrate, when they had developed four to six true leaves. The individuals were relocated to the greenhouse. During this period, the pepper plants were pruned and secured to the taut wires of the trellis. Furthermore, the greenhouse temperature was adjusted on 26-28 °C as day temperature and 16-18 °C as night temperature. Irrigation was implemented in a strip-wise manner. During this research, the effect of fruit pruning and cultivar on morpho-physiological traits and also, the effect of fruit pruning and harvest sequence on performance characteristics of pepper plant were investigated.

Results indicated that pruning 10 % led to an increase in seed weight, flesh thickness and L* color index of yellow cultivar. The effect of pruning on fruit weight of yellow cultivar during successive harvests revealed that unpruned plants had relatively acceptable fruit weight on first harvest, but the weight of the fruits decreased over the time during subsequent harvests, indicating when fruit pruning is not done the number of fruits increases, and as a result, the weight of each fruit decreases. While, pruning 30% was able to maintain the fruit weight from the first harvest to the fourth harvest. Maintaining the fruit weight during successive harvests is highly important for pepper farmers. Reduction of fruit number through the pruning leads to prevention of fruit weight loss during successive harvests followed by higher fruits marketability. The effect of pruning on fruit weight of red cultivar during different harvests revealed that unpruned and pruned plants at 10 % level did not produce any fruits at first harvest, and fruit production initiated at second harvest leading to lower yield performance. The highest fruit diameter of yellow cultivar during successive harvests was recorded at pruning 30 %. Also, the highest fruit length of red cultivar was measured at first harvest and pruning 30 %. All pruning levels increased the total weight of first grade fruits of red cultivar, so that the lowest value of this trait was recorded in unpruned plants.  

Fruit pruning appears to improve the source/sink relationship in pepper by increasing fruit yield and weight as well as fruit qualitative characteristics so that the red cultivar outperformed the yellow cultivar in most growth and qualitative traits, and pruning 10 and 20 % were more positively effective on fruit firmness and size (diameter and length) comparing to other levels. Based on results, it is recommendable to conduct pruning at levels of 10 and 20 % on two bell pepper cultivars, namely yellow (Lumos) and red (Lorka), in order to enhance the fruit yield and qualitative characteristics.

Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) is a tropical and sub-tropical vegetable that is mainly grown by transplantation. Technological advances in agriculture have also contributed to the progress of the transplanting industry because they have reduced the cost of transplant production. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) have symbiotic relationship with many plants’ root and their importance in growth and yield improvement has been proven. Mycorrhizal symbiosis is one of the most common symbiosis in plants. The main advantage of AMF for host plants is the expansion of the root penetration zone. Also, seaweed extract (SWE) acts as a bio-stimulant to plant growth enhancement. These products are widely used in improving agricultural sustainability and can actually facilitate the production process by reducing environmental effects. And, the co-application of AMF and SWE could be attributed to promoting the growth and yield of agricultural crops.

In order to study the effect of SWE foliar application and AMF inoculation on okra transplants, a factorial experiment was conducted based on a completely randomized design with two factors and four replications under greenhouse condition. The first factor was AMF (Glomus mosseae) inoculation at two levels included 0 (as control) and 5 g kg-1 and the second factor was SWE (Ascophyllum Nodosum) foliar application at four levels included 0 (as control), 1, 2 and 4 g L-1. The morphological traits of the transplants such as plant height, number of leaves, length and width of the leaves, fresh and dry weight of the root and shoot, and stem diameter were measured. Also, in order to assess physiological responses of transplants to used treatments, some important traits such as photosynthesis pigments content, total soluble carbohydrates, total soluble proteins, total antioxidant activity and some macro- and micronutrients were evaluated.

The results showed that the morphological, physiological, and biochemical characteristics, as well as the nutrient content of okra were significantly affected by SWE spraying and AMF inoculation. These treatments improved the growth parameters, photosynthetic pigments content, osmolytes (total soluble carbohydrates and total soluble protein), total antioxidant activity, and macro and micro-nutrients of okra transplants. The foliar spraying of 4 g L-1 SWE along with AMF increased the stem diameter, plant height and leaf length by 72, 85 and 55%, respectively, compared to the control plants. AMF inoculation improved the leaf width by 12.83% compared to control. Foliar application of SWE at 4 g L-1 concentration increased the leaf width by 25% compared to control. The treatment of 4 g L-1 SWE along with AMF inoculation caused an increase in fresh and dry weight of root by 132.83 and 204.54 %, respectively. The highest content of chlorophyll a (36.51 and 35.79 mg g-1 FW) was observed in transplants treated with SWE 2 and 4 g L-1 and AMF, respectively, and the lowest content (12.01 mg g-1 FW) was observed in control. The highest content of chlorophyll b (22.21 mg g-1 FW) was obtained in transplants treated with SWE 4 g L-1 and AMF, and the lowest value was recorded in control (6.51 mg g-1 FW). Foliar spraying of SWE and AMF inoculation led to a 2.7-fold enhancement in total soluble protein compared to control. The highest antioxidant activity (35.89 %) was recorded in transplants treated with SWE 2 g L-1 and the lowest value (25.44 %) was for control plants.

The results of the current study have shown that application of SWE and AMF as separate or combined treatments led to a significant improvement in okra transplants morphological characteristics such as plant height, leaf length, number of leaves, stem diameter, leaf width, and stem and root fresh and dry weight, as well as enhanced physiological traits such as protein content, chlorophyll a and b content, antioxidant activity rate, carbohydrate and carotenoid content, and the amounts of macro- and micro-nutrients. Based on obtained results of this study, foliar application of SWE at concentration of 4 g L-1 along with AFM inoculation could be recommended as useful treatment to produce okra transplants with suitable morpho-physiological characteristics.

Cultivation of summer crops is the high cost process, so the produced crops should have suitable quantitative and qualitative characteristics to compensate production costs. Selection the plants with the best morpho-physiological characteristics and productivity rate can lead to enhance economic efficiency and resistance rate to biotic and abiotic stresses. With population growth, demand for eggplant as an excellent source of iron, calcium, potassium, phosphorus, and vitamins A and B has increased. In addition to use as food, eggplant also has medicinal characteristics leading to its consumption for medicinal purposes. Eggplant is considered as widely cultivated crop with edible fruits in tropical, subtropical and warm regions, especially in Southern Europe and South America. The total cultivated area of eggplant is about 1.65 million hectares, its production rate is about 48.5 million tons, and its average yield is about 29.3 tons per hectare, worldwide. China, India and Iran are respectively the top producers of this crop with 28.8, 12.2 and 1.3 million tons production rates. Khuzestan, Hormozgan, Tehran, Fars, Sistan and Baluchistan, Razavi Khorasan, Bushehr, Jiroft and Kahnuj are some regions in Iran with the highest cultivation and production rate of eggplant.

The adaptability and stability of four advanced Iranian eggplant lines including D1, D7, D13 and BJ30, along with three controls including “Black Beauty” cultivar, Qasri Dezful landrace and round Brazjan landrace were studied based on randomized complete blocks design (RCBD) with three replications at five different locations during two years. Seedlings were transplanted at 4-6 leaf stage when their height reached to more than 10 cm. The field was irrigated before transplantation. The distance between rows was 60 cm and seedlings were transplanted at a distance of 75 cm in each row. The total yield was evaluated as a cumulative parameter for each plot from the beginning of fruiting to the end of the harvest period. Analysis of variance was performed using SAS software. Mean comparisons were conducted based on Duncan method at 1 % probability level. Stability analysis was performed by AMMI method.

The mean comparisons results demonstrated that the highest total yield was recorded in BJ30 line (34.08 ton ha-1), followed by D1 (33.72 ton ha-1) and D7 (31.42 ton ha-1) lines. Total yield in Karaj region (58.39 ton ha-1) was higher than other studied regions (Jiroft with 34.34, Dezful with 25.52, Orumieh with 22.74 and Qarakhil with 14.49 ton ha-1, respectively). The highest yield was observed in B J30 line and Borazjan landrace cultivated in Karaj region and the lowest yield was recorded in D7 line, ‘Black Beauty’ cultivar, D13 line and Borazjan landrace, all cultivated in Qarakhil region. Based on AMMI analysis, D1 and D7 were the most stable lines with the high yield which could be recommended for cultivation in all studied regions. The uniformity of the D7 line as a pure line has given it the ability to introduce a promising line. As reported by several researchers, the difference between total yields of eggplants cultivated in different studied regions of this experiment could be related to different climates and meteorological parameters of these regions. The significant interaction effect of region and genotype on total yield indicated that different eggplant genotypes had different reactions to changes in meteorological parameters, and on the other hand, the lack of significant interaction of year and genotype on this trait demonstrated that genotypes reacted the same way to different years. AMMI model was useful in interpreting the results and the model was able to fit the observed data well, which was in line with those reported by several researchers.

Given the high stability and total yield of D1 and D7 lines, they could be recommended for cultivation in all studied regions. Among the studied regions, Karaj with 58.39 ton ha-1 had the highest total yield, and on the other hand the lowest value of this trait was recorded in Qarakhil region. The BJ30 line has special compatibility with the Karaj region and is recommended for this region. BJ30 had completely sweet fruits and was significantly different compared to all controls. D1 had green cylindrical fruits with the best taste and the least bitterness comparing to the other lines.

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), one of the most important crops in Iran during the 2018-2019 crop year, occupied more than 5,864,000 ha of the country's agricultural lands, of which 1,932,000 ha were irrigated. Wheat cultivation in various regions of the world is impacted by a variety of abiotic stresses, among which drought stress (particularly after the pollination stage) is regarded as one of the most significant factors. In the majority of regions of Iran, there is typically sufficient moisture and suitable temperature for wheat growth in autumn and winter, but high temperatures and a lack of water are typical in spring, coinciding with wheat reproduction. Approximately 50% of the world's grain-growing lands are zinc-deficient. Considering the importance of grains in providing the daily calories required by humans, the zinc deficiency in these lands results in a zinc-deficient diet.

The present study was conducted at the Kabootarabad Agricultural Research Station in Isfahan to determine the effect of drought stress in the pollination stage, with and without zinc spraying, in the two cropping years 2017-2018 and 2018-2019. For the study, a split plot experiment with a randomized complete block design and three replications was employed. The primary factor consisted of three irrigation levels (full irrigation, and stop irrigation at the pollination stage with and without zinc foliar application), while the secondary factor was comprised of 11 wheat genotypes (two lines and 9 cultivars). In both years, the test site was chosen in areas of the station that had been fallow the year before. The land preparation process included plowing, discing, and leveling. Using a furrower, furrows with a stack distance of 60 cm were created during the final phase of land preparation. In accordance with the soil analysis, 100 kg ha-1 of potassium fertilizer (in the form of potassium sulfate) and 100 kg ha-1 of phosphorus fertilizer (in the form of triple superphosphate) were applied. Before planting, stemming, and before the emergence of spikes, 280 kg ha-1 of nitrogen fertilizer (in the form of urea) was applied in equal proportions at three separate stages. This study measured the number of days to physiological maturity, the duration of the grain filling period, grain yield, number of spikes per unit area, number of seeds per spike, weight of 1,000 seeds, and zinc element efficiency. SAS were used to perform statistical analsysis, while Excel and Word were utilized to create graphs and tables. The means of the studied characteristics were statistically compared using Duncan's multi-range test at the 1% and 5% probability levels.

The interaction of stress and genotype on the number of days to physiological maturity, grain yield, and 1000-grain weight (at 1% level), as well as the effect of moisture stress on spike length at 1% level were significant. In three genotypes of Pishtaz, Backcross Roshan, and Alvand, zinc foliar application increased yield by 11.7%, 14.8%, and 15%, respectively, compared to moisture stress conditions without zinc consumption. Compared to the control treatment, the grain filling period was 33 and 30.6% shorter in the water stress treatment without zinc consumption and with zinc consumption, respectively. Among genotypes, zinc consumption efficiency ranged from 86.95% to 95.03%. This study revealed that under drought stress, foliar application of zinc can mitigate the negative effects of stress, but the response of various cultivars varies in this regard.

According to the findings of this study, zinc foliar spraying can enhance plant performance and mitigate unfavorable conditions caused by moisture stress. Nevertheless, genotypes react differently in this field. In this regard, genotypes such as Pishtaz, Backcross Roshan, and Alvand performed better. The increase in spike length and number of seeds per spike in response to zinc foliar application under stressful conditions were the primary causes of the yield enhancement. In drought-stressed conditions, zinc foliar application also contributed to an increase in seed yield due to a higher 1000-seed weight. Additionally, it should be noted that the effects of drought stress are closely related to ambient temperature and heat stress, and that additional experiments considering the combination of these two factors can yield more accurate results.

Thymus daenensis Celak. is an aromatic species with medicinal properties that is native to the northwest, center, and southwest of Iran. In Iranian traditional medicine, the infusion and decoction of the aerial parts of Thymus species are used to produce tonic, carminative, digestive, antispasmodic, anti-inflammatory, and expectorant substances, as well as to treat colds. This plant's essential oil contains several active compounds, the most important of which are thymol, paracemen, beta-caryophyllen, carvacrol, and gamma-terpinene. Among the numerous techniques used to increase the production of active compounds in essential oil, bioelicitors are the most acceptable. This study examined the impact of biological elicitors, chitosan and salicylic acid, on the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of Thymus daenensis. This research was designed in factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design with three replications during the 2016-2017 crop year at the institute of agricultural research in University of Zabol.  The first experimental factor was chitosan (0, 0.5, 1, and 1.5 mM) and the second factor was salicylic acid (0, 0.5, 1, and 1.5 mM). Thyme seeds were collected from the natural areas of Hamadan province in autumn 2015 and then was cultivated in December 2016 in 3 Kg pots containing equal parts garden soil, sand, and cow manure. Foliar elicitation was performed in two stages, every seven days, 4 months  after planting (10 cm plant height), at the stage of full bloom. The pigments of photosynthetic organisms were measured using spectrophotometry. The Folin–Ciocalteu and Aluminum chloride methods were used to measure the total phenolic and flavonoid contents, respectively. Using the Diphenyl Picryl Hydrazyl (DPPH) assay, antioxidant activity of extracts was determined. The essential oil was extracted using a clevenger-type apparatus and water distillation for 3 hours. The data were analyzed using SAS statistical software (Ver. 9.1), and the mean of the treatments was compared using Duncan's multiple range test. The effects of chitosan, salicylic acid, and their interactions on morphological and phytochemical parameters were significant. Salicylic acid and chitosan treatment produced the highest levels of fresh weight, dry weight, inflorescence length, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, and carotenoids. The highest total phenol content was found in chitosan and salicylic acid (67.91 mg GA/g DW) (with concentrations of 1 and 1.5 mM, respectively). The greatest amount of total flavonoids (4.79 mg Q/g DW) was obtained when chitosan and salicylic acid were applied together (1.5 and 1 mM, respectively). The combination of chitosan and salicylic acid exhibited the highest antioxidant activity (98.13%) (both of them in 1 mM concentration). In addition, elicitation with salicylic acid (1.5 mM) produced the highest amount of essential oil (1.33 % V/W), a 47% increase compared to the control. The use of these elicitors can improve the yield and quality of Thymus daenensis. According to the findings, foliar application of salicylic acid and chitosan at a concentration 1.5 mM higher than other treatments had a positive effect on the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of this plant by stimulating the plant's physiological cycle and photosynthetic pigment synthesis. By increasing vegetative growth, it increased photosynthetic efficiency and the synthesis of secondary metabolites. Given the positive role of biostimulants of salicylic acid and chitosan in achieving a higher quantitative and qualitative yield in thyme, it is recommended that these compounds be used as the best option for achieving sustainable agricultural goals and reducing environmental risks.

In order to investigate the effect of humic acid, iron and silicon nanoparticles on quantitative and qualitative yield and filling components of wheat seed under salinity conditions, a factorial layout was carried out based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in the research greenhouse of University of Mohaghegh Ardabili during 2021. Treatments included salinity levels (without salinity as a control, salinity of 35 and 70 mM by NaCl and without salinity as a control), foliar application of nanoparticles at four levels (no foliar application as a control, foliar application of 0.8 per liter of nano iron, 40 mg / l nanosilicon spraying, combined application of iron nanoparticles and silicon nanoparticles and no foliar application as a control) and humic acid spraying (spraying with water as a control and spraying 3 g/l. The results showed that combined application of humic acid and foliar application of 40 mg of iron and nanosilicon nanoparticles in the absence of salinity, increased maximum seed weight, seed filling rate, length and effective seed filling period, Spike length, 100-seed weight, plant height, number of seeds per spike, chlorophyll index (56.60, 1.183, 39, 58.45, 58.5, 39.53, 2.51, 70.6, and 57.57 respectively) and increased the yield of single plant (46.97%) compared to the conditions of non-application of humic acid and nano-oxides under the salinity of 70 mm of soil. Nanooxides (iron and silicon) can increase wheat seed yield of wheat under salinity stress conditions by improving seed filling components.

Orzuiyeh city (one of Kerman province's warm regions) is known as the center of wheat production in Kerman province. Wheat is one of the main crops in the region, which plays an important role in providing food for the people and the economy of the region. The high area under wheat cultivation in this city is the most important source of income for farmers. Wheat is primarily sown in Orzuiyeh for bread production using the Chamran cultivar and durum wheat production using the Yavaros cultivar. Due to the introduction of new cultivars, additional cultivars must be introduced to farmers if they outperform conventional cultivars.

The yield of 11 bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) and durum wheat (Triticum turgidum var. Durum) cultivars (Chamran, Shoosh, Parsi, Sivand, Sirvan, Chamran-2, Shabrang, Aflak, Behrang, Baharan, and Mehregan) was evaluated in the hot zone Orzuiyeh in this experiment. The cultivars were compared on yield and performance components over a two-year period using a randomized complete block design with three replications. Each cultivar was planted in six 6-meter lines with a line spacing of 20 cm and the distance between replicates was considered one meter. The amount of fertilizer used was done according to the experiments and according to the needs of the farm soil based on the recommendations of the soil and water department. The first irrigation was done immediately after planting by sprinkling method and according to the custom of the field. Operations and weed control were performed manually (weeding) in the same way on all plots. After physiological maturation of cultivars, harvest was performed in each plot from four middle lines and after removing half a meter from both sides of each line. Grain yield for each treatment was calculated based on the total area of plot harvest and after threshing. Then, based on the obtained data, the analysis of variance of the data was performed in the year. After Bartlett test results, composite analysis of variance was performed by SAS software and mean comparison was performed by LSD method and the results were interpreted.

There was a positive correlation between grain yield, 1000- Grain weight, and Grain per spike. Shabrang, for example, had a higher Grain density per spike and 1000- Grain weight. Additionally, the 1000- Grain weight correlated negatively and statistically significantly with the number of Grains per spike and spike length. At the 1% level, there was also a positive and significant correlation between the number of Grains per spike and the spike length. Additionally, Shabrang cultivar produced the most grain per hectare (8.04 tons), while Chamran cultivar produced the least grain per hectare (6.32 tons). A thousand Behrang cultivar Grains weighed 46 g. Shabrang cultivars typically had 57 se Grains per spike, while Behrang cultivars typically had 39 Grains per spike. Parsi, Shoosh, and Sirvan cultivars, on the other hand, had the longest spikes at 10.7 and 10.4 cm, respectively, while Behrang cultivar had the shortest spikes at an average of 8.1 cm. The Parsi and Aflak cultivars grew to the greatest heights of 101.3 and 99.3 cm, respectively, while the Behrang and Baharan cultivars grew to the smallest heights of 92 and 91.6 cm, respectively.

The Durum Shabrang cultivar should be used in place of the conventional Durum (Yavaros) cultivars, according to the findings of this study. Additionally, Mehregan and Parsi bread wheat cultivars are recommended for use in the Orzuiyeh region in place of Chamran bread wheat cultivars.

In this study, the physical and economic productivity of water consumed by five crops (wheat, corn, forage corn, barley, and alfalfa) in Tajan plain located in Mazandaran province were investigated. Population growth, rising demand for agricultural products, unfavorable climatic conditions, dwindling precipitation, and water scarcity are among the world's most pressing problems today. According to studies, the global population will reach 7.8 billion by 2025, putting additional pressure on food security, particularly in developing countries where the population will increase by more than 80 percent. Water's physical and economic efficiency is frequently considered in analysis and decision -making. Physical productivity of water is generally defined as crop yield per cubic meter of water consumed, whereas economic productivity is calculated by dividing the net benefit by the amount of water consumed. Recent water shortages and droughts in Iran necessitate the use of appropriate irrigation techniques for crop cultivation in order to increase crop yields and better manage water resources. In this study, two traditional and modern irrigation systems were compared for the production of five crops (wheat, corn, fodder corn, barley, and alfalfa) in the province of Mazandaran's Tajan plain. In addition, the physical and economic water productivity of five crops were evaluated in order to achieve the optimal state (less water consumption, good crop yield, and high income for farmers).

Tajan catchment has an approximate area of 4005.22 km2, of which 3980.75 km2 are located within Mazandaran province and about 25 km2 are located outside the province. Tajan catchment is located eastern longitude of 53 degrees and 7 minutes to 53 degrees and 42 minutes and a northern latitude of 35 degrees and 56 minutes to 36 degrees and 17 minutes. In this study, data and information from Jihad Agriculture and Regional Water Organization were collected, including soil texture, crop water requirement, cropping area, crop yield, crop water requirement, water inflow to the farm, duration and frequency of irrigation, product prices, and investment costs. A two-stage random sampling method was employed based on the available data and information from Tajan, as well as the various cropping areas and irrigation techniques used in this region. For the study, wheat, corn, forage corn, barley, and alfalfa were chosen as crops. Notably, among the crops, corn is not cultivated using conventional irrigation techniques.

In the traditional irrigation method, the highest yield belonged to forage corn and the lowest yield. Additionally, alfalfa had the highest volume of water consumption while barley had the lowest volume of water consumption. In the traditional irrigation method, forage corn and wheat had the highest and lowest Crop Per Drop (CPD) values, respectively. Also, feed corn and barley had the highest and lowest Net Benefit Per Drop (NBPD) values, respectively. Alfalfa and barley had the highest and lowest Benefit Per Drop (BPD) indices, respectively. Therefore, barley and alfalfa, which have the lowest yield and the highest water consumption using the traditional method, are unsuitable for cultivation in this region. Additionally, in the new method, wheat has the lowest water consumption, but its performance is subpar.

Considering the obtained values of physical and economic water productivity of the aforementioned crops in the Tajan plain, it is advisable not to use traditional methods for irrigating the fields under the aforementioned cropping patterns, with the exception of fodder corn. In addition to barley and wheat, the cultivation of fodder corn, alfalfa, and grain corn is also a top priority. The cultivation of barley using either method of irrigation should be eliminated entirely.