جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "توسعه روستایی" در نشریات گروه "آبخیزداری، بیابان، محیط زیست، مرتع"

Hunger is defined as a feeling of discomfort or physical pain resulting from inadequate dietary energy intake and becomes chronic when a person does not regularly consume enough calories for a healthy and active life. FAO defines food insecurity as the lack of access to sufficient safe and nutritious food for an active and healthy life, due to lack of resources or food availability (8). Quantitatively, food insecurity is defined as consuming less than 80% of the average calorie requirement recommended by the World Health Organization (25). Resilience has been described as the process of effective adaptation to adversity and threats (16). This concept helps to understand society as a changing system with an unpredictable environment and provides responses to anticipate, identify and cope with threats (5). Several studies have examined the impact of drought and climate change on food security. Drought reduces food security by reducing agricultural production and increases food imports (20). Climate change has had a significant negative impact on food security (21). Several factors, such as family size, income diversification, livestock ownership, use of improved seeds, and access to credit and assistance, affect the resilience of rural households (4). Due to its location in the arid climate belt, Iran faces a lack of rainfall, limited water resources, and frequent droughts (23). Agricultural activities in the country are highly dependent on weather conditions, and climate change is reducing the yield of rainfed crops, rangeland capacity, and livestock production (24). This situation, along with the consequences of past droughts, indicates a lack of adequate preparedness to deal with this natural hazard (26). In Zanjan province, drought is a gradual threat, the impact of which has become more noticeable, especially in agriculture, and has even caused the evacuation of some rural settlements (13, 22). Given the dependence of rural livelihoods on agriculture, the occurrence of drought is likely to reduce household resilience to food insecurity. The aim of this study is to assess the level of resilience and identify key indicators affecting the resilience of rural settlements in Mahneshan township to food insecurity under drought conditions.

 After introducing the study area, considering the size of the area and the diversity of natural conditions, 30 villages were selected as a random sample (Table 1). The present study is applied in terms of its descriptive-analytical nature and the statistical population of the study is 30 villages in Mahneshan township, Zanjan Province (Fig 1). The data collection method was library-based and the spatial analysis tools of GeoDa software were used to analyze the data. The measured variables include food insecurity (FGT Index), resilience indices (Table 2) and drought status (Table 3). In this study, raw data from the Rural Household Expenditure and Income Survey of the Statistical Center of Iran from 2006 to 2022 were used to investigate and measure the amount of food insecurity. In the continuation of the current research and in order to investigate the correlation between drought and food insecurity, after interpolation of the SPI index, the numerical point values ​​of each village were extracted using Arc GIS software and their correlation with the food insecurity index was calculated in Excel software.

The drought situation was examined from 2006 to 2022, and during this period, 7 mild wet, 7 mild droughts and 3 moderate droughts occurred (Fig 2). The average food insecurity index was 44.7%, the lowest was in Yousefabad village with 23.4%, and the highest was in Ebrahimabad village with 79.3% (Table 4). The correlation between drought and food insecurity showed that in some years the correlation was direct and weak and in some years it was negative and weak (Table 5). The economic dimension indices showed that the relationship between all indices except for the dependency ratio (P-value=0.735) was positive and significant. The highest effect is in the indicators of dependency ratio (R2=0.314), employment rate (R2=0.288) and the lowest effect is in the indicators of per capita large livestock and production coefficient (R2=0.001), Gibbs-Martin and Location Quotient (R2=0.003) (Table 6). Examination of the indicators of the social dimension showed that the relationship of all indicators except the female literacy rate (P-value=-0.082) is positive and significant. The highest effect is in the indicators of sex ratio (R2=0.208) and population growth 1966-2016 (R2=0.065) and the lowest effect is in the indicators of natural population growth rate (R2=0.001) and household size (R2=0.002) (Table 7). Examination of the indicators of the environmental-physical dimension showed that the relationship of all indicators is positive and significant. The highest effect is in the indicators of percentage of reinforced housing (R2=0.063) and percentage of unauthorized wells (R2=0.057), and the lowest effect is in the indicators of faults and earthquakes, housing with structural framework (R2=0.000), households per housing unit density and percentage of newly built housing (R2=0.001) (Table 8).

Food insecurity has increased with the increase in dependency ratio, unemployment percentage, average orchards, and structural change and has decreased with the increase in economic participation, employment rate and average rainfed land (Fig 3). Changes in land use in favor of industrial development have reduced agricultural land, reduced food production, and increased food insecurity. Although structural change is usually associated with economic growth, its uneven management can increase food insecurity. More employment brings financial security, better access to food, and reduced food insecurity, while increased dryland area increases production and crop diversity, helping to reduce food insecurity. Food insecurity has decreased with the increase in the youth population percentage, sex ratio, and overall literacy rate and with the increase in the sub-indices of population growth, the food insecurity index has increased (Fig 4). An increase in the youth population can help reduce food insecurity by boosting production, improving productivity, adopting new technologies, and increasing awareness. The impact of the sex ratio index on food insecurity depends on economic, social, and cultural conditions. Also, increasing the literacy of the community helps reduce food insecurity by empowering individuals in various fields. However, increasing population growth may lead to increased food insecurity by increasing demand for food, pressure on natural resources, and competition for resources. With an increase in the percentage of percentage of reinforced housing, food insecurity decreases and with an increase in the percentage of unauthorized wells and the persons per room density, the food insecurity index increases (Fig 5). Increasing the number of reinforced housing and improving the economic conditions of households can help reduce food insecurity. On the other hand, an increase in unauthorized wells has negative effects on water resources, agriculture, the environment, and food insecurity. Proper management of groundwater resources and prevention of unauthorized well drilling helps reduce food insecurity. The difference between the current study and previous studies is that many of the indicators evaluated in the current study, such as agricultural commercialization, Gibbs-Martin, location quotient, spatial continuity, mechanization coefficient, production coefficient, population aging, slope, persons per room density, faults and earthquakes and development, have not been considered.

Rangelands are one of the essential components of natural ecosystems and are known as one of the main sources of forage supply, biodiversity conservation, soil and water resources. The aim of this study was to investigate the ecological potential of rangelands in Alborz province based on the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and pairwise comparisons using Geographic Information System (GIS). The digital map of ecological potential (EP) was prepared by weighting and integrating maps of slope, land unit, vegetation cover, land use, and precipitation. The results showed that each of the five criteria had equal importance coefficients (0.2) for determining the EP of rangelands. Overall, 21.77% of the province's area was unsuitable for rangeland use due to rocky outcrops. 15.41% of the province's area had first-degree potential and 37.28% had second-degree potential for rangeland use. Taleqan County had the highest first-degree potential for rangeland use with 56,321 hectares, and Karaj County had the highest second-degree potential with 96,507 hectares. Nazarabad County had no first-degree potential for rangeland use, and Taleqan County had no fourth-degree potential. Nazarabad County and Eshtehard County also had 48.15% and 63.92% potential for third- and fourth-degree rangeland use, respectively. Based on the weighting of different factors, slope was the most limiting factor for rangeland use, accounting for more than 50% of the limitation. In general, determining the EP of rangelands leads to identifying areas that are very suitable for optimal use of natural resources, and can increase rural income and employment both economically and socially.

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) procedure are those incrusted in the said as assurance in the way of criteria and environmental regulations in various plans of the past and its main aims is to predict, recognize, including an analysis in detail of all the positive and negative impacts of a plan on the natural and human environment. The purpose of current study was to Environmental components (physical, ecological and socio-cultural) assessment of Feyzabad irrigation and drainage network in Fars province. In this study, ICOLD Matrix method has been used. In this method the environmental components of each project activity in the construction and operation phases were measured. Finding revealed that plans impacts were positive in environment (힏 score). While, the socio-cultural, ecological and physical components respectively are allocated ퟎ, -13 and -26 scores. In other words, the existence of negative impacts on the environment, substantial positive impacts will be seen in the region. Therefore, implement of Feyzabad irrigation and drainage network in Fars province with standards is permissible. According to results, some recommendations have been presented at the end of article.

Natural resources, especially rangelands characteristically provide a context for sustainable development of environment worldwide. Recently, rangeland management projects play an important role in preventing pasture degradation and promote their overall status. Community participation is one of the main factors for any successful range management program. Due to the importance of stakeholder participation in rangeland management projects, this study aimed at investigating determinants of stakeholders’ participation in rangeland projects of Goltape Dehestan, Saqqez county. Thereby, the study employed descriptive causal comparative research design. The statistical population was consisted of beneficiaries in rural pastures (with high and low participation rate in range management projects). The sample was consisted of 175 rural household heads in Gol Tappeh villages.
Structural questionnaires were used to collect data. The questionnaires validity was confirmed by panel of experts and a pilot study was done to assess the reliability. Cronbach's alpha coefficients were between 0.52 and 0.89 for different measures. The results showed that, in active-participant group, perception towards facilitative factors and bottlenecks, environmental awareness and physic-ecological feasibility of rangeland projects and in passive-participant group perception towards facilitative factors and bottlenecks and physic-ecological feasibility were determined the participation in rangeland projects.

The main objective of this research was to study the factors affecting the rate of rural people participation in watershed plans in Jiroft region. The kind of research method of the study was Descriptive- Correlation research. The statistical population of the study consisted 1660 rural persons in 32 villages of Jiroft region in which watershed plans have implemented during the years of 1999 to 2006 (N= 2122). According to the Cochran's formula، a sample of 228 persons was selected using the stratified random samplingmethod (n= 228). A questionnaire was used to collect the data. The validity of the questionnaire was established by a panel of experts in the field of participation and rural development. A pilot study was conducted to establish reliability of the instrument. Cronbach alpha's coefficient for the dependent variable (e. g. rate of rural people participation in watershed plans) calculated 0. 88. For data analysis was used SPSSwin15 software. The correlative results revealed that there was a positive and significant relationship between dependent variable with variables of education level، satisfaction، social solidarity، socio-economic situation، motivation and membership in social institutes، travel to out of village، agricultural experiences، garden and agricultural land ownership، using the information resources، income level through agricultural activates، receiving the incentives، agricultural cultivated land and activity of rural councils. In addition، there was a negative and significant relationship between dependent variable and governmentdependency. Based on Regression analysis، 46. 8% variances of dependent variable of rural people participation in watershed plans was explained by the five variables including: social solidarity، using the information resources، gardens and agricultural land ownership، level of satisfaction، membership in public rural institutions.