جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "a" در نشریات گروه "آبخیزداری، بیابان، محیط زیست، مرتع"

Currently, nature tourism is a process that has existed for a long time with its own forms in order to meet the psychological, cultural, social and economic needs of humans. In this research, Mahenshan city in Zanjan province was evaluated in order to develop nature tourism. In this regard, different scenarios were designed based on the risk level of decision-making and their comparison was carried out based on the features of the landscape in order to select the most optimal scenario. First, different data were prepared in 6 groups including landform, hydrology, land cover and habitats, soil and geology, historical monuments and natural and built attractions. The desired criteria were considered based on the opinions of the valuation expert and then the ordinal weighted averaging method (OWA) in the TerrSet environment in order to combine the layers of information. In this regard, various scenarios were designed based on the fuzzy quantifier (α). The comparison of the scenarios was done only on the basis of classes with medium to very high desirability and some of the most important parameters of the landscape in order to determine the best scenario using the TOPSIS method. The comparison of the scenarios based on the parameters of the landscape indicated that the most favorable scenario for evaluating the potential of nature tourism in the region is the scenario in which the full compensability of the importance of the criteria and the equal amount of risk aversion and risk tolerance are observed. Based on the best scenario, a total of about 50% of the city's area has medium to very high capacity for the development of nature tourism.

Wetlands are highly productive ecosystems that play an important role in the well-being of human societies. However, the health of these valuable ecosystems is severely affected by environmental pressures caused by human activities. In the present study, the recreational value of Chaghakhor Wetland, located in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province, Iran, has been estimated using the individual travel cost valuation method and based on the linear-logarithmic model. In some studies, the regional travel cost method is used for this purpose, while in the present study, since most of the visitors are locals, so the individual travel cost method was used. The number of examined samples was calculated using Cochran's method which included 150 questionnaires. Based on the results, travel cost, monthly income, education and visiting season have a significant effect on the number of annual visits (P<0.05). The consumer surplus of each visitor is 1.2 million tomans, and the annual recreational value and the recreational value of each hectare are estimated to be 184 billion and 80 million tomans, respectively. Based on the results, the recreational value of the studied area is more than similar cases in Iran. The cool weather and the presence of many natural attractions in this wetland are the reasons for this higher value, which has led to the greater attractiveness of this wetland compared to other tourist places in Iran.

With the changes made in the management of nomadic rangelands, it is accompanied by the interference of the government and nomads to prepare a new migration calendar. With considering the limitations in the government system, the issue of feasibility of reassigning this responsibility to the nomads and providing the ground for their role-playing in rangeland management has been proposed as one of the ways to leave the inappropriate and inefficient situation of the current management system. Therefore, the Nomadic Affairs Organization, the Forests, Rangelands and Watershed Organization, Research Institute of Forests and Range lands; considered to interfere to this issue as a logical item based on the research findings. After several meetings, the summer range lands of Marghsar and Yourdeh Gheidar Lar in Tehran province was selected as a pilot to assess the impact of nomadic management on vegetation condition in this area. For this purpose, representatives of the nomads introduced and implemented the project in the form of a memorandum of understanding between the aforementioned organizations and the representatives of the nomads. The study stages of the project started in the form of defined management for 4 years from 2014.The annual evaluation of the indicators was done from the second year in each vegetation type, using 20 plots of four square meters along two transects of 150 meters. In each transect, the number of 10 plots was randomly and systematically established. The results showed that the nomads of this system comply with the move calendar announced by the implementation department and comply with the stocking rate based on the grazing license. The nomads, with the support of nomadic affairs management have been able to reduce the amount of grazing. So the percentage of vegetation cover before grazing, fodder production, vegetation covers after grazing, residual production and capacity of Marghsar and Yurdeh Gheidar rangeland, in the last two years of implementation increased and the percentage of exploitation also decreased(from 94.2% in the first year to 92.2% in the last year). Therefore, the relative improvement of the cover conditions and the beginning of the decreasing process of rangelands exploitation can be related to the family utilization system as well as the presence of environmental protection guards in the region. Hence, it seems that this model can be generalized in the management of rangelands in other similar areas, provided that the relevant government bodies, cooperate with nomadic representatives.

Biodiversity provides various ecosystem services to human societies and addresses human needs, but human interventions have caused biodiversity loss and reduced ecosystem services. The designation of protected areas is a strategy to manage environmental crises and biodiversity loss, but these areas are under threat. This research analyzes the factors affecting biodiversity loss in protected areas using a quantitative methodology (descriptive-correlational). Data were collected through structured interviews, using a questionnaire, with 250 out of 5095 rural households of the local communities of the Sorkhabad Protected Area of the Zanjan Province. The sample size was calculated using the Cochran sampling formula and was randomly selected through the multi-stage sampling technique. The questionnaire was developed by the research team and its questions’ content and face validities were assessed and verified by an expert panel in this field. The reliability of the research instrument was also confirmed by conducting a pilot study and applying Cronbach’s alpha test. The results showed that the biodiversity loss is determined by the variables of local community participation, interventions by external organizations, human drivers related to local communities, the livelihood, motivation, and knowledge of local communities, attitudes towards biodiversity conservation, knowledge about biodiversity degradation, knowledge about biodiversity challenges, and knowledge about ecosystem services, which explained 68 percent of biodiversity loss variance. Therefore, it is necessary for decision-makers and policy-makers to pay attention to relevant and effective factors in reducing the loss of biodiversity in order to conserve and restore ecosystems and species in protected areas.

Reduced rainfall and inappropriate temporal distribution are one of the problems and issues in the natural resources of our country. The aforementioned factors limit the conditions for the establishment and growth of various rangeland and forest species, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. In order to deal with this problem, in addition to implementing improvement and restoration operations in rangeland ecosystems in arid and semi-arid regions, along with cultivating plant species compatible with the climatic conditions of the region, management and collection of runoff from atmospheric precipitation is necessary (12). Management and collection of surface runoff is possible through various biomechanical and structural methods. Crescent catchment, as one of the types of biomechanical methods for managing and collecting atmospheric precipitation with the aim of improving and restoring rangelands in arid and semi-arid regions, has become common in Iran in recent years (3). Water catchment crescents are considered structural operations due to their construction, but because they are usually accompanied by planting, they can be considered a biomechanical method (15). Water catchment crescents are actually short horizontal banks that are built in an arc or arc shape to create micro-watersheds (16). The most important and prominent goals of constructing water catchment crescents include controlling and storing surface water runoff, increasing water infiltration in the soil, controlling erosion and preventing soil loss, creating a suitable microclimate for plant growth, and finally creating a suitable ground for implementing rangeland improvement and restoration projects (15). The effective factors and appropriate levels for constructing and implementing water catchment crescents include rainfall, slope, canopy cover, cover condition, soil depth, soil texture, and the amount of rock and gravel (Table 1). Some of the research conducted on the performance and effectiveness of crescent catchment systems are as follows. In the Kumiran rangelands of Qain County, South Khorasan Province, the effect of holes and their location in the rangelands, as well as the best place to plant shrubs inside the crescent-shaped hole, has been investigated (10). A study in Sarbisheh County, South Khorasan Province, examined the impact of the crescent-shaped water intake system on changes in rangeland plant production, soil moisture, and texture in dry and steppe rangelands. Based on this study, it was determined that rangeland plant production has more than doubled in the project implementation area (12). In a study conducted in the rangelands of Narun region of Khash County, Sistan and Baluchestan province, a comparison of diversity and species richness indices using parametric and nonparametric methods was conducted in the improved area under the influence of crescentic water intake operations and the control area. According to the results of this study, the implementation of crescentic water intake has resulted in a uniform vegetation cover in the area, which has resulted in better plant diversity and greater ecosystem stability (6). In the Zirkuh region of South Khorasan province, the effect of the crescent catchment system on vegetation cover and soil moisture levels under wet and drought conditions has been investigated and compared. The results showed that the implementation of the crescent catchment plan in the region has increased vegetation cover compared to the control region (19). In addition, in some studies, the effectiveness of crescent catchment systems on increasing agricultural production has been reported (2, 7, and 11). According to previous studies, the role of crescent catchment systems in managing and collecting runoff in the region and comparing the performance of these systems with mortar rock dams has been less studied. The present study investigates the role of crescent catchment systems in managing and collecting runoff in the region and comparing the performance of these systems with mortar rock dams in the Chadaroyeh watershed of Jahrom County, Fars province. The present study investigated the role of crescent catchment systems in managing and collecting runoff in the region and compared the performance of these systems with mortar rock dams. The Chadaroyeh watershed in Jahrom County, Fars Province is the study area of ​​this study. With this study, the performance of crescent catchment systems with mortar rock dams has been compared.

Accordingly, an area of 1796.76 hectares, equivalent to 23.93% of the total area of ​​the Chadarviyeh watershed, has been designated for the construction of crescent-shaped water intake systems with seeding (Table 2 and Fig. 2, 3 and 4). In addition, three mortar rock weirs and five dry-fill weirs have been designed at the outlet of the basin, considering the annual inflow and morphology of the main waterway, and two mortar rock weirs have been designed at the outlet of sub-basins CH1 and CH2 to control sediment and protect soil in the upstream of the basin. In addition, five dry-fill weirs were designed around the aforementioned structures and in second- and third-grade waterways. The SCS method has been used to determine the flood volume in different return periods (Tables 3 and 4).

The results of estimating the water intake volume in the intake crescents showed that by implementing this method on 1796.76 hectares of the Chedarviyeh watershed, 2454515.79 m3 of surface runoff will be stored annually (Tables 5,6 and 7). Considering the flood volume in different return periods for the Chedarviyeh watershed, the total storage volume of the three rock-mortar dam structures was estimated to be 88,000 m3 with a 25-year return period, which only extracts and manages 11.9% of the total 25-year flood volume (Table 8). In total, these structures manage and store 75.3% and 25.8% of the total flood volume generated in the Chedarviyeh watershed for 2- and 5 year return periods, respectively (Table 8).

Considering the performance of crescent catchment systems in extracting and managing surface runoff up to the level of extracting 100% of the runoff generated in the Chedarviyeh watershed during different return periods, the high effectiveness of this method in extracting and managing runoff and floods is determined (Table 9). This advantage, along with other advantages of this method, including low implementation cost, maximum compatibility with natural resources and the environment, simplicity of implementation, speed of implementation, the possibility of planting seedlings and seeds in the system environment, moistening the topsoil in a wide area of the watershed, creating a place to provide water for livestock and wildlife in the watershed, with the occurrence of strengthening and revitalizing pastures, preventing soil erosion, transferring watershed management activities from the waterways to the slopes, and the health and stability of the watershed and its relative superiority over mortar stone structures in extracting a larger volume of surface runoff, the importance and efficiency of this method for extracting runoff and floods are increasingly proven.

The occurrence of climate change, desertification, and destruction of natural resources necessitates the use of afforestation to protect soil, water and atmospheric carbon sequestration (3). Arid and semi-arid areas are suitable options for conducting carbon sequestration operations. In many parts of the world, forestry projects in semi-arid areas have been widely used to restore destroyed ecosystems and control soil erosion (39). Numerous studies in Iran and worldwide have shown that afforestation with various species has a positive impact on the process of carbon sequestration and improving soil quality (3, 14, 31, 9, 16). The purpose of this research is to examine the impact of an afforestation project on the reserve and carbon sequestration levels in the 40-year-old afforested regions of the Seranjiane region of Sanandaj. Due to the differing carbon sequestration potential of tree species, this research is aimed at evaluating the capacity of forestry with broad-leaved, coniferous, and mixed species to sequester carbon in the ecosystem.

Seranjiane Forestry - Dushan with an area of 96.7 hectares is located in the geographical longitude of 47° 0' 20" to 47° 1' 25" and latitude of 35° 13' 22" to 35° 14' 4" (Fig 1). Saranjayaneh Forest Park is a type of hand-planted forest park, which includes 40-year-old tree stands of pure Fraxin, pure Cupressus and mixed Fraxinus and Robinia. The control area is a natural rangeland that is next to the afforested area and has similar climate conditions and topography. The statistical method for determining sampling volume was used to calculate the appropriate number of sampling plots. The minimum area method was used to determine the appropriate plot size. Random-systematic sampling method was used to sample tree cover in each forest plot in the 6 plots measuring 20 x 10 square meters. In forestry stands and nearby rangeland, soil (0-30 cm depth), aboveground, underground, and litter biomass were sprayed using a random-systematic method. The amount of carbon sequestered in biomass (aerial and underground), litter, and soil was measured. The data was analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Duncan's test by SPSS version 24 software.

The findings revealed that afforestation has resulted in an increase in organic carbon storage compared to rangelands. The amount of organic carbon stored in rangelands, which is 49.05 tons per hectare, differs significantly from other treatments (Table 1). The cypress stand had the highest amount of organic carbon storage, which was 95.26 tons per hectare. The total amount of organic carbon stored per unit area in two mixed stands (81.61 tons per hectare) was not significantly different from that in sparrow's tongue (74.84 tons per hectare). Comparing the average carbon sequestration in underground biomass revealed that the mass of cypress with a carbon reserve of 0.25 tons per hectare exhibits a significant difference with a mixed mass of Fraxinus and rangeland at a level of 1% (Table 2). There was no discernible difference in the carbon reserves of the underground biomass between the other treatments and the rangeland. The comparison of the relative share of carbon sequestered in different forests revealed that there has been a significant increase in the average organic carbon storage compared to rangeland in all three forests. The highest amount of soil organic carbon (157.17 tons per hectare) was observed in the cypress forest. Calculating the Organic Carbon Reserves of the soil, it was calculated that there were 50.79 tons per hectare in the mixed mass and 27.76 tons per hectare in the Fraxinus mass. Rangeland was associated with the lowest amount of soil carbon deposition (48.50 tons per hectare). Fraxinus and two mixed stands had no significant differences in soil organic carbon reserves. The soil, plant biomass, and litter components in afforested stands and control rangeland revealed that the soil was the most important area for accumulating organic carbon storage in all the study treatments (Table 3).

This research revealed that afforestation in the studied area has resulted in a significant increase in carbon sequestration in aerial, underground, and litter biomass. Carbon sequestration rates for Sanandaj in cypress, mixed cypress, and Fraxinus stands are 1.15, 0.82, and 0.63 tons per hectare per year, respectively. The results of the present study showed that the amount of carbon stored in the aboveground and underground parts of the forest stands was significantly higher than the control rangeland, but there was also a significant difference between the forest stands in terms of the carbon sequestration capacity in the aboveground parts. The highest biomass carbon storage was observed in the C. sempervirens stand, and the mixed stands and F. rotundifolia had similar capacities in this respect. This is due to the C. sempervirens species' resiliency to cold and drought (24) and the low number of losses experienced by the C. sempervirens stand compared to the mixed stand and F. rotundifolia. This has resulted in an increase in plant biomass in the C. sempervirens stand and, consequently, an increase in the rate of carbon sequestration per unit area. Quantitative characteristics indicate that the C. sempervirens species is superior to the R. pseudoacacia species (20), as shown by research. In the soil sector, afforestation has also caused a significant increase in carbon sequestration compared to pasture, which was calculated to be 82.1% in the C. sempervirens stand, which was higher than in the mixed and F. rotundifolia stands. The amount of soil carbon sequestration in the mixed stand was 64% and in the F. rotundifolia stand was 51%. The amount of soil organic carbon reserves in ecosystems is affected by two factors: organic carbon input through plant biomass and organic carbon loss through decomposition (34). The greater the production capacity of aboveground and belowground biomass in different species, areas, and habitats, the greater the carbon storage in the tree trunk, litter, and soil. If the rate of factors leading to decomposition and loss of carbon from trees, litter, and soil is lower, the survival of carbon stored in ecosystems will increase and the amount of carbon sequestration will increase (21).Based on the findings, the accumulation of litter on the soil surface in the C sempervirens stand is deemed the primary factor responsible for elevating soil carbon sequestration. The C. Sempervirens species is the most suitable species for carbon sequestration in afforestation, as it can quickly grow, produce high litter volume, meet ecological needs appropriate for the region, and can withstand drought and cold condition. Planting trees in arid and semi-arid areas can lead to carbon sequestration in biomass (airborne and underground), litter, and soil, as evidenced by this outcome. In the study area, coniferous plants have a more significant impact on carbon sequestration than broad-leaved plants during afforestation. The research found that mixed cultivation has a more significant impact on carbon sequestration than pure Fraxinus cultivation because of the diversity of composition. Different tree species have different potentials for carbon sequestration. In the semi-arid regions of Kurdistan province and similar regions, coniferous species are the preferred option for carbon sequestration rates over broad-leaved species due to their lower water requirements.

Environmental education is vital for the perspective of sustainable development (Paviotti-Fischer et al., 2023) because problems in this area threaten the sustainability and survival of our planet. It is a way to increase awareness of the current environmental situation among future citizens and to instill preventive behaviors in education in the form of lesson concepts in this field. Learning environmental concepts will not only increase students' understanding of the natural world but also develop a sense of empathy and responsibility towards all living beings (Smith et al., 2023). In this regard, most experts and teachers agree that it is important to integrate environmental education into the learning process of primary school students. They considered childhood as the most appropriate age for learning environmental concepts (Sukma et al., 2020).

The method used in the content analysis of the current research was Shannon entropy, and the unit of analysis was pages (text, questions, exercises, and images). The statistical society included all the basic textbooks of the elementary course in the academic year 2019-2020, and the statistical sample of this research included Persian courses, mathematics, experimental sciences, heavenly gifts, social studies, information technology, thinking, and research.

The findings from the data analysis show that while paying attention to the components of sustainable environment in the textbooks, each of the indicators of the aforementioned components has been given unbalanced attention, and the textbooks have not covered the components of the sustainable environment to a certain extent. According to the findings of the study, the share of each environmental component in the total number of books in the elementary school was, in order of points, the environmental component of soil (7823), water (2731), and air (2006), and sound (1471). But according to the resulting data of entropy (Ej), importance coefficient (wj), and the rating of sustainable environment components in textbooks, the entropy index of water is equal to 0.82, air index is equal to 0.85, soil index is equal to 0.75, and sound index is equal to 0.52. Taking into account the importance coefficient and rank, it can be said that air, water, soil, and sound indicators have received the most to least attention in the content of textbooks, respectively.    

Environment is one of the hot topics of world politics. It is only the necessity of survival that forces man to emphasize this word in order to be the savior of the earth and its creatures by preventing the disruption of the harmony of the natural system ruling the earth. Earth, water, and humans are three connected arms of life that must be kept in balance and harmony. The collapse of one of these arms destroys the entire framework of the philosophy of life on earth. Environmental education is one of the knowledge, tendencies, values, and skills through which students can individually and collectively solve environmental problems. In fact, environmental education is a permanent process during which students acquire the necessary awareness, values, tendencies, skills, and experiences about the environment around them, and through it, they can solve problems related to the current and future environment as they will be able to meet their current needs without threatening and jeopardizing the interests of future generations. Accompanying the content of textbooks with environmental and educational theoretical and practical issues and components of these concepts will help students maintain and achieve the concept of survival. Therefore, in this regard, we can use new methods in education in the primary period, such as memorization and learning through cooperation, drama methods, group discussion methods, innovation model, inductive thinking model, and brainstorming method. Therefore, the presentation of projects such as environmental assistants, which means choosing primary school students as environmental guardians, will strongly accompany them in the direction of preserving the environment, which is a useful and efficient idea.

Environmental issues were first in the 19th century in the form of international agreements for the management of resources, which attracted the attention of countries in international politics. In the 20th century, several conferences, including the Stockholm and Rio de Janeiro conferences, were formed to establish cooperation between governments to solve environmental problems. Along with governments, other groups, including environmental movements, emerged in the 1960s to put pressure on governments to solve environmental issues in the West, and due to the existence of a democratic political culture, they were able to become a major force in politics in these countries.  In Iran, like in other parts of the world, environmental problems and issues have been the major problems in society and politics.

 The main goal of this research is to investigate the causes of the non-formation of environmental movements using the theory of political culture. For this purpose, the qualitative analysis method and the descriptive-analytical method were used. In the qualitative research method, the goal is to identify, classify, and extract concepts based on the study of texts or the views of experts. Therefore, the main tools of data collection in the qualitative research method are interviews or library studies. Depending on the type of research, appropriate tools should be used.  

Formation of the environmental movement and institutions in Iran before the revolutionThe oldest non-governmental environmental organization in Iran is the people's organization "Zanan Ashkadz" of Yazd, which started its activity in the late 1340s in order to deal with the influx of quicksand with the cooperation of the then government. Another environmental non-governmental organization is the "Animal Protection Society" which was established in the mid-1350s.After the revolution.After the revolution, Iran's environment faced numerous and serious risks, including air pollution, rapid development, soil and water pollution, rapid population growth, and the destructive effects of the 8-year war with Iraq, and even now, decades of inefficient management based on short-term development policies have added to the severity of this crisis. Although, during the Iran-Iraq war, environmental movements were not allowed to play their part in society, during Muhammad Khatemi’s presidency (1997-2005), non-governmental actors found this chance to start their activity with the aim of making their networks to put pressure on policymakers to pay serious attention to ecological concerns in Iran but by consolidation the power of Islamic Regime,most of them suppressed or had to migrate to other countries because of various reasons but the most matter ones are here. A)   Lack of political culture and participatoryThe continuous history of tyranny has shaped its role in the national consciousness and has caused people and politicians to view the world of politics as more sentimental, deterministic, and unreliable. On the other hand, the century of foreign interference has made the world consider politics a zero-sum game. This has led to the formation of an absolutist and patrimonial culture in the heart of society and politics, which allowed no institution or group, especially social movements, to use official and unofficial organizations and others to get the necessary resources to advance. This has also strengthened the state-centric and centralist view that tends to control all civil movements and organizations. As a result, environmental organizations and movements will not be allowed to operate independently in such a structure so that they can play a buffer role between the government and society. B. Personality-oriented environmental management The absence of a culture of participation and the individuality of environmental decisions has led to confusion and uncertainty in environmental management and the lack of institutionalization of organizational functions based on leadership and participation-oriented management. As a result, due to the existence of such a structure and function, non-governmental environmental institutions have no ability to influence government institutions, and it turns them into government propaganda speakers and a tool for the government's legitimacy.c) Weakness of environmental civil institutionsThe specific cultural and political way has fostered a limited-subsidiary political culture that defines the rights and property of individuals based on their proximity to the sphere of power. In such a situation, civil society institutions and civil activists, including environmental groups, will not have a special place and will be considered "nothing" by the prevailing political culture.    

Due to the dominance of limited-subsidiary political culture and semi-participatory power construction, environmental groups cannot be effective as influential groups or political parties; especially with the security of some aspects of the activities of these groups, obstacles have been created in line with their broader activities, and therefore today the environmental movement of Iran is limited to academic and research activities, which can endanger the future of the environment, face inevitability, and cause more environmental crises and most importantly political and social crises in Iran.

Human concern about the environment increased when industrial development created many environmental problems. Today’s view of all-round development is balanced and sustainable, and unlike in the past, it is not limited to the economic aspect. In other words, economic growth, along with environmental and social developments, is one of the indicators of sustainable development. Educational localization means the freedom of the educational system or local areas to adapt the curriculum to local conditions and relate the curriculum situation and the teaching and learning process to the local environment. In the current research, indigenous knowledge means knowledge that, in the social and local context, causes attention to the priorities of sustainable development. Educational localization can also be considered as the positioning of the curriculum. Curriculum contextualization means a regular, structured, goal-oriented, and method-oriented collection of experiences that are presented, developed, and recorded by education professionals in universities and are understood and applied by students. The result of this positioning, in addition to the presence of local knowledge in the classroom, is to create a clearer and more practical understanding for the students. Educational or context-centered positioning allows university members to think about local issues and be more active in solving local community problems. Considering the importance of localization of education, how can local and situational awareness be connected with the written curriculum? This study, while taking advantage of the analysis of existing documents, introduces the concept of sustainable development and its relationship with the curriculum and tries to show that moving towards the localization of the curriculum leads to the improvement of sustainable development indicators by providing a basis for Improving understanding. A sustainable curriculum and desirable qualifications can give a suitable answer to the requirements of today’s world. In today’s changing and fast-paced world, the educational approach is one of the strategic imperatives in policy-making and planning, which is important in higher education, especially in the curriculum sector.

The present study is practical in terms of purpose and descriptive in terms of data collection. The statistical population of the research included the faculty members of Golestan Azad University in the fields of educational sciences, geography, social sciences, psychology, English language, industrial engineering, and chemical engineering. A random sampling method was used to determine the research sample, and 82 people were selected as a statistical sample. The information required for the research was collected through a curriculum positioning questionnaire consisting of 19 questions in the four dimensions of policies/guidelines in the localization of the curriculum in the direction of sustainable development  (7 items), the awareness of academic staff members about their role in the contextualization of the curriculum in the direction of sustainable development (2 items), action in the localization of the curriculum in the direction of sustainable development (5 items), and the challenges of localization in the direction of sustainable development (5 items). The questionnaire also included an open question about the main factors limiting the localization of the curriculum. In order to determine the validity of the questionnaire, the opinions of the professors of the curriculum department and other academic staff members were used. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was used to determine the reliability or internal consistency of the research tools; the calculated value of Cronbach’s alpha coefficient is .0.89.

 The results of the research show that 40.2% of faculty members believe that universities have policies that encourage the localization of curricula in the direction of sustainable development. At the same time, 59.8% of faculty members stated that universities do not have policies and guidelines for localization. A relative majority (76.5%) of the faculty members were aware of the fact that the localization of the curriculum is one of their duties, while 23.5% said that they were not aware of their role in localization. Also, a relative majority (62%) of faculty members believe that efforts are not made to localize the curriculum. Moreover, 52.9% of the students believe that the faculty members take action to localize the curricula (contents, methods, and materials), while 47.1% of them believe that no action is taken by the academic staff to localize the curricula.

As the results of data analysis showed, in the three dimensions of curriculum localization, i.e., curriculum policy and guide, faculty members’ awareness of their role, and effort and action for localization, almost 60% of faculty members believe that universities do not have the necessary policies and guidelines for the localization of the curriculum, do not take the necessary action for the localization of the curriculum, and are not aware of their role for the localization of the curriculum, while almost 40% of the faculty members stated that the universities have the necessary policies and guidelines for the localization of the curriculum,  take action and effort to localize the curriculum, and have the knowledge to localize the curriculum. Regarding the localization challenges, the majority (88.2%) of the faculty members believe that they face major challenges in the localization of the curriculum. Also, 52.9% of the students believe that the academic staff members take action to localize the curricula (contents, methods, and materials), while 47.1% of them believe that the academic staff members have taken no action in this regard. Therefore, it can be said that the mentioned components of curriculum localization are facing deficiencies. In the analysis of this finding, which is confirmed by the results of various studies, it should be acknowledged that the localization of the curriculum and native learning increases learning and the motivation of learners. Therefore, the localization of learning can be witnessed when the content of the curriculum and the methods and materials related to it are directly related to the experiences and environment of the learner; hence, in order to understand which of the aspects of the curriculum (content, method, and contents) are localized, necessary efforts should be made. In general, according to the data analysis results, the localization of the curriculum in the studied sample faces challenges, defects, and deficiencies.

Climatic characteristics such as dry and semi-arid climate, lack of rainfall, long periods of drought in the country, and lack of rains in the seasons when the agricultural sector needs water resources have caused the decrease of underground water resources every year more than the previous year. Even beyond that, it becomes a challenge for policymakers, decision-makers, operators, farmers, and industrial sector employers. The numerous types of research that have been conducted in the field of underground water resources in the Water Resources Research Quarterly between the years 2006 and 2022 show that the importance of this issue is not only in the discourse governing water policymakers but also among experts and academics. Therefore, the present research, based on a systematic review approach to the pathology of previous studies, deals with the subject of articles related to underground water resources in the Quarterly Journal of Water Resources Research and reveals the factors affecting it based on the accumulation of the mentioned research results. To fulfill this aim, several questions were asked: 1- What methods have been used in the studies related to underground water resources published in the Iranian Water Resources Research Quarterly? 2- To what extent have the methods of these articles been able to cover appropriate solutions to solve problems related to underground water resources?

The current study was conducted with a systematic review approach. First, in order to increase the accuracy of the research, a checklist of eligible articles was prepared during the years 2006-2022, which included components such as the research method, the number of authors, the year of conducting the research, and the tendency of the authors of the article.After reviewing the papers, 38 articles discussing underground water sources, both in the topic and in the content, were selected as a statistical sample. In this sense, almost all articles related to the topic of "groundwater resources" were reviewed.

The findings of the research showed that among the 38 papers in terms of the number of authors, the largest number of studies are related to the articles that had more than two authors (22 cases), followed by the ones with two authors (12 cases), and the articles that were done by one person allocated the lowest amount (4 cases). Regarding the disciplines of the authors of the articles, it should be said that most of the articles are by researchers in the fields of water resources engineering, water resources management, water and development, irrigation and drainage, and hydraulic structures (30 articles), researchers in the fields of mapping, rural development, water and development, and geography (4 articles), researchers in the fields of environment, watershed management (4 articles), and researchers in interdisciplinary fields such as archeology and sociology (2 articles) were ranked next in terms of the number of published articles. Regarding the years that have been published in the Quarterly Journal of Water Resources Research, it can be said that most of the studies were published in 2022 (8 articles), and the least number published in the field of groundwater resources is related to 2006, 2008, and 2015 (1 article). In terms of methodology, the largest number of articles is related to the articles that have investigated the state of water resources and aquifers with the method of scenario creation and future research (15 articles). This scenario development is either quantitative and numerical analysis or qualitative analysis and future research. The studies that have been done with numerical simulation, modelling, and factor modelling (11 articles) and analytical research (5 articles) have the largest number of articles after the studies related to scenario creation.

This research was carried out with the aim of methodological pathology of the articles related to the topic of underground water resources that were published in the Iranian Quarterly of Resources Research from 2006 to 2022 and was intended to answer these two questions: 1- What methods have been used in the studies related to underground water resources published in the Iranian Water Resources Research Quarterly? 2- To what extent have the methods of these articles been able to cover appropriate solutions to solve problems related to underground water resources? According to the findings, the authors suggested these ways: 1- Regulating the research in the field of underground water resources, 2- Allocating part of the articles to the discussion of methodology (even modelling and numerical articles), 3- Attempting to conduct studies in the field of social impact assessment (ETA) so that policymakers are aware of the consequences of the projects carried out, 4- Emphasizing innovation, using various qualitative methods (ethnographic and phenomenological methods), and paying more attention to the use of newer methods. 5- And most importantly, turning to sociological analyses related to underground water articles.

Water governance is a controversial concept, and rather than being based on knowledge of the governance method, it is considered an ideal model with specific and predefined indicators. Meanwhile, governance will result in the sustainability of water resources when it is defined and regulated according to the conditions. Because governance regulates the way of managing resources, it can vary according to the dominant discourse of each era. For this purpose, the present research tried to achieve a historical understanding of water governance patterns in different periods after the Islamic Revolution of Iran by using the methodology of discourse analysis and examining its effect on water resources management.

The method used in this research was discourse analysis. Based on this, the present study, with a historical approach, tried to discover the dominant discourse in every era and its effect on the way of managing water resources. The target period was from the 1978 revolution to the end of the twelfth government. In order to discover the dominant discourse, the text of the President's speech, the description of the deliberations of the Islamic Council, the text of water laws and development plans, and the approvals of the Supreme Water Council were examined. Therefore, in the results obtained, five decades after the revolution, the water governance period was divided into five periods, and political documents and texts and the description of the deliberations of the Islamic Council were used to evaluate it.

The results of the evaluation showed that what has determined the governance of water in Iran was not the governance that is proportional to the country's hydrological power but rather the governance that emerged from the political and international discourse. As in the periods when the ruling discourse was based on justice and the support of the government in economic matters (more emphasis on left-wing policies), the facilitation of water resource extraction, especially underground water, has intensified. During the periods when the ruling discourse was based on structural adjustment and privatization policies (with more emphasis on the right-wing economic liberalization policies), the development of surface water resources was the dominant model of water governance. Also, in many cases, there has been alignment between the government and the parliament in setting policies and laws against the sustainability of water resources. In cases where inequality has been evident, the government has sought to protect water resources in contrast to patterns that facilitate the extraction of resources.

The study of the history of water governance in Iran showed that in the dominant discourses on water governance after the revolution, the approach of protecting water resources along with the approach of self-sufficiency and development, which is still prominent in policymaking despite the worsening of the crisis, has not been able to lead the way. As far as we can say, the water protection policy has remained only as a slogan in many programs. It is based on this that the issues in water resources management policy have become chronic and are always repeated. This situation implies that water governance in Iran was not based on proportional governance, and as a result, the main goal of protecting water resources should be abandoned, and the improvement of the governance structure in accordance with the capacity of each region should be considered.

 In our country, despite the fact that waste is mentioned as dirty gold, unfortunately, the waste recycling industry has not opened its place as it should, and in this regard, the environment is endangered due to the accumulation of waste and the no interest in the benefits of recycling. Therefore, due to the structural conditions prevailing in Iranian society, the expansion of urbanization and changes as the results of consumerism have changed the ways and lifestyles of many actors, which is tangible, and its consequences are clearly visible in the individual and social life of actors, especially in the behavior of individuals. Therefore, the role of human factors in creating environmental pollution and recognizing human behaviors is a prerequisite for any planning and management to protect the environment. One of the tools that change the behavior of people in the community is comprehensive and effective education. Accordingly, if we expect correct recycling behavior and culture in society, we must first raise the awareness of each individual in society in various ways, especially through written and audio-visual media. Awareness-raising can be explained in terms of the return of materials to the cycle, job creation, and reduction of environmental and human risks. Since women are future makers and future mothers, they can be useful and informative tools in the field of household waste recycling in the future by accepting various responsibilities in the country; therefore, knowing their awareness and behavior in providing educational and policy solutions in this area is very important. Based on this, the researchers decided to answer the basic question: What is the position of awareness in the recycling behavior of women in Gorgan by controlling news sources, compared to the recycling of household waste?

 The research method of the present study was descriptive-correlational, and for data collection, a survey method was used with the help of a questionnaire tool. The statistical population of the study included all women in Gorgan in 1394, which, according to the population estimate for this year, was over 180,000 people. In order to determine the sample size, Cochran's logical formula was used with a probability accuracy of 5%. Based on calculations, the sample size was 373 people. A total of 400 questionnaires were distributed and analyzed to increase the validity of the findings. Due to the extent of the study area and research facilities, the method of multi-stage cluster sampling with systematic random sampling was used. To confirm the validity of the questionnaire, the corrective opinions of experts in the fields of environment, psychology, and sociology were taken into consideration. The values ​​for each of the main concepts of research are recycling behavior (0.748), awareness (0.787), and sources of news (0.742), respectively.

The results of descriptive findings show that the highest frequency of respondents was in the age group of 25 to 34 years, of which 83.9% were married. Also, about half of the respondents declared their level of education as post-diploma and bachelor's degrees. In addition, 47.7% declared their social class as average. Finally, the average monthly income of the respondents is 2004661 thousand Tomans on average. The average recycling behavior of the respondents was 3.353 out of 5; this number indicates that women's recycling behavior is above the hypothetical average (3) and at a high and desirable level. Therefore, the relationship between recycling awareness and recycling behavior has been confirmed. In addition, the relationship between recycled awareness and recycling behavior with the control of the twelve variables of news sources has also been confirmed. This means that news sources affect respondents’ awareness of recycling, which ultimately leads to respondents’ recycling behavior. There is a positive and significant relationship between independent demographic variables such as age and recycling behavior. However, there is a significant inverse relationship between income and recycling behavior.

 A comparison of the mean score of knowledge showed that the average score of this index was 3.35 on average, which in comparison with the results of the research of Iti Ravi Wang (2012) and Judge and Chief (2019), can be expressed that in general, there is a high alignment between results of the present research and the mentioned studies. This study reveals that there is almost no activity or profession that is not dependent on human understanding and thought; on the other hand, many environmental problems stem from a lack of awareness about humans and the environment. In the analysis of findings, a significant relationship has been observed between the two variables of recycling awareness and recycling behavior. Therefore, the results of the present paper are consistent with the findings of Schwarza et al. (2020), Solis and Silvira (2020), Salehi et al. (2015), Karimian and Miboudi (2019), and Zare (2020). The findings also showed the positive effect of news sources on increasing women's awareness of household waste recycling. Available searches indicate that similar studies have not been performed to compare. Another finding of the study is the existence of a positive and significant relationship between age and recycling behaviors and an inverse and at the same time significant relationship between income and recycling behaviors of respondents, which is consistent with the results of Salehi et al. (2015) and Zare (2020). In addition, the results of the regression test indicate the effect of variables, such as age, knowledge, income, education, and sources of information, on the recycling behaviors of respondents. The results of the structural equation also confirm the above results.

Hassanlou Wetland is one of the natural attractions of West Azarbaijan Province which is registered in the list of international wetlands in the Ramsar Convention. After the construction of Hassanlou dam the depth of the wetland increased, the amount of salts decreased and as a result, the wetland became more of a lake behind the dam. The change in conditions due to the construction of the dam has caused the wetland ecosystem to undergo changes. Since Hassanlou Dam Lake has a high capacity for growing of invasive aquatic plant species, samples of plant species and water from the lake were collected to identify invasive species and also to determine the water trophy. The results of the study showed the presence of four invasive plant taxa including Stuckenia pectinata, Potamogeton perfoliatus, Cerathophyllum sp., and Najas marina. Calculations based on the Carlson trophy index indicated that the water of this lake is eutrophic. The cause of this issue can be attributed to the washing of agricultural runoff containing manure of cattle that graze around the lake. High trophy has increased the density of invasive aquatic plant species, which is considered a serious threat to lives of native plant species and fisheries. To remove these unwanted plants and control their population, it is recommended to use physical, mechanical, biological and chemical control methods. In most cases, physical and mechanical methods to cut these plants are not efficient and it is appropriate to use approved herbicides that target a specific plant.

Seaweed is considered as a natural source of organic and mineral substances, containing more than 60 minerals and 21 amino acids, several plant growth regulators, manifold and organic acids. It is a factor for increasing growth, absorption of nutrients, resistance to adverse plant stresses, soil fertility and microbial activity. The chemical compounds in algae depend on various factors, such as the type of algae, the duration of residence in the ocean, the geographical area of harvest, being exposed to waves, growth stage, seasonal changes, annual changes, physiological and environmental factors, water temperature, salinity, pH and It depends on the sample analysis method. Research based on compounds derived from seaweed has been carried out in a wide range of biological activities such as antibacterial, antiviral, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-fungal and insecticidal. Considering that unlike fertilizers and chemical poisons, dry powder or extracts from seaweeds have non-destructive environmental effects for humans, animals and birds, Therefore, it is suggested that in order to achieve sustainable agriculture and pest and disease management, this rich resource should be given more attention and research.

Nutrition by self is allocated remarkable section of aquatic rearing cost, so desired management of using feed ingredient will help considerably to the breeders of aquatic farms. Spirulina (green-blue algae) is a microscopic single cell which grows in fresh water and has a simple structure but complex composition. This alga is source of various nutrients. In addition, it is an important source of photosynthetic pigments named phycocyanin that has so strong anti-oxidant and anti-inflammation characteristics. Ethanolic extract of Spirulina platensis contain alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, tannins, phenolic compounds, steroids and saponins. Also, this alga is noteworthy due to high content of un-saturated fatty acids because high amount of it is composed of gamma-linolenic acid. This alga has lower levels of serum glycerides and low-density lipo-proteins which is considered as a growth promotor, probiotic and immune system booster in fish. Spirulina is a micro-alga with high economical value and is one the algae which is suitable for cultivation in large scale due to high performance of photosynthesis, rapid growth rate and adaptability to environment. Thus, it seems that using Spirulina platensis ii aquatic diet is a valuable strategy to manage the nutrition cost and improvement of the performance of aquatic farms.

Plankton studies in the downstream areas of Shahid Shahcheraghi Dam and the edge of Cheshme Ali Damghan spring in 2016, plankton studies were considered as basic studies for the feasibility of aquaculture in this lake. For phytoplankton sampling from each station, one liter of water without passing through the zooplankton net, and for zooplankton sampling, 30 liters of water was filtered by a manual zooplankton net (Apstein-Net) with a 55 micron mesh. Finally, the samples were fixed with 4% formalin and transported to the laboratory for study In phytoplankton study, a total of 6 Phyla and 36 genera were identified, most of the observed genera belong to the Ochrophyta. the most important genera of this Phylum were Synedra, Diatoma and Nitzschia. Which have 91% of the annual abundance of phytoplankton. The studies showed that this river is limited to fixed and sticky groups of protozoa and rotifera in terms of zooplankton. In zooplankton studies, 8 phyla and 34 genera were identified, with the highest diversity and abundance related to protozoa with Amoebazoa, Cercozoa and Ciliophora Phyla, then Rotifera with dominant genera Synchaeta ,Polyarthra and Cephalodella, which have close annual average abundance. The results obtained from the plankton survey in this project showed that these areas have the abundance and diversity of plankton suitable for aquaculture.

Nowadays, in response to consumer demand, the development of new packaging with better performance, such as smart packaging, is of great importance. the goal of food packaging was to simultaneously increase food storage time and protect against the risk of internal, external, and oxidative spoilage, and easier transportation of food. But gradually goals such as ensuring the health and quality of food (controlling the growth of microbes, delaying oxidation, improving monitoring, maintaining the taste and smell of food), ease of use, and sustainability of packaging along with marketing and sales of products as promotional role Packing, added. The use of indicators, sensors, and biosensors in packaging has revolutionized packaging functions and led to the creation of a new type of packaging called smart packaging. This type of packaging has been used in developed countries in recent decades and aims to ensure the quality, safety, and health of the product. Due to the importance of fishery products in the household food basket and on the other hand, the rapid decay of these products caused in this study, it is possible to use a variety of smart packages including indicators (freshness, product integrity, food spoilage, lipid rancidity, time and temperature), sensors and biosensors in quality assessment, production and fishery products from the farm (production). Was examined before consumption.

 Vegetation is of paramount importance for various reasons. Taking restoration and creation of vegetation into account, it can be argued that selecting plant species that are adapted and resilient to arid conditions significantly contributes to the successful establishment of plants and the reduction of desertification effects. Moreover, possessing unique characteristics, such species exert a specific influence on their growth environment. Commonly known as "Malum Sodomiticum", Calotropis procera is a perennial shrub that thrives in arid and semi-arid regions, being considered an important plant due to its medicinal properties and economic uses, including fiber production and soil remediation on the other hand, Panicum amarum, also known as "Salt Grass," is a perennial grass primarily found in coastal areas and sandy soils, serving as a protective ground cover to prevent soil erosion and provide forage for livestock. Such effects could be identified through the investigation of the relationship between soil and plants. Considering the influence of plant species on the physical and chemical properties of the soil, this study sought to investigate the effect of Panicum amarum and Calotropis procera on the physical and chemical properties of sand dunes and their stabilization and reclamation.

 This study used topographic maps, aerial photographs, and satellite imagery to identify the best locations for the growth of Panicum amarum and Calotropis procera. In this regard, the required soil samples were collected from the depths of 0-30 cm and 30-60 cm using systematic random sampling along four 500-meter transects, each of which was 250 meters away from each other. Moreover, soil properties, including texture, pH, salinity, electrical conductivity, organic matter content, phosphorus, potassium, and lime were measured using various laboratory methods. Finally, each soil parameter was assessed in areas with saltbush and millet species and the areas without vegetation cover (control) using an independent t-test in the SPSS software environment.

 According to the results of the soil chemical and physical property analyses, the soil samples under millet, saltbush, and control areas showed significant differences, except for pH and potassium which did not display significant differences among the three sites. Moreover, it was found that the changes in organic matter and nitrogen percentages in the soil samples of the three areas were among the effective factors involved in improving the physical and structural conditions of the soil, providing a suitable substrate for the activity of microorganisms. This leads to increased water-holding capacity, nutrient availability, organic colloids, specific surface area, cation exchange capacity, and overall improvement of the physical conditions of the soil. These findings suggest a significant influence of the cultivated plant species compared to the control ones. On the other hand, the organic matter content in the surface layer of the saltbush and millet cultivation areas was found to be approximately 23% higher than the subsurface layer, which is due to the aboveground biomass deposition of the plant species in the top horizon, leading to the long-term improvement of soil structure.The results also showed that the soil pH did not differ significantly among the three areas (saltbush, millet, and control), although it was slightly higher under millet but not statistically significant. The electrical conductivity (EC) of the studied soil samples was higher in the surface layer compared to the subsurface layers, and there was a significant difference among the three areas in this regard. Furthermore, the study found that the soil enjoyed lower salinity under the millet species compared to the other two species, likely due to the plant's ability to absorb the salts. It was also found that the potassium concentration was not significantly different among the three areas; However, the millet site possessed a higher potassium level than the other two areas. The soil texture was also affected by the presence of the plant species. In this regard, it was found that while millet led to increased clay accumulation in the surface layer, Saltbush performed more successfully in accumulating silt, both showing a significant increase compared to the control area. As for the lime content, the plant species caused a significant decrease in the percentage of lime in the surface soil compared to the control area. In summary, the results of the study indicated that the cultivation of saltbush and millet species exerted a significant positive influence on the chemical and physical properties of the sandy soil, with millet showing relatively better performance in improving soil salinity, potassium content, and physical structure compared to the saltbush.

 The results of this study proved the positive influence of cultivating saltbush and millet on the chemical and physical properties of the soil. These species significantly increased the nitrogen, organic matter, and phosphorus content of the soil compared to the control area. Overall, it could be argued that the presence of saltbush and millet, along with other diverse species, may exert a positive influence on sandy dunes, indicating the potential of these species for the restoration and diversification of vegetation in sandy areas. Furthermore, this can help reduce the fragility of these ecosystems. Therefore, in the study area, which has light-textured soil and requires biological operations and soil conservation, the millet species can be utilized for such a purpose. Finally, it can be said that the use of these plants along with other sand-loving species can contribute to the rehabilitation and diversification of sandy vegetation and reduce the fragility of such ecosystems.

Reducing the adverse effects of wind on the field, biotic and abiotic windbreaks help increase the crop yield. Moreover, by lowering wind speed and controlling wind erosion, windbreaks reduce and control local dust, increase water consumption efficiency, decrease annual evaporation and transpiration, and meet the plants’ water needs. Therefore, this study sought to investigate the potential and limitations of providing windbreaks for the agricultural lands of Shiraz Plain.

This developmental applied study was carried out based on a descriptive-analytical method using field, library, and document studies to collect the required data. To do so, the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats were identified by attending the farms, collecting the intended data by interviewing the farmers, and administering a questionnaire. Then, the matrix of internal and external factors was prepared and presented to 20 experts working in Jihad Agriculture and Natural Resources of Shiraz for scoring (based on the Likert scale of 5).To prioritize the criteria and indicators involved in providing windbreaks for the farms, a 20-item questionnaire was developed to get the opinions of relevant experts and managers using the AHP method to create comparative matrices and determine their compatibility. In addition, the range of all comparisons’ compatibility was calculated via the compatibility rate formula, the results of which confirmed the acceptable compatibility of the pairwise comparisons.

seeking to take advantage of the opportunities by using the strengths, the study selected an aggressive strategy which comprises a combination of opportunities and strengths after determining the final coefficient based on experts' opinions.
As for the strengths of the option of reducing evaporation, the study found that increasing the yield and the irrigation intervals offered the greatest score (0.367), indicating the positive influence of a windbreak on water consumption. On the other hand, in terms of weaknesses, windbreak shading was found to achieve the highest score (0.358). Moreover, accessing financial facilities was found as the greatest opportunity, with its score being 0.364. Finally, financing the provision of a windbreak was reported as the greatest threat, the score of which was found to be 0.359.

Considering the special climatic conditions of Fars province which is characterized by dryness and improper distribution of precipitation in time and place, any sustainable agricultural and food production depends on the correct and rational application of the province's limited resources. Many studies have already investigated the rate of evaporation and transpiration and product efficiency for instance, Campi et al, 2012; Smith et al, 2021; Cochrane and de Vries, 2014; Thevs et al, 2021).Taking what was mentioned above into consideration, this study suggests that windbreaks be provided for the Shiraz Plain. To this end, some training courses can be organized for the farmers in windbreak advantages and how to provide it, so that they are encouraged to provide for biotic windbreaks and create a protective green belt around the farmlands. In the second phase, the farmlands under cultivation should be identified, plotted, and prioritized. In the third phase, multipurpose native species suitable for planting biotic windbreaks and creating protective green belts should be identified and introduced throughout the areas covered by vegetation. It should be noted that offering financial and advisory facilities to farmers can help precipitate the implementation of the aforementioned strategy.