جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « kurdistan » در نشریات گروه « آبخیزداری، بیابان، محیط زیست، مرتع »

Rangelands, as an important part of natural resources, play an essential role in improving or reducing the economic and social conditions of local communities and rural residents. After the Forest and Rangeland Nationalization Act of 1962, in the laws passed in 1969, the exploitation of rangelands was considered as a rangeland management plan for the first time. In the meantime, rangeland management plans are formulated and implemented with the aim of promoting ecological, economic and social indicators of stakeholders that it is necessary to evaluate the achievement of these aims in order to policy and decision making for rangeland management. Rangeland management plans are one of the main tools for managing and exploiting rangelands in Iran, which are implemented to eliminate or reduce degradation and optimal and sustainable rangeland management. In this study, economic and social effects of rangeland management projects in Bijar city of Kurdistan province were evaluated.

In this research, according to the applied objectives of the study, a survey and documentary method was used to collect data and information. The study area included rangelands of 9 completed rangeland projects in Bijar city in the East of Kurdistan province. The statistical population in this study included two groups of stakeholders of rangeland and experts familiar with the subject and rangeland projects. 175 households were selected based on Cochran's formula and adapted to Krejcie and Morgan table as study samples and participated in completing the questionnaires randomly. Also, 24 experts participated in the research. After confirming the validity of the questionnaires using the opinion of experts, Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used in order to evaluate the reliability of the questionnaires. These values are obtained 0.81 and 0.84 for experts and stakeholders, respectively. It showed that the questionnaires were properly reliable. In addition to demographic characteristics, the research questionnaires included questions about the direct and indirect socio-economic effects of rangeland plans based on Likert scale. Prioritization of economic and social effects was done through the ranking average. The normality of the data was assessed by Kolmogorov -Smirnov test and after confirming the normality of the data, Student's t-test was used to compare the viewpoints of experts and stakeholders about economic and social effects of rangeland projects. Data analyses were performed using SPSS20 software.

According to the results, preventing the land use changes, improving the drinking water needs of livestock and increasing the confidence of stakeholders in the aims and programs of the executive department of natural resources by obtaining averages of 4.04, 3.96 and 3.92, were the most important economic and social effects of rangeland projects in Bijar city from the viewpoint of the experts, respectively. But from the viewpoint of the stakeholders, the sense of belonging and sense of ownership to the rangelands for stakeholders, strengthening the social spirit and participation of the local community in implementing the plan and increasing the unity and social cohesion of the with averages of 4.16, 3.92 and 3.88 were the most important economic and social effects of rangeland projects, respectively. In the majority of economic and social indicators of rangeland management projects, there was no statistically significant difference between the viewpoint of experts and stakeholders (P >0.05), but according to viewpoint of experts, the mean value of the effects of preventing land use changes (P =0.0001) and increasing the trust of stakeholders to the aims and programs of the executive department of natural resources (P = 0.012) was more significantly. Such, from the viewpoint of stakeholders, increasing the unity and social cohesion of stakeholders (P = 0.003), the sense of belonging and sense of ownership to the rangelands for stakeholders, (P = 0.019), strengthening the social spirit and participation of the local community in the implementation of the project (P = 0.012) were significantly more evaluated. Economic effects from the viewpoint of the stakeholders were evaluated significantly lower than experts (P <0.05). But there was no significant difference between the viewpoint of experts and stakeholders in social effects (P >0.05).

According to the results of this study, the implementation of rangeland management projects in the study area has only been somewhat effective in achieving some economic and social indicators, especially social goals. These projects in some economic and social aspects such as income generation, employment and reducing migration has not been very effective. The overall satisfaction with the implementation of rangeland management plans was not high from the viewpoints of both groups due to the failure to meet the economic needs of stakeholders. Therefore it is necessary to develop and implement rangeland management projects with more accuracy, sensitivity and seriousness. Finally, recognizing and using the capacities and resources, multi-purpose use of rangelands, attracting facilities and capitals of the private and public sectors and providing appropriate facilities can provide the basis for further success and improve the effectiveness of rangeland management projects.

Understanding the behavior of phenomena requires attention to all its dimensions, and one way to understand their complexities is modeling. Soil surface moisture is a key variable for describing drought, water, and energy exchanges between Korea and the air, as well as assessing crop conditions. Soil moisture is affected by both environmental variables and many environmental variables such as runoff, soil erosion, and crop production, but is highly variable due to unstable spatial and temporal conditions. The purpose of this paper is to investigate, extract and evaluate the spatial model of soil moisture dispersal after more than normal rainfall in 1979-98 in Kurdistan province. In this regard, after analyzing soil moisture dispersion as dependent variable and precipitation variables, snow water equivalent, topographic moisture index and vegetation index were selected as independent variables. Then, using a general regression model (OLS) and geographically weighted regression (GWR), spatial modeling was performed. Based on the evaluation criteria, the results showed that the GWR model with R2 = 0.74 has better explanatory power and better estimation than the general regression model with R2 = 0.68. According to the results of the GWR model, snow water equivalent variable in the northern mountainous regions had the highest effect on evapotranspiration and the least effect on soil moisture. The obtained spatial model can identify low or moist soil areas in order to identify environmental potentials and improve decision making, allocation and spatial distribution of agricultural services.

Continuous quality monitoring of water resources are important tools to manage and protect these valuable resources. Kurdistan province is one of the most important provinces in Iran in terms of surface and underground waters, and the Garan reservoir (Marivan) has important rules in drinking water supply, agricultural and industrial activities. For this purpose, 9 water physicochemical and microbial characteristics were studied to determine water quality using NSFWQI index at four sites of Garan reservoir from July 2017 to August 2018. Results showed that the average temperature of water was 11.13 ± 6.7 °C and the Dissolved Oxygen (DO) concentration was 8.44 and 3.87 mg/l for surface and deep layers respectively. Also the annual mean value of Nitrate, Phosphate, Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5), Total Solids (TS) and pH were 0.66, 0.052, 1.32, 156.91 mg/l and 7.99 respectively. The mean of fecal coliform was 20.15 MPN so that the minimum of value was seen in October (0.25 MPN) and maximum of value was observed in March (208 MPN). As well as Lake Water had good quality according to NSFWQI index value (70.72). In general, although temporal and spatial variations were observed in some of the measured parameters, but based on the results of the physico-chemical characteristics and NSFWQI index, the Garan reservoir is categorized in having middle to good levels therefore, it was evaluated as desirable for agricultural, industrial activities and even drinking water after regular treatment.

Due to the lack of adequate sources of drinking water and uncertainty about the quality of these sources, along with rising water demand due to population growth, it is important to find a suitable solution to supply drinking water. Rainwater harvesting from roofs and use of natural discharge from springs are among techniques which can replace surface and underground water resources. The city of Divandareh in Kurdistan province has a strong potential to utilize these two sources. According to population statistics from 2011, the annual water consumption per capita of the city is 1871110 cubic meters. Our results showed that these two sources can provide 1001235 cubic meters of water per year. Based on the average annual consumption of each person in the city, springs and harvested rain can meet  53.5% of the city’s water demand, priced at 5,256,483,960 rials per year using the price of drinking water, and 4,246,463,320 rials per year using the price of raw water. The results indicated that in the case of comprehensive management of these two resources for optimal storage and utilization, they could be suitable options to compensate for abnormal water consumption, and in some cases the conditions of permanent stress and water shortage in the city would be prevented.

     Rapid population growth and ever-increasing demand for food lead to increase the exploitation of natural resources compared to the previous period and the continuation of this trend could lead to negative consequences and environmental crises, threatening human security and ecosystems. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the status of natural resources in West of Kurdistan Province and the role of defense actions on natural resources crisis management. The population of this study consisted of the villagers of West of Kurdistan Province (N = 133837). The sample size was calculated to be 220 using Cochran's formula. The data were collected using a questionnaire. The face and content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by panel of experts and the reliability of instrument was confirmed by conducting a pre-test and calculating a Cronbach's alpha coefficient more than 0.70 for different sections of the questioner. The data analysis was performed using SPSs20 software. The findings showed that from the perspective of 95% of respondents, the degradation of natural resources is evaluated at a high level. The results also showed that the defense actions including passive defense and the level of satisfaction from defense operating actions had a significant negative effect on the degradation of natural resources in the study area. Also, the results showed that 41.7% of the variations of the natural resources degradation was explained by defense activities.

Beekeeping is one of the agricultural production activities that can create employment with a small amount of investment. Beekeeping can be heeded as one approach to increase stakeholder’s income of rangelands, balance between livestock and rangeland resources, enhancing the economic status of the villagers and participation in range management plans. Zhiwar rangelands have great potential of land uses variety .Therefore in this study, we decided to determine the amount of increasing income from beekeeping. some of the factors that can affect the income of beekeepers were studied in this research. some of this factors include individual traits of beekeepers, the unit traits of beekeeping, the Costs, incomes. the datas of questionnaires in this study were collected by interview and filling out questionnaires. Questionnaire analysis was performed by using SPSS software. The results showed that the number of hives, the ratio of sugar to honey had significant impacts on the income of beekeepers and honey production. Among whole costs, sugar had the greatest proportion which causes decreasing in prices and thus, profitability. On one side the Increase of the percentage, causes the ascendancy in production and income, on the other side, it causes reducing in the costs and increasing in expenses. Thus, reducing the profitability is not only because of the high consumption of sugar, it may be also due to poor marketing. But the number of hives due to reducing average costs causes increasing profitability.

The occurrence of landslides in Sanandaj cause significant financial losses and lot of stress on people living in the sliding regions.The purpose of this research is to separate and identify the sensitivity of landslide area and performance compared with two logistic regression model and fuzzy membership function with Gaussian and triangular.According to the review of internal and external studies and Field survey of Sanandaj, eight factors on the occurrence of landslides of the study area were considered effective. SPSS 19 software for data processing by logistic regression model and MATLAB software for using in fuzzy logic model and Arc GIS 9.2 software for landslide susceptibility map of the study area were used. Based on the coefficients obtained from the logistic regression model, equation Probabilistic and landslide susceptibility zonation map of the city of Sanandaj in Arc GIS 9.2 software and the sensitivity of the 4 classes low, medium, high sensitivity, and were very susceptible to preparation. Logistic regression model was evaluated using ROC curves and the area under the curve of 0.958 showed a high accuracy of the statistical models. Lithology and elevation of sea because of the statistical confidence level of 95% correlation with the landslide were introduced as the most influential factors in the logistic regression model. In the fuzzy logic model, normalized tables classes for each factor provide and using the final formula as two Triangular and Gaussian function were entered into the software. Results show that in the fuzzy model, the most landslides has occurred in areas with activities and road building, north aspect, slope between 30-40 percent, elevation of sea 1700 to 1500 m, 400 meters away from the fault, a distance of 100 -0 m from the road, constructive KSh2 (yellow with black shale’s and limestone Mykraity (shale Sanandaj), the soil was too shallow to shallow, rocky and gravel on schist with some sandy loam. Final results of comparing the validity of landslide susceptibility maps showed that in the case study the fuzzy logic with tow membership functions; triangular by 13.21 percentage of accuracy and Gaussian by 13.14 percentage of accuracy is more precise of the mapping than the logistic regression model by 1.9 percentage of accuracy.

Rock falls are natural process of activities geomorphic on steep slopes in mountainous terrains. At this research, rock fall susceptibility mapping was generated by logistic regression (LR), frequency ratio (FR) and analytical hierarchy process (AHP) at a long 11 km of the Salavat Abad road in the eastern of Sanandaj, Kurdistan, Iran. Dependent variables is occurrence and nonoccurrence of rock falls and independent variables are including; slope degree, slope aspect, slope curvature, elevation of sea, lithology, distance from road, distance from fault, land use. The maps which were generated with the methods, compared and verified with rock-falls situation using the success rate curve (SRC). Results showed that the logistic regression, analytical hierarchy process and frequency ratio methods had an accuracy of 85.09, 83.2 and 76.76 percent of the area under the curve (AUC), respectively. Therefore, logistic regression is more proper than the other methods for determining regions prone to the rock fall in the case study.

In order to identify the most important ecological factors affecting distribution of Daphne mucronata, some sites dominated with this species, including Dezli, Naran and Morvarid saddle were selected in Kurdistan province. Systematic random sampling method was used to collect vegetation data. Coverage percentage, density, height and diameter of each plant individual was studied using nested quadrates (15 × 15 square-meters plots to collect D. mucronata data and 1 m2 plots to study understory species) Three soil samples were collected at depth of 50 cm in each 15× 15 plot from below (understory) and between (interspace) shrub canopies. Clay, silt, sand, gypsum, lime, electrical conductivity, pH, phosophorus, calcium, magnesium, percentage of stones, nitrogen, carbon and potassium contents of soil samples were measured in laboratory. Analysis of variance and multivariate regression technique were used to analyze the data. According to the results, soil organic carbon, potassium, pH, magnesium, phosphorus, calcium, lime, nitrogen, clay, sand, average annual rainfall, canopy cover and plant density were different significantly in the identified habitats (α= 1%). Soil silt contents were different in various identified habitats (α =5%) but no significant difference were observed in soil gypsum and electrical conductivity of the identified habitats. Results indicated that D. mucronata preferred northern and western directions and its highest density and cover percentage were found in these directions. According to the regression analysis, 59 percent of the variation in Daphne densities (from 400 to 1600 individuals per a hectare) could be justified by lime percentage (ranged from 9.5 to 32.5 in different habitats). A positive correlation between Daphne vegetation cover with soil nitrogen content was found (r= 0.58).

In studies of the effects of grazing on pasture plants, shoots and underground properties should be checked simultaneously.So the impact of different grazing intensities on the biomass of Festuca ovina species and the relationship between shoot and root biomass examined in Bijar protected area.After determining three grazing treatments with similar topographic characteristics, sampling of vegetation was done in random- systematically using 1 × 1 m plots within the 2 transects with 100 m in each treatments. Linear regression was extending to determining the relation between aboveground biomass and belowground biomass in each treatment. Statistical analyses were conducted by ANOVA. The result showed strong linear relationships between aboveground and belowground biomass in all the treatments. In addition with grazing intensity, relative contribution of aboveground biomass and belowground biomass were decreased and increased respectively. Relative proportion of aboveground biomass was significantly more in heavy grazing (67%) than both none and moderate grazing treatments (63% and 61.5% respectively). In addition relative contribution of belowground biomass was lower in heavy grazing treatment (33%) and it was 38.4 and 37.0% for moderate and none grazing treatments. The results indicate that grazing caused a significantly reduced effect on shoots and underground biomass.Heavy grazing and light grazing reduced below ground biomass (83.1 and 51.1%) compared to the none grazing area. Total biomass in grazed treatments, moderate grazing and heavy grazing was estimated at 69.7, 64.3 and 48.1 kg/ha. In general, different intensities of grazing effects on shoot biomass decreased, especially underground organs of this species. It is essential for administrators to protect the soil and prevent the death of this important species.

This study was aimed to determine the variation of species diversity, richness and evenness of plant species under various managements (different range conditions) in five vegetation types. After determining vegetation types, range condition was measured applying the method of society for range management (SRM). In order to assess species diversity, richness and evenness, canopy cover percentage and species density were determined along transects within plots. Species diversity was determined using Simpson index, Shannon-wiener function and Hill index(N1 and N2) and species richness was determined by Margalef, Minhinnick, Bootstrap and Jack-Knife methods and species evenness was measured using Simpson, Camargo, Smith-Wilson and Nay revised index. Mean comparison test (non-paired t-student test) was used to determine the relationship between species diversity, richness and species evenness under different conditions. The results showed that in various managements with changes in range condition, a trend of regular changes could be observed between vegetation cover and range condition. In other words, the value of estimated indices of species diversity and evenness was higher in good range condition as compared to the fair and poor range condition; however, the maximum value of species richness was related to good, fair, and poor conditions, respectively. Results of mean comparisons showed a significant difference between good and poor condition for most of the indices used in species diversity, richness and evenness, while there was no significant difference between good and moderate condition.

In climatic studies، although the total amount of precipitation is an important factor for determining weather conditions and، finally، ecology، its seasonal distribution and، in other words، compliance with environmental needs، especially in agriculture، is significant، too. In this research، first، the aim was to recognize precipitation regimes at the province scale for each location in Kurdistan province; then the precipitation regimes were compared and، the basis type and classification of each were found on the map. Therefore، 83 synoptic، climatology and rain gauge stations data were used in this study for a period of 30 years (1978-2007). The statistical problem of stations was completed using the regression model relative to 30 years in the most homogenous station. To perform of this classification، first، monthly precipitation of each station was divided by the total precipitation for the same year in order to obtain relative precipitation in each month for the stations. After that، cluster analysis was used along with Ward technique and the classification of the precipitation regimes of the province was prepared. Based on this method، there were two different regimes of precipitation، namely winter and winter – spring precipitations، which were separately illustrated; the winter precipitation in west and the winter-spring precipitation in the center of Kurdistan province were dominate. The winter regimes contained 44% of annual total precipitation، which related to the winter season. After that، autumn and spring precipitations had 28% and، 27% annual total precipitation، respectively. In the winter-spring regime، more amount of precipitation occurs approximately equally or with a little difference of about 2% in winter and autumn، so that the winter and spring seasonal precipitation came up to about 36% and، 34% of annual total precipitation، respectively. After that، autumn season had 28% of annual total precipitation of this area.

Rock falls are one of the speed movements in dry and continuous material. They are natural process of activities geomorphic on steep slope in mountainous terrains. At this research، Rock fall Hazard Mapping was generated by Logistic Regression، Frequency Ratio and Overlay Index models at a long 11 kilometer of the Salavat Abad road in eastern Sanandaj، Kurdistan، Iran. Dependent variables is occurrence and non-occurrence rock falls and independent variables including; slope degree، slope aspect، slope curvature، elevation of sea، lithology، distance from road، distance from fault، land use. The maps which were generated with three models، compared and verified with rockfalls situation using Success Rate Curve (SRC). Results showed that the logistic regression model، Frequency Ratio model and Overlay Index model have an accuracy of 85. 09، 76. 76 and 81. 44 percent of the Area under Curve (AUC)، respectively. So، Logistic Regression is more proper than the other models for determining regions prone to rock fall in the case study.

Kurdistan province is dominated by the semi-steppe rangelands and dryland farming is the main land use and therefore the main degradation factor. To determine the effect of rangelands conversion to rain-fed farms on ecosystem carbon stocks, dryland farms and nearby natural rangeland sites (as control) were considered as experimental units. In all experimental units, soil was sampled in depth of 50 cm. Ecological characteristics (soil, topography and climate) in all experimental unites were relatively similar and the only variable was land use. Data analysis was performed using independent t-test and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). The results of 114 soil samples analysis showed that there was a significant reduction of soil carbon contents in converted rangelands to dry land farming. The type and intensity of changes depends on planted species and topography. Cultivation of perennial species compared with annual species such as wheat had less negative impact on soil carbon stocks. Abandoned dry land farms were evaluated as the worst kind of land use in terms of the soil organic carbon storage and the average decrease of soil organic carbon was 25 percent. Also the degree of the effect of rangelands conversion to dry land farms on carbon stocks depends mainly on the degree of the slope. As with the increase of the slope degrees, carbon contents of the soil showed great reduction.

The aim of this research is generating rockfall hazard zonation map by using of overlay index method in Salavatabad saddle that is located in Sanandaj southeastern، Kurdistan province. The first، in this research، we using of field search، local interview and review on carried out studied in the outside and inside of Iran، eight factors effective was recognized on rock falls. These factors include; slope degree، slope aspect، slope curvature، elevation، distance to road، distance to fault، litology and land use. After recognizing، we act to processing with Arc view 3. 2 and ERDAS imagine 8. 5 software. Thirty four Sensitive slopes were used as prone slopes to rock fall data (Dependent variable). For statistical analysis، be used of likelihood ratio statistical analysis. At this research، the value of each various class between 0 and 1 is determined. As for، the chart be obtained from overlay distribution rockfall map with information layers، the each of class of each layer that had more frequent density، 10 value and other classes with aspect of value of rockfall frequent density in class itself، was determined as unit of 100 value. With transmit this coefficient to each class and wights based on the charts as effective factors with rockfalls and expert opinions، the hazard zonation susceptibility of rockfall was generated in Salvatabad saddle regional with five classes. For Verification، rockfall point’s map was overlaid with hazard map. For more confidence، first each of effective variables removed then hazard Zonation map was generated and at last this map was verificated. Result have shown that percent of verification without slope degree is 75. 81 percent، without slope aspect is 78. 50 percent، without elevation of sea is 72. 16 percent، without litology is 74. 64 percent، without distance from road is 76. 23 percent، without distance from fault is 73. 56 percent، without curvature is 64. 00 percent، without landuse is 74. 23 percent and by all variables the percent of verification is 81. 44 so، it is high and acceptable..

Climatic factors and human activities can cause mass movements. Due to the risk of these movements to human communities، one has to control them. In order to control mass movements، different aspects of the movements should be studied in detail. The aim of this research is to evaluate the efficiency of a statistical model - logistic regression - and a probabilistic model - frequency ratio - in rockfall hazard mapping in the Salavatabad saddle in eastern Sanandaj، Iran. The study of 34 sensitive slopes and 34 stable slopes in the study area using field works، local interviews and the literature review showed that 8 factors including slope gradient، slope aspect، slope curvature، elevation above the sea، and distance from road، distance from faults، lithology and landuse are the most effective factors for occurring rockfalls. The relationships of rockfall and these 8 factors were studied by the logistic regression model and the probabilistic frequency ratio model and the generated rockfall susceptibility maps were compared. The results showed that both models work reasonably well for rockfall hazard studies; however، the logistic regression model has an accuracy of 85. 09 percent of the Area under ROC Curve (AUC) in prediction of sensitive areas compared to the accuracy of 76. 74 percent by the probabilistic frequency ratio model. Therefore، the logistic regression model can be used for rockfall hazard studies in the study area.