جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "soil nutrients" در نشریات گروه "آبخیزداری، بیابان، محیط زیست، مرتع"
تکرار جستجوی کلیدواژه «soil nutrients» در نشریات گروه «کشاورزی»-
مقدمه و هدف
خاک یکی از اجزای مهم زمین، با عملکردها و خدمات پرشمار بوم سازگانی است که برای حیات پایدار در کره زمین ضروری است. با از بین رفتن خاک سطح زمین بر اثر فرسایش، در سراسر جهان، توان تولیدی خاک بوم سازگان های طبیعی ازجمله جنگل ها و مراتع و زمین های کشاورزی کاهش می یابد. این پژوهش با هدف بررسی نقش مدت بارش و آتش سوزی تجویزی بر تولید رواناب و عناصر مغذی خاک زیراشکوب گونه های گوناگون درختی در پارک جنگلی چغاسبز، استان ایلام انجام شد.
مواد و روش هادر این پژوهش اندازه رواناب، رسوب و عناصر مغذی موجود در رواناب در توده های جنگل کاری شده با سرو زربین (Cupressus sempervirens L.)، جنگل طبیعی بلوط ایرانی (Quercus brantii Lindl.) و قطعه شاهد (خارج از تاج پوشش اشکوب فوقانی) در دو وضعیت آتش سوزی تجویزی و بدون آتش سوزی با استفاده از دستگاه شبیه ساز باران در مدت های بارش 15 و 30 دقیقه با شدت ثابت 80 میلی متر در ساعت اندازه گیری شد. در این پژوهش اثر نوع گونه بر اندازه رواناب، رسوب و عناصر مغذی بررسی شد. همچنین، خصوصیات اصلی خاک شامل بافت خاک، ضخامت لاشبرگ، اسیدیته خاک اندازه گیری شد. برای بررسی تفاوت متغیرهای بررسی شده میان گونه های مطالعه شده از تجزیه پراکنش یک طرفه استفاده شد و مقایسه میانگین ها با آزمون چند دامنه ای دانکن انجام شد.
نتایج و بحث:
نتایج بررسی رواناب در قطعه های آزمایشی تیمار آتش سوزی تجویزی و مقایسه گونه های مطالعه شده در بازه های زمانی، نشان داد که در بازه های گوناگون، آتش سوزی باعث افزایش اندازه رواناب شد به طوری که در مدت بازه 30 دقیقه در قطعه شاهد رواناب با اندازه 17 لیتر تولید شد که این اندازه رواناب در مقایسه با دو توده سرو و بلوط افزایش معنی داری داشت. همچنین، بیشترین اندازه رسوب کل در بازه زمانی 30 دقیقه در قطعه شاهد 108/15 گرم بود و کمترین اندازه آن در بازه زمانی 15 دقیقه در توده سرو زربین 52/64 گرم بود. از سوی دیگر، در تیمار بدون آتش سوزی مشخص شد که بیش ترین اندازه رواناب در منطقه مطالعه شده به ترتیب در بازه زمانی 15 و 30 دقیقه در قطعه شاهد با اندازه 5 و 17 لیتر بود. بررسی همزمان رواناب و رسوب قطعه های آزمایشی نشان داد که روند هر دو مشابه بود و با افزایش رواناب، رسوب نیز افزایش یافت.
نتیجه گیری و پیشنهادها:
بر اساس نتایج این پژوهش مشخص شد که تغییر در عرصه های طبیعی زاگرس مانند آتش سوزی می تواند فرایند تولید رواناب را افزایش دهد و باعث هدررفت عناصر مغذی موجود در خاک و تغییر خصوصیات شیمایی خاک شود. پیشنهاد می شود، اثر افزودن مواد آلی اصلاح کننده یا پوشش دهنده خاک بر خصوصیات خاک، رواناب و رسوب پس از آتش سوزی بررسی و شبیه سازی شود.
کلید واژگان: آتش سوزی, شبیه ساز باران, مواد مغذی خاک, ضریب رواناب, هدررفت خاکIntroduction and Goal:
Soil is one of the most important components of the earth and has a number of functions and ecosystem services that are essential for sustainable life on the planet. Soil loss due to erosion occurs almost all over the world and reduces the productivity of natural ecosystems such as forests, rangelands, and agricultural lands. The present study investigated the role of rainfall duration on runoff and soil nutrients under different plant species in the Chogha Sabz Park, Ilam Province.
Materials and MethodsIn this study the amount of runoff was determined in afforested stands (Cupressus sempervirens L.), natural Quercus brantii Lindl. forest, and control treatment based on the representative stand principle in burned and unburned conditions. The rainfall simulator was installed in a 2 m2 plot during 15 and 30 min of rainfall with a constant intensity of 80 mm/h. This study investigated the effect of species type on the amount of runoff, sediment, and nutrients. The basic characteristics, including soil texture, litter depth, and pH, were also measured and the results were analyzed using one-way variance test and comparison of means was performed using Duncan's multiple range test.
Results and DiscussionThe results of the runoff study in the experimental plots of the prescribed fire treatment and the comparison of the studied species in the time intervals showed that in different intervals, fire caused an increase in the amount of runoff, so that in a 30-min interval in the control plot, a runoff of 17 l was produced, which was a significant increase compared to the two stands of Cupressus sempervirens L. and Quercus brantii Lindl. Also, the highest amount of total sediment in the 30-min interval in the control plot was 108.15 g, and its lowest amount was 52.64 g in the 15-min interval in the coniferous species of Cupressus sempervirens L. On the other hand, in the unburned condition, it was determined that the highest amount of runoff in the studied area was in the 15- and 30-min intervals in the control plot, with amounts of 5 and 17 l, respectively. Simultaneous examination of runoff and sediment in the experimental plots showed that the trends in both were similar and that as runoff increased, sediment also increased.
Conclusion and Suggestions:
According to the results of this study, it was determined that changes in the natural areas of the Zagros, such as fires, can increase the process of runoff production, causing the loss of nutrients in the soil and changing the chemical properties of the soil. It is suggested that the effect of adding organic soil amendments or cover on soil, runoff and sediment properties after fire be investigated and simulated.
Keywords: Curve Number, Fire, Rainfall Simulator, Soil Loss, Soil Nutrients -
The Leguminosae family plays a significant role in rangeland ecosystems with biological nitrogen fixation for soil fertility. The grasses significantly increase rangeland production and sustainability. Legume-Grass Ratio (LGR) is an indicator of soil fertility. This study was aimed to investigate the LGR and some soil properties in four vegetation types (Stipa arabica Trin.-Medicago sativa L., Festuca ovina L.-Astragalus gossypinus Fisc., Artemisia sieber Besser-Festuca ovina and Artemisia sieberi) in the Peshert rangeland, Chahardangeh Sari, Iran in 2020. In this research, 40 plots of 1m2 were randomly established in four vegetation types. In each plot, vegetation characteristics including the number of species per unit area were recorded. Soil sampling was done at a depth of 0 – 20 cm for each plot. Finally, 40 soil samples were analysed in the laboratory for soil properties including: Carbon (C), Soil Organic Matter (SOM), Bulk Density (BD), Aggregate Stability (AS), Particulate Organic Matter (POM), soil texture, available potassium (K), Nitrogen (N), EC and pH, available Phosphorus (P) and carbon to nitrogen ratio. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Duncan’s test was used to compare the differences between four vegetation types for LGR, species diversity and soil properties. SPSS-v20 software was used for data analysis. The results showed that there were significant differences between four vegetation types for all the traits (P ≤ 0.05). The highest and lowest LGR with average values of 0.86 and 0.10 were observed in S. arabica-M. sativa and Ar. sieberi-F. ovina, respectively. The lowest amounts of AS%, SOM%, N% and POM% with average values of 0.31, 0.62, 0.03, 3.53 were observed in Ar. sieberi. In all vegetation types, soil fertility decreased by decreasing the LGR.
Keywords: Species diversity, Biological form, Soil fertility, Physical properties of soil, Soil nutrients -
این مقاله با هدف بررسی ارزش خاک، پیچیدگی های ارزش گذاری آن برای پایه گذاری و ایجاد یک چهارچوب استاندارد برای روند ارزش گذاری خاک تهیه شد. در حال حاضر ارزش گذاری اقتصادی محیط زیست و منابع خاکی به عنوان یکی از ارکان اصلی تشکیل دهنده آن در قالب دو چهارچوب مفهومی فوق» چهارچوب خدمات اکوسیستم و چهارچوب ارزش اقتصادی کل « انجام می گیرد و در این راستا مجموعه ای از روش ها برای برآورد منافع اقتصادی ناشی از خدمات زیست بوم و هزینه های اقتصادی ناشی از تخریب زیست بوم ابداع شده اند که در بیشتر موارد روش های هزینه مبنا می باشند و شامل برآورد هزینه جایگزینی، هزینه فرصت از دست رفته و هزینه خسارت اجتناب شده و هزینه جانشین است. بررسی نحوه اجرای این روش ها و ملزومات آن مانند مقادیر عناصر مغذی خاک، کاربری اراضی و عملیات حفاظت خاک و آبخیزداری نشان می دهد که کلیه این زیرساخت ها در کشور در دسترس بوده و اجرای این روش ها امکان پذیر است. ویژگی این روش ها آن است که مزایای ملموس تر و واضح تر و اهمیت بنیادین و نگرانی های غیر قابل برگشت از کالاهای زیست محیطی را نشان می دهد. اما باید در استفاده از سیستم اندازه گیری مانند ارزش پولی، در ارزیابی محیط زیست باید احتیاط شود.
کلید واژگان: ارزش اقتصادی خاک, کاربری اراضی, عناصر مغذی خاک, محیط زیستThe present paper investigates soil valuation and explores the intricacies associated with the development of a standard framework for a sound soil valuation system. Drawing upon a review of studies conducted across the world, we identify the techniques commonly used in estimating the economic value of soil that best suits the conditions in Iran. The ‘ecosystem services’ and ‘total economic value’ (TEV) frameworks are being currently employed for economic valuation of environmental resources and that of soil as the main component of the environment. A variety of methods have been developed for estimating the economic profits of ecosystem services and the costs arising from ecosystem degradation. In most cases, base cost estimation involves replacement cost, opportunity cost, damage cost avoid, and replacement cost methods. Study of the implementation of these methods as well as their associated requirements including soil nutrient content and current land use as well as soil conservation and watershed management practices in use reveal that the above methods can be effectively implemented because not only the required infrastructure but also the necessary data are currently available at the state-level. A salient feature of these methods is that they guarantee more tangible and calculable advantages, basic significance for environmental resources, and non-recurrent concerns about environmental commodities; care must, however, be taken in the measurement system employed for the monetary value of resources during environmental assessment since only investment and labor revenues are taken into account while the revenues due to the exploitation of vital resources and services are ignored and never ever included in the absence of a pricing policy, which obviously causes the values of natural resources to remain unaccounted for in economic estimations.
Keywords: soil economic value, land use, Soil nutrients, Environment -
سیلاب ها حاوی مواد رسوبی بوده که پس از نهشته گذاری در حاصلخیزی مخروط افکنه ها و دشت های سیلابی متشکل از رسوبات دانه درشت از طریق افزایش عناصر غذایی، موثر هستند. در این پژوهش، اثرات پخش سیلاب بر بازیافت عناصر غذایی اصلی خاک در عرصه پخش سیلاب بر آبخوان پلدشت واقع در استان آذربایجان غربی طی 10 سال مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفت. در این رابطه، در حد فاصل نهرهای گسترش سیلاب و سه نوار اول پخش سیلاب که سیل گیری شده اند، به تعداد سه نمونه مرکب حاصل از اختلاط چهار نقطه در هر نوار و از عمق 20-0 سانتی متری خاک به همراه لایه رسوب، نمونه برداری و عوامل درصد ازت کل و کربن آلی، فسفر و پتاسیم قابل جذب خاک اندازه گیری شد. برای مقایسه میانگین ها، چنانچه داده ها دارای توزیع نرمال بود، از آزمون آماری t و در غیر این صورت از آزمون های ناپارامتری استفاده شد. بر اساس نتایج به دست آمده، مقدار کربن آلی و ازت کل خاک در طول سال های اجرای طرح به طور محسوسی به ترتیب از 0.23 به 0.33 و از 0.027 به 0.039 درصد افزایش یافته است. مقدار فسفر تبادلی هم در طول سال های اجرای طرح از 2.69 به 5.32 و پتاسیم قابل تبادل از 145.93 به 206.52 قسمت در میلیون به طور معنی داری افزایش یافته است. از سوی دیگر، اختلاف مقادیر برخی از عناصر در نوارهای پخش در سطح پنج درصد معنی دار است، به طوری که مقادیر فسفر، کربن آلی و ازت خاک در طول نوارهای پخش بالا دست به طور معنی داری تا دو برابر بیشتر از نوارهای پایینی است، ولی میزان پتاسیم تغییر معنی داری نداشته است. این نتایج نشان داد که پخش سیلاب موجب افزایش عناصر غذایی اصلی خاک شده که به تبع آن امکان کاهش کاربرد کود به وجود آمده است.کلید واژگان: رسوب, کربن آلی خاک, فسفر قابل جذب, مواد مغذی خاکFloods water contain sediments that affect the fertility of coarse grain alluvial fan and flood plains after deposition, through increasing their nutrients. In this study, the effects of flood spreading were investigated on the recovery of soil nutrients at the Poldasht flood spreading station of west Azerbaijan during 10 years., The first three bands that have been flooded, were selected at the flood spreading channels. In each strip, six soil samples of of 0-20 cm depths, were taken and total nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and soil organic carbon were measured. For statistical analysis, t-test non-parametric tests were used where the data had normall distribution or not, respectively; . According to the results, the amount of soil organic carbon and total nitrogen increased from 0.23 to 0.33 and 0.027 to 0.039 percent, respectively during the implementation years. Exchangeable phosphorus and potassium were significantly increased from 2.69 to 5.32 and 145.93 to 206.52 parts per million, respectively. On the other hand, there was a significant difference for some factors of the spreading bands at 5% probability. Amounts of phosphorus, soil organic carbon and nitrogen in the upper strips were significantly more than lower bands. However, there was no significant change on the amount of potassium. The results showed that the flood spreading increased soil nutrients which reduce the fertilizers application.Keywords: Sediment, Soil organic carbon, Available phosphorus, Soil nutrients
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مجله مراتع، سال پنجم شماره 3 (Summer 2015)، صص 222 -232Knowledge of physiological and environmental factors is important for forage grass production. Festuca ovina is a grass species adapted to Azerbaijan region climate, Iran. This species is a valuable source for forage production and soil conservation. Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P) and Potassium (K) are three most important plant nutrients. The aims of present study were to investigate the effects of super absorbance polymer and cattle manure on vegetation growth and soil NPK element of Festuca ovina under drought stress. A split-plot design was used with drought stress as the main plot (control, -0.3 and -0.9 Mp) and polymer +fertilizer as the sub factor (T1: control, T2: 50 g manure, T3: 5 g polymer, T4: 5 g polymer + 50g manure, T5: 10 g polymer, and T6: 10 g polymer + 50g manure) in five replications. N, P and K contents of soil samples were determined before and after the experiment using Kjeldal, P-Olsen and flame photometer methods. The data of NPK and two cuts of vegetation covers were collected and analyzed using SAS software. The results showed that the application of polymer and manure had positive effects on all the traits. Higher values of vegetation covers were observed in T4 and T6 treatments where both polymer and manure were applied. Higher values of NPK with the average values of 0.69%, 21 ppm, and 395 ppm, respectively were observed in T6: (10 g polymer + 50g manure) and the higher vegetation cover with the average values of 82% and 46% were obtained in the first and second cuts, respectively at the same treatments. Since there were no significant differences between T6 and T4, it was recommended to apply 5g polymer coupled with 50g cattle manure in 4300 g of soil to improve grass production in drought environment.Keywords: Super, Absorbent polymers, Manure, Rangeland species, Vegetation cover, Soil nutrients, Drought stress
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One of the ordinary methods to protect, rehabilitate, and enhance an ecosystem function in arid and semi-arid areas of the world is sand dune stabilization using biological practices. Plantation of species on the soil plays a great role in sustainable management of the ecosystem. This research studies the effects of cultivation of Haloxylon ammodendronand Atriplex canescens on physical-chemical characteristics of soil. The study area was Yousef Abad, Neyshabour, located in the northeastern part of Iran in which these two plants species were cultivated 20 years ago. The study area was then compared with a control area near the investigated area. Two different sites within the cultivated area as well as a site in control area were selected for soil sampling. Six samples were taken at each site from depths of 0-20 cm and 20-80 cm, in the sites of H. ammodendron and A. canescens three profiles were randomly digging from under the shrubs canopy and 3 of them were sampled from between the shrubs totaled 36 soil samples. The percentage of clay, silt, sand, electrical conductivity, soil acidity, organic matter content, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, sodium, and calcium carbonate of each sample were measured. The collected data were analyzed and means comparisons were made using LSD by SAS software. The results showed that the three sites had different soil characteristics. H. ammodendron led to increasing soil nutrient factors and soil fertility after 20 years of cultivation but silt particles transportation and wind erosion was reduced in site of A. canescens in this period.Keywords: Biological stabilization, Soil nutrients, Semi, arid areas, Neyshabour
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