جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « Atriplex » در نشریات گروه « آبخیزداری، بیابان، محیط زیست، مرتع »

The vast country of Iran, due to its location in the arid region of the earth and the lack of rainfall, has suffered from drought and groundwater depletion. The reduction of precipitation and soil moisture has a great effect on soil vegetation. The use of various types of moisture absorbent materials that reduce water consumption and increase the time of plant access to water in the soil plays a big role in water conservation. Plantbac panels are made from cellulose waste and can be used to increase the water retention capacity of the soil in dry areas, especially in desert areas.

In order to investigate the effect of Plantbac panels on the amount of water consumption and growth of Atriplex plant, the research was carried out in the area of Hesarsokh located ten kilometers north-east of Qom city for three years (2019-2021). The experiment was carried out as split plots in the form of randomized complete blocks including 12 plots in three replications. The main plot included irrigation treatments at intervals of 10 days (control) and 20 days, and the sub-plot included two treatments of using and not using Plantbac panels (control). To investigate the effect of Plantbac panels on seedling growth at the end of each growing season in each year, traits including: survival, height and crown diameter of the seedling were measured and compared with the control of the same treatment. Statistical analyzes including minimum and maximum traits, standard deviation, simple variance analysis of variables, compound analysis, comparison of averages with least significant difference (LSD) method for seedling height growth and crown diameter growth traits were performed.

There was no difference in seedling survival in the treatments of using Plantbac and control in irrigation with a 10 days interval. While in the treatment of Plantbac panels and the control, 5% of the seedlings were dried, and in the treatment of using the Plantbac panels, 21% and 40% of the seedlings were seen in the control. Combined variance analysis showed that the simple effects of using Plantbac panels, year and the interaction effect of irrigation in the year on the height growth of Atriplex were significant (P≤0.01). Also, the effect of irrigation treatments, the use of Plantbac panels, the mutual effect of irrigation in the year and the effect of the year had a significant difference in the diameter growth trait of the crown of Atriplex seedlings (P≤0.05). The comparison of the average traits showed that the Atriplex seedlings in the "3rd year × 20 days irrigation interval" had the highest height 6.32 cm, and in the "1st year × 20 days irrigation interval" with 9.75 cm, had the lowest height growth. Also, Atriplex seedlings had the highest crown diameter growth in the "3rd year × irrigation interval 10 days " with 22.11 cm growth, and the lowest crown diameter growth had in the "2nd year × 20 day interval irrigation" with 17.33 cm.

The results of the research showed that the effect of Plantbac panels on the traits indicating the growth of Atriplex is effective. The use Plantbac panels reduces losses in the survival of Atriplex seedlings. In other words, the use of Plantbac panels can have an effect in reducing the losses of Atriplex seedlings in saline lands. Also, the height growth of Atriplex in the treatment of using Plantbac panels was higher than the control. The general results of the research showed that the use of Plantbac panels can have an effect in reducing the losses of Atriplex in saline lands. Also, the diameter and height growth of Atriplex in the following years of planting was higher than the first year, which can be due to the possibility of establishing and improving the soil conditions for plant growth in the following years after planting as a result of using Plantbac panels.

Due to the extensive area of rangelands and constraints in time and cost, direct estimation of rangeland production through plot sampling becomes impractical. Therefore, indirect methods, such as estimating phytomass from plant dimensions, have been proposed. However, determining the optimal sample size for the clipping and weighing method poses a challenge. This study aimed to determine the minimum required sample size for this method and explore its impact on correlation and regression tests.

The study was conducted in four areas within the carbon sequestration project of Hossein Abad Sarbisheh, South Khorasan Province. Sampling was carried out during the full growth period of Atriplex canescens (Pursh) Nutt, a key plant species in the project. Initial sampling involved 10 samples to calculate the required sample size. A random individual of Atriplex was selected in each row, and its dimensions were measured. The entire aerial part of the plant was then clipped to estimate phytomass, which was subsequently weighed after drying. Correlation and regression tests were conducted to assess the relationship between plant dimensions and phytomass. Sample size was determined using power analysis with effect size, test power (60% and 80%), significant level of 0.05, and alternative hypothesis. The sample size was also determined through the drawing method. Subsequent samplings were conducted with increased sample sizes of 20 and 30. Coefficient of variation (CV) was used to evaluate sampling accuracy, and various model selection criteria were employed after regression analysis.

Initial sampling of 10 samples showed no significant correlation between height and phytomass of Atriplex (R = 0.45, t (8) = 1.42, p > 0.05 (2-tailed)). However, with increased sample sizes of 20 and 30, significant correlations were observed (R = 0.67, t (18) = 3.84, p < 0.01 (2-tailed)) and (R = 0.62, t (28) = 4.15, p < 0.01 (2-tailed)), respectively. The power of correlation and regression tests increased with larger sample sizes (correlation test power: 0.27, 0.93, and 0.99; regression test power: 0.29, 0.97, and 0.98, respectively). Harvey-Collier test indicated significant linear relationship between height and phytomass in the data of 20 samples (p > 0.05), but not in 30 samples (p < 0.05). A sample size of 23 to 36 was recommended to achieve 60% and 80% power. Sampling accuracy in plant height measurement was higher than phytomass, and it decreased as the number of samples increased.

The power of correlation and regression tests from 10 initial samples was found to be less than 0.50%, which is generally not recommended for conducting studies. The study suggests that using 10 samples is not advisable. Additionally, increasing sample size led to higher coefficient of variation (CV) for height and phytomass, indicating reduced sampling accuracy. In rangeland research, fatigue and decreased precision in subsequent estimations and samplings were observed. The drawing method was found insufficient in determining the required sample size for estimating Atriplex phytomass.

The seed planting depth is one of the most important factors affecting the uniform plant emergence and the success of planting. This research was designed to determine proper seed planting depth for Atriplex canescens . in the nursery of the General Department of Natural Resources and Watershed Management of South Khorasan , allowing desirable seedlings with better vegetative properties to spend less cost in nurseries can be produced.For this purpose, after the collection and preparation of Atriplex canescens, seeds and pots, 15 seeds were selected and planted at 5 depths: 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 cm with 5 repetitions. After the planting , the emergence percentage and vegetative traits of the seedling were measured. The data was analyzed by ANOVA and t LSD test. The results showed that with increasing seed planting depth, all the properties of the study were significantly reduced , at a minimum depth of 4 and 5 cm. The highest emergence percentage (34.7 % and 34.3 %) was observed at the depth of 1 and 2 cm and the lowest seedlings emergence percentage was observed at the depths of 4 and 5 cm (2.4 %). Since there is no significant difference between the emergence percentage, vigor index, and seedling stem length and weight, and the moisture content of the Atriplex canescens at the depths of 1 cm and 3 cm, Due to greater seed losses at the soil's surface depth by granivores such as insects and birds, as well as rapid drying of soil due to severe evaporation of water in the pot, A. canescens seed planting is recommended at a depth of 3 cm.

The study of vegetation and the measurement of diversity indices are suitable tools for studying the status of forests and rangelands and evaluating them. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the trend of vegetation changes during four consecutive years and in two seasons in the Bagan region. For this purpose, 5 transects of 100 meters with distances of 50 meters in the study area were considered systematically randomly. A total of 30 plots of one fixed square meter were installed along the transects. In two growing seasons, spring and fall, from 2017 to 2020, the type and percentage of cover of native species were harvested. Dominance, uniformity and diversity of Simpson, Shannon and Hill species were measured using PAST and R software. The results of one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that there is a significant difference between the mean of dominance, Shannon and Simpson indices, percentage of cover, and the number of species in the spring of different harvest years. In fall, except for the dominance index in other indices during July 2019 compared to 2018, there was a significant difference. From the results, it can be concluded that despite the return of some annual or short-lived species such as Bienertia cycloptera Bunge and Salsola jordanicola Eig. following irrigation of cultivated seedlings and rainfall, the study area is still sensitive and fragile and needs to be managed and confined until proper rehabilitation.

To comparison biomass production, accumulation of some elements and ash content of shoots in five halophytes species including Salicornia bigelovii Torr., S. sinus persica, Atriplex lentiformis Torr., Halocnemum strobilaceum Bieb., and Halostachys caspica Botsch irrigated with seawater, a research was conducted at Salinity Research Station in Bushehr province. The results showed that there was a significant difference between the halophytes species in terms of concentration of Na+, K+, Cl-, Na+/K+ ratio, fresh weight, dry weight, shoot water content and ash. The highest and lowest Na+ concentrations were obtained in S. sinus persica and A. lentiformis species, respectively, whereas the rate of shoot Na+ in S. sinus persica was more than A. lentiformis by 101.3%. The highest concentration of K+, Cl- and Na+/K+ were obtained in leaves of A. lentiformis and shoots of two species of Salicornia and H. strobilaceum species, respectively. A. lentiformis with the production of 18.98 and 7.75 ton ha-1, had the highest fresh and dry biomass, respectively. The lowest fresh and dry biomass were also found in S. bigelovii by 10.13 and 2.49 ton ha-1, respectively. The highest and lowest ash content were related to shoots of S. sinus persica equal to 48.8% and leaves of Atriplex lentiformis equal to 37.5%, respectively. According to the results, Salicornia species has no mechanism of preventing salt entrance in the plant due to high concentration of Na+ and Cl- ions in their shoots. These species follow the mechanism of salt accumulation in plant tissues with the aim of osmotic regulation for survival in high saline conditions. Atriplex lentiformis also produced the highest amount of biomass, which could attributed to the low shoot water content of this species due to the presence of hard stems in the plant in comparison to the succulent stems and higher shoots water content in the other species. According to the production amount and ash content, it seems that A. lentiformis is a suitable species for forage producing in the regions with limited freshwater. Furthermore, Salicornia species could be also considered as part of a livestock diet in this regions.

     Use of saline and low yield soils for forage production is an important step towards optimal efficacy of low-quality water and soil resources from agricultural point of view. Atriplexcanescens and Atriplexverrocifera as drought and salinity tolerent species, are able to produce forage in saline and low yield soils. To investigate the possibility of establishing and measuring the amount of forage production in saline and low yield soils, and determining the appropriate planting method, two salinity areas (salinity up to 20 ds / m and salinity up to 40 ds/m) were first selected through soil testing. Then in each region, 45 seedlings of each mentioned species were planted in three replications. The results of the present study showed that the use of Atriplex canescens and Atriplex verrocifera for establishment and forage production is possible in in areas with high salinity (up to 40 ds/m). Analysis of variance of canopy growth and annual production of the mentioned species showed that in saline lands with a maximum of 40 ds/m, the growth rate of the first year of At. verrosifera was more than At. canescens. But in the region with low salinity, At. canescens growth was more than the other species. The production amount of established species shows that the production of At. canescens is more than At.verrusifera. But this difference in salt area is minimized. Therefore, the effect of salinity on the production of At. canescens is tangible and effective. But the production rate of At. verrucifera is more in areas with low salinity. So, this species has more resistance and tolerance.

Soil particles are one of the most effective characteristics related to erodibility and main hydrological and physical aspects of soil. This is important to understand soil characteristics which control soil stability in the case of conservation of soil structure. Also, recognizing critical soil properties such as organic matters in the regions, where soil erosion is resulted from natural patterns of aggregates will be fundamental key in conservation strategies. In this paper, organic matter measurement, discovery of particles stability and interactions between these two factors have been aimed. Sampling was done in three different densities (200 stand per hectare) and 30 replications. The results revealed that Atriplex spp. Increased soil organic matter and also soil stability. Different planting distances were not effective in level of 5%. Therefore; improvement of soil particles stability and controlling soil erosion in the study area depend on soil management and implication of soil conservation projects.

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of magnetizing fresh and saline water and seed on Atriplex lentiformis seed germination. This study was done in 2011 at the Yasuj University Lab and the study followed completely randomized factorial design. The treatments were as follows: water factor at 5 levels (0, 2/5, 5, 7/5 and 10 KGauss) salinity at four levels (0, 100, 200, and 400 mM sodium chloride and calcium chloride with proportion of one-one), and two types of seed (with normal and magnetized seeds) with four replications. The results of variance analysis revealed that there was a significant difference at at 0/01 for most of properties and for seeding weight the significant difference was shown at 0/05 level. The results also indicated that magnetic field level of 7.5 K Gauss was the most effective on saline water and it increased the figures of measured parameters. It showed that salinity and magnetized seed mutual interaction effect had significant difference on germination speed, seeding weight, and seed vigor properties. Among magnetized seed treatments, 7/5 K Gauss had a better performance in comparison with other treatments. There were significant differences among mutual interaction of water and magnetized seed of Atriplex lentiformis at 0/01 level in most studied properties. In general, it can be concluded that treatment of magnetized at 7/5 K Gauss is the most effective treatment in terms of effect on measured parameters.

Understanding the relationship between soil and plant is essential for reclamation of degraded lands. In order to investigate the relationship between Atriplex halimus density with carbon sequestration the rangeland of Incheborun was studied. Soil samples were collected randomly by Auger in the depth of 0-30 cm of the soil profile in three different plant densities (<200، 200-400 and >400 stand per hectare) with 30 replications. The data were subjected to ANOVA using statistical software SPSS 21. 0. Means were separated by T-test at P≤0. 5. The results of this research showed that the soil organic carbon have ranging from 0. 48 to 0. 64 (with an average of 0. 56%) in Atriplex plantation areas، while the organic carbon have ranging from 0. 03 to 0. 12 (with an average of 0. 078%) in the control region. Therefore، plantation measures caused significant difference in soil organic carbon contents per unit area in Atriplex plantation areas as compared to that observed in the control area. Sequestered carbon in per unit is 26. 27، 27. 85 and 30. 66 ton/ha respectively for low، medium and high Atriplex density areas. The results indicated that the rate of organic carbon as well as soil carbon sequestration increased with plant density. There were no significant difference among sequestered carbon and soil organic carbon values under those three different levels of densities، while significant difference were observed between three plantation areas and control area.

One of the methods for water resources development to meet water supply requirements, is the use of treated urban wastewater. In this paper, the feasibility of use of refined urban wastewater of Sabzevar was evaluated. This study was implemented in Dorok desert land located in southwest of Sabzevar over three year(2009- 2011). In order to meet this general objective, the complete randomized block design with three treatments (Haloxylon, Atriplex and Nitraria schober) in 9 replicates per treatment was selected. To evaluate the quality of the effluent, the samples were taken from sewage wastewater treatment plant of Sabzevar and entering water to the collecting reservoir. The samples were analyzed in the laboratory to study the major contaminants based on environmental standards for sewage in Iran. The results of this part of study showed that all evaluated parameters are suitable for irrigation, except for two parameters of Dissolve Oxygen (it was solved by mixing it with seasonal flooding) and coliforms count in the effluent. The results in terms of classifying the quality of wastewater for agriculture and irrigation by Wilcox diagram, showed the class C3-S1, which means relatively suitable class. To evaluate the second objective, areas planted were divided into three sections and each section is divided into three parts (9 repetitions). For evaluation of plant density (percentage of plant), 120m transects was used and the results showed that on average, 67 percent of Haloxylon, 74.3 percent of Atriplex and 90.3% of Nitraria schober have survived. The results are indicators of match effects which are at 1% level meaningful.

The use of saline groundwater resources, in addition to save fresh water, could be used in production of forage in saline soils. In order to do it, the area in northern Ardakan, Yazd province with saline ground water (EC= 11.25ds/m, SAR= 16.7) and saline and alkaline soil (EC=27.3ds/m, ESP= 30.2%) was selected for planting of Atriplelentiformis, Seidlitzia rosemarinus, and Nitraria schoberi. The seeds of plants were collected from different areas of Yazd province, and were planted in nylon pots in greenhouse and transplanted as split plot statistical design in the field after one month. Based on the potential evapotranspiration of the region, the plants were irrigated as furrow design with leaching fraction (LF) = 0.3, and in 10 and 20 days intervals. After six months, plants were cut from near the soil surface and dried in oven at 60 °C for 72 hours. The dry matter of each plant weighted and analyzed statistically. The results indicated that there are some significant differences between dry matter of plants and the irrigation periods. Among plants, Atriplex lentiformis, with ten days period of irrigation had the best yield in this experiment. In addition, LF of 0.3 could decrease the salinity of the surface soil layers. This reduction was higher than in ten days period of irrigation.