جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « ازتوباکتر » در نشریات گروه « کشاورزی »

With the increase in population and improvement in diet diversity, there is a growing need for the quantitative and qualitative development of oil seeds. Camelina (Camelina sativa), an oil seed plant from the Brassicaceae family, is an ideal candidate as it contains 50 to 60% unsaturated fatty acids and omega-3 fatty acids, and has the ability to thrive in adverse environmental conditions. By introducing this new oil plant into cultivation programs, it can significantly contribute to the production of high-quality edible or non-edible oil in the developing countries such as Iran. However, achieving maximum grain yield and appropriate fatty acid composition in camelina oil relies heavily on selecting the appropriate planting date. Additionally, providing necessary nutrients, particularly nitrogen, to the plants is a key aspect of agricultural management to achieve desired quality and quantity of crop products. This research aims to investigate the impact of planting date and different levels of chemical and biological nitrogen fertilizers on the growth characteristics, yield, and oil content of camelina plants in the Eghlid, south of Iran.

This research was conducted in the cropping year of 2021-2022 at the Eghlid Agricultural Research Station in Fars province, south of Iran (Long. 52 42, Lat. 30 55, and Alt. 2375 m above sea level). The experiment was performed as a split-plot design based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. The main plots included different nitrogen fertilizers at four levels: 100% chemical nitrogen (250 kg/ha urea), 75% chemical nitrogen (187 kg/ha urea) + nitrogen biofertilizer, 50% chemical nitrogen (125 kg/ha urea) + nitrogen biofertilizer, and non-use of nitrogen fertilizer (control). The sub-plots included four planting dates: September 11, 2021, September 26, 2021, April 9, 2022, and April 24, 2022. The experimental plots (sub-plots) were determined to be 5 x 2 meters. Each plot consisted of 4 stacks with a distance of 50 cm between them. The distance between sub-plots was 50 cm, the distance between main plots was 150 cm, and the distance between replications (blocks) was 300 cm. On both sides of each stack, seeds were planted in two rows with a distance of 25 cm to achieve a density of 120 plants/m2. One-thirds of the urea nitrogen fertilizer was added to the plots of each treatment before planting, one-thirds at the 6-8 leaf stage, and the remaining third at the stemming stage of camelina. In the biofertilizer treatment, the camelina seeds were inoculated with biofertilizer containing Azotobacter sp. and Azospirillum sp. before being sown. The cumulative growth degree days of seedling emergence, flowering, and ripening, as well as plant height, chlorophyll index, grain yield, yield components and seed oil percentage were evaluated.

With delaying planting from September 11, 2021, to April 24, 2022, the GDD (Growing Degree Days) for camelina emergence decreased, additionally, a delay in planting led to a shorter growth period until full flowering of the camelina plants. Planting in September 26, 2021, led to the longest growth period until full maturity of the camelina plants, while spring planting resulted in a decreased length of the growth period until maturity. The highest plant height (43 cm) was achieved in the presence of 75% chemical fertilizer + biofertilizer nitrogen and the lowest (41 cm) was in the absence of nitrogen fertilizer application. The planting date of September 11, 2021 and April 24, 2022 showed the highest (43 cm) and lowest (37 cm) plant height of camelina. The decrease in plant height during the late planting date was primarily due to the decrease in internode elongation as a result of changes in day length and a shorter vegetative growth period. The highest chlorophyll index (66) was achieved by using 100% nitrogen chemical fertilizer, while the lowest chlorophyll index (52) was observed in the control, lack of fertilizer application. This trait decreased when the planting was delayed. The delay in planting led to a decrease in leaf area, resulting in a decrease in the chlorophyll index during the late planting date. No application of nitrogen fertilizer had the highest seed oil percentage (29.4%), while the application of 75% chemical fertilizer + biofertilizer nitrogen resulted in the lowest oil percentage (18.5%). The delay in planting from early autumn to late spring led to a decrease in the seed oil percentage. This decrease can be attributed to increase in nitrogen content, which promotes the formation of nitrogenous protein precursors. Consequently, more photoassimilates are allocated to protein formation, reducing the available photoassimilates for fatty acid synthesis and, ultimately, limiting oil production capacity. The decrease in oil percentage observed in the most delayed planting dates is likely due to the increase in temperature during the seed filling stage and the reduction in net photosynthesis.
Mean comparison of the interaction between nitrogen fertilizer and planting date on camelina grain yield showed that applying 75% chemical fertilizer + biofertilizer nitrogen, compared to no nitrogen fertilizer, on planting dates of September 11, 2021, September 26, 2021, April 9, 2022, and April 24, 2022, increased grain yield of camelina by 80, 100, 150, and 190 percent, respectively.

The Findings show that in the Eghlid region, autumn-sown camellia out-yields spring-sown one. Additionally, by using a combination of 75% chemical fertilizer and nitrogen biofertilizer, a higher grain yield is achieved compared to using 100% nitrogen chemical fertilizer alone. Considering the importance of production of oilseed plants, like camellia, in Iran and the need for sustainable plant production programs, it appears that growth-promoting bacteria can play a significant role in reducing the need for nitrogen fertilizers.

Water deficit stress is considered as one of the most important factors affecting soil microbial activities in dry and semi-dry ecosystems, which reduces microbial activity by limiting access to nutrients. To evaluate the effect of water stress (30%, 50%, 70%, and 100% of field capacity), urea chemical fertilizer (100, 200, and 300 kg/ha), and the impact of biological fertilizers (inoculation with mycorrhiza alone, co-inoculation with mycorrhiza and nitrogen-fixing bacteria, co-inoculation with mycorrhiza and azospirillum, and control) on the yield characteristics of Zea mays hybrid Sc706, a field experiment was conducted as a split-split plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications in two cropping seasons (2018-2019 and 2019-2020) on a farm in Firoozabad, Fars province, Iran. Dual and triple interactions of water stress, urea chemical fertilizer, and biological fertilizer showed significant differences in all yield characteristics. In most traits, the application of urea chemical fertilizer (200 and 300 kg/ha) along with biological fertilizers (mycorrhiza-azospirillum and mycorrhiza-nitrogen-fixing bacteria treatments) produced the best results. Overall, it can be concluded that the use of 200 and 300 kg/ha of urea fertilizer along with a combination of biological fertilizers, mycorrhiza-azospirillum and mycorrhiza-nitrogen-fixing bacteria, can be suitable options for improving the yield and morpho-physiological characteristics of corn under regional conditions.

Deficiency or excess of any growth factor leads to morphological, anatomical, physiological, and growth disorders in plants. Drought stress means a lack of water in the plant. This situation occurs when the amount of transpiration exceeds the amount of water absorption. Low irrigation (watering less than the optimal water requirement of the plant) is a strategy to save water, but it affects the plant at a particular stage of growth or the entire season. Biofertilizers develop the root system, changing host plant water relations and plant metabolism. They also activate the defense system, improving access to minerals and tolerance to drought in the host plant, making it environmentally friendly and natural. To manage the prevailing water crisis, one should look for solutions such as reducing water consumption and stopping irrigation at all stages of growth. This is without harming the plant's final performance. In addition, due to the importance of medicinal plants and increasing their biomass, biological fertilizers and the adjustment of drought stress effects have a special place. This experiment was carried out to investigate the effectiveness of Satureja bachtiarica Bunge. against dehydration at different stages of growth. It also investigated the consumption of mycorrhizal fungi and growth-stimulating bacteria to manage plant production with high quality and quantity.

The experiment was carried out in the form of split plots in the form of a randomized complete block design in three replications in the research farm of Islamic Azad University, Tabriz branch, in 2018. The main and sub-factors were included in 4 water stress (I1: without stress, I2: cut irrigation in stem elongation stage, I3: cut irrigation at the budding stage and I4: cut irrigation at 50% flowering stage) and 5 biofertilizer levels (b1: without inoculation, b2: inoculation with Funneliformis mosseae, b3: inoculation with Rhizophagus irregularis, b4: Funneliformis mosseae + Rhizophagus irregularis and b5: Azosprillium+Pseudomonas+Azetobacter), respectively. The harvest was in full flowering stage.

The comparison of the average of irrigation interruptions showed that the most number of leaves, stem diameter, canopy extent, root weight, leaf yield, flowering stem yield, and flowering branch yield belonged to the irrigation interruption at the 50% flowering stage. Inoculation with Funneliformis mosseae mycorrhizal fungus achieved the highest leaf yield (912.06 kg/ha), flowering stem yield (1071.25 kg/ha) and flowering branch yield (1983.32 kg/ha) in inoculation with Azosprillium + Pseudomonas + Azotobacter was observed. The highest percentage of essential oil was found in inoculation with Funneliformis mosseae with an average of 1.76%. The maximum average yield of essential oil at 30.50 kg/ha was observed in the inoculation treatment with Azosprillium + Pseudomonas + Azotobacter. The results of the comparison of the average of the interaction effect showed that the maximum height of the plant and the number of inflorescences with an average of 61.72 cm and 30.46 per plant were found in the interaction effect of the treatment of interruption of irrigation at the stemming stage and inoculation of Rhizophagus irregularis + Funneliformis mosseae, which is about 31 and 39 The percentage increased compared to their lowest value. Stopping irrigation in the budding stage ×Funneliformis mosseae had the highest percentage of essential oil with an average of 2.33%. Stopping irrigation in the stemming stage ×Rhizophagus irregularis had the lowest essential oil percentage. The highest leaf yield (1212.83 kg/ha), flowering stem yield (1494.75 kg/ha), flowering branch yield (2707.58 kg/ha) and essential oil yield (44.39 kg/ha) in the interaction effect of cutting × Azosprillium + Pseudomonas + Azotobacter irrigation was observed at the 50% flowering stage, which increased by 70, 82, 81 and 87% compared to the lowest ones.

The correct management of soil fertility, improvement, and maintenance of soil fertility in modern agricultural systems will provide the nutrients needed by the plant and thus enhance the yield. Therefore, in recent years, many studies have been conducted on biological fertilizers. Mycorrhizal fungi are essential factors in the stable plant-soil system, which coexists with more than 85% of plants. Drought stress is one of the most influential environmental factors in plant growth and causes morphological, physiological, and metabolic changes. In addition, biofertilizers increase plant access to nutrients and produce and direct hormones involved in the growth of the root environment. They also increase stress tolerance and enhance yield. Considering the arid and semi-arid conditions of the country and the increase in demand for medicinal plants and Satureja bachtiarica spices, it is recommended to stop irrigation at the 50% flowering stage and use Azotobacter, Azospirillium, and Pseudomonas biofertilizers to obtain the maximum yield of leaves, flowering branches, and essential oil.

The factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design was conducted with three replications at the research greenhouse of Tabriz University in 2017. The experimental factors include three levels of salinity stress (non-saline, salinity 3 and 6 dS/m) from the source of sodium chloride, foliar spraying in three levels without hormonal and nutritional foliar spraying, foliar spraying of 2 mM silicon and foliar spraying of 1mM salicylic acid, and the third factor, bacterial inoculation in four levels included: no inoculation, inoculation with Azosprilium, inoculation with Azotobacter and combined inoculation of two bacteria. The results of this research showed that the salt stress reduced the growth and yield of garlic. Spraying of salicylic acid and silicon and inoculation with bacteria improved potassium absorption, plant height, and leaf surface area, number of leaves per plant, yield components, biomass, and yield of garlic. The treatments significantly reduced the sodium concentration in both roots and leaves. The positive effects of the proposed treatments not only improved plant growth and performance under salinity stress conditions but also under non-saline conditions. Among the studied treatments, salicylic acid and silicon foliar applications along with the combined use of Azospirillium and Azotobacter showed more favorable effects on the growth and productivity of garlic than the other treatments. Finally, it was suggested to use growth-promoting bacteria in combination with salicylic acid and silicon solution spraying to mitigate the effects of salinity stress in garlic plants.

Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is one of the crops that has a high nutritional value and can be used as animal feed and cover crop to increase soil fertility, as well as has various applications in the food industry. One of the cheap and accessible methods for farmers to increase the efficiency of food elements is to use of efficient crop cultivars. Based on the principles of sustainable agriculture, one of the methods to improve the nutrition of crops is to use of biological fertilizers. Considering the importance of barley cultivation in Lorestan province, this study was conducted in order to investigate the effect of biological fertilizer and compare common cultivars in this region.

In order to investigate the growth response of some barley cultivars to biofertilizer, an experiment was conducted in the form of split plots in the form of a randomized complete block design with three replications in 2014-2016. The main plot includes three varieties of barley including Mahor (M), Izeh (I) and Khorram (K). The sub-plot of four types of biofertilizer treatments included control (without biofertilizer), Azotobacter (A), mycorrhizal (M) and Azotobacter + mycorrhizal (AM). Barley seeds were inoculated with biofertilizers according to their instructions before planting. The seeds were poured on nylon in the shade, and one package of biological fertilizer per hectare was dissolved in an appropriate volume of chlorine-free water, and after filtering the fertilizer solution with a thin cloth, it was sprayed on the seeds with a sprayer and mixed well. All of them should be evenly coated with fertilizer. At the time of plant harvesting, some growth characteristics including seed yield, straw yield, number of seeds per spike, number of spikes per square meter and weight of 1000 seeds per plot were measured.

The result of analysis of variance showed that cultivar has a significant effect on grain yield, straw yield, number of seeds per spike, number of spikes per square meter, and thousand grain weight. The result of the average comparison showed that the highest grain yield, straw yield, number of seeds per cluster, number of clusters per square meter and weight of 1000 seeds are related to M-AM treatment. As a result, Mahor variety had the highest grain yield compared to other two varieties. Among the fertilizers used, Azotobacter + Mycorrhiza was the most effective. Therefore, the interaction effect of these two treatments has the greatest effect on grain yield (4931 kg/ha), straw yield (8797 kg/ha), number of seeds per spike (16), number of spikes per square meter (546) and weight of 1000 seeds (17.8 grams).

results showed that in order to achieve the highest seed yield, it is suggested to cultivate Mahor cultivar along with Azotobacter and Mycorrhiza treatment in the region. It is necessary to evaluate other cultivars and other biofertilizers in the region.

This experiment was performed to investigate the effect of microbial inoculation and urea fertilizer on Echinacea purpurea under water stress in two cropping years 2017-2018 and 2018-2019 in Ijan village located in Khondab city of Markazi province.

The experiment was performed in the form of 2 split plots with 3 replications. The first factor included the lack of irrigation in the main plot at 3 levels of 60, 90 and 120 mm evaporation from the Class A evaporation pan. The second factor included animal manure (cattle) in the sub-plot at two levels, no fertilizer and 20 tons per hectare. The third factor of biofertilizer and urea fertilizer in the sub-plot in four levels of application of biofertilizer was Azotobacter+Azospirillum, Mycorrhiza, Aztobacter+Azospirillum+Mycorrhiza and application of urea fertilizer (300 kg ha-1). Flower number and weight, total dry matter yield, chlorophyll, relative water content, proline, catalase, carotenoid, chicoric acid and electrical conductivity of cytoplasmic membrane were measured.

The results showed that the interaction effect of manure and biofertilizer on flower weight was significant. The highest flower weight was obtained in the treatment of combined use of Azotobacter+Azospirillium+ Mycorrhiza and application of animal manure (295.9 and 236.3 g m-2, respectively), which was significantly different from urea consumption. The lowest flower weight was obtained in the treatment of separate mycorrhizal application and non-application of animal manure (0.216 236.3 g.m-2). The difference between the highest flower weight in the mentioned treatment with the lowest value was 36%. In the treatment of non-use of manure, the highest flower weight was obtained in the treatment of Azotobacter+Azospirillium+Mycorrhiza (236.3 g m-2). The interaction effect of manure and biofertilizer on chicory acid was significant. The highest chicoric acid was obtained in the treatment of combined use of Azotobacter+Azospirillium+Mycorrhiza and application of animal manure (7.53 mg g-1 fresh leaf weight). The lowest chicoric acid was obtained in the treatment of separate application of mycorrhiza and no application of animal manure (5.76 mg g-1 fresh leaf weight). The difference between the highest chicoric acid in the mentioned treatment with the lowest amount was equal to 30%. In the treatment of non-application of animal manure, the highest chicoric acid was obtained in the treatment of Azotobacter+Azospirillium+Mycorrhiza (7.17 mg g-1 fresh leaf weight).

In general, microbial inoculation was able to achieve close quantitative and quantitative performance and sometimes more than urea fertilizer treatment, which can be a guide for identifying soil strains and producing biofertilizers compatible for areas with similar climates or soils.

Safflower is an oilseed plant tolerant to water deficit, and have an important role in oil production. Drought stress is the most important factor limiting crop yields in many parts of the world, including Iran. Nitrogen plays a key role in plant growth and this role is highly related to the amount of water and how it is distributed. Bacteria of the genus Azotobacter are one of the most important growth-promoting bacteria in plants due to their abundance and extent of spread, which is able to improve the availability of nitrogen. In areas where most rainfall occurs in winter and early spring, crops will face water constraints at the end of the growing season. In such conditions, finding cultivars and lines that have good performance in non-stress and drought stress conditions and have a suitable response to Azotobacter and nitrogen fertilizer is of special importance.The aim of this experiment was to evaluate the response of safflower genotypes to the application of Azotobacter and nitrogen fertilizer under different moisture conditions.

This experiment was carried out during two growing seasons (2015/2016 and 2016/2017), in Sarableh Agricultural Research Station, Ilam Province. The factorial scheme 4 × 6 experiment was performed in both years in a randomized complete block design with three replications under terminal drought stress and non-stress conditions. The distance between these two environments was considered to be 10 meters so that the humidity of the two adjacent environments did not affect each other. Experimental factors included seed inoculation with A. chroococcum using urea chemical fertilizer at four levels [without using any N fertilizer source (control), seed inoculation with A. chroococcumalso without use N fertilizer, seed inoculation with A. chroococcum + 50% N of urea fertilizer source, and 100% N of urea fertilizer source], and six safflower genotypes (312-S6-697, PI-401478, PI-253895, PI-306974, Padideh, and Sina).After harvesting and determining grain yield in both experimental conditions, stress tolerance indices including stress sensitivity index (SSI), mean productivity (MP), tolerance (TOL), geometric mean yield (GMP), stress tolerance index (STI) and Modified stress tolerance indices (MSTI) were calculated. Statistical calculations of analysis of variance and mean comparisons were performed using SAS 9.1 software. STATGRAPH software was used to principal component analysis and drawing biplot diagrams.

The results showed that among the nitrogen source treatments, the highest percentage of grain yield reduction with 48% in drought stress conditions compared to non-stress conditions was related to the application of 100% nitrogen chemical fertilizer. This result shows that in drought stress conditions, the application of 100% nitrogen fertilizer due to the increase of biological substances, causes an imbalance between the roots and plant aerial parts in water absorption and water loss through transpiration by aerial organs, which in Extremely serious damage to the economic sector of the plant.Azotobacter inoculation + 50% nitrogen fertilizer application had the highest mean productivity index and the lowest stress sensitivity index among nitrogen source treatments, although it was not significantly different from other nitrogen source treatments. These results indicate that the use of Azotobacter in combination with the application of 50% nitrogen fertilizer reduces the damage caused by drought stress in safflower. Sina cultivar was the most tolerant genotype under drought stress under Azotobacter inoculation and 100% nitrogen fertilizer application. In conditions of inoculation with Azotobacter + 50% of nitrogen fertilizer application, Sina and Padideh cultivars are located in the area of high production potential and low drought sensitivity in the vicinity of vectors related to drought tolerance indices

Sina cultivar in inoculation treatment with Azotobacter and consumption of 100% nitrogen fertilizer, Padideh cultivar in addition to Sina cultivar in combined application of Azotobacter + 50% nitrogen fertilizer had the highest tolerance to terminal drought stress; Therefore, in selecting drought tolerant genotypes, special attention should be paid to nitrogen source factor.

Drought stress, permanent or temporary, limits the growth and the distribution of natural vegetation and the production of cultivated plants more than any other environmental factor. Water deficit stress has changed plants ‘metabolism significantly, by attenuating the growth, photosynthesis, and ultimately yield of the plants. The recent global trend in production of medicinal plants is in favor of sustainable agriculture. One of the efficient practices of sustainable agriculture is the application of biological fertilizers for quantitative and qualitative yield improvement in medicinal plants, such as fennel, which is of great significance in food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industry. Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) is an umbelliferous plant. Due to the high potential of West Azerbaijan province, especially Mahabad region, the present study was conducted to investigate the effect of biofertilizers on the increase of water tolerance in fennel.

In order to investigate the effect of different irrigation regimes and biofertilizers on the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of fennel, an experimental experiment was conducted in 2020 in an agricultural farm in Mahabad city. In this experiment, four irrigation regimes (irrigation after 60, 90, 120 and 150 mm evaporation from Class A evaporation pan) in main plots and inoculation of seeds with biofertilizers (including control, inoculation with mycorrhiza, azotobacter  and phosphate Fertile 2) were placed in subplots. In this study, plant height, number of sub-branches, number of umbrellas and umbrellas per plant, number of seeds per umbel, thousand kernel weight, biological yield, grain yield, essential oil content, phenol and flavonoid content were measured. The data obtained from the experiment were analyzed using SAS 9.2 software. The means obtained were statistically compared using Duncan's test at a level of 5% probability.

Based on the results of the analysis of variance of the data, a significant difference was observed between the levels of the irrigation regime in terms of the effect on all the studied traits at the level of 1% probability. Effect of biofertilizer on the number of branches, number of umbrellas per plant, number of umbrellas per umbrella, on thousand kernel weight, biological yield, grain yield, percentage of essential oil, total phenol content and flavonoids at a probability level of 1% and on plant height, number of seeds per umbel and flavonoid content were significant at 5% probability level. Among of irrigation with biofertilizer interaction treatments in terms of effect on plant height, number of sub-branches, number of umbrellas per plant, number of umbrellas per umbrella, number of seeds per umbrella, grain yield, essential oil percentage and phenol content at a probability level of 1% and in terms of effect on thousand kernel weight there was a significant difference at the level of 5% probability. The results showed that the highest plant height, number of sub-branches, number of umbrellas per plant, on thousand kernel weight and grain yield were allocated to irrigation regime after 90 days and seed inoculation with mycorrhiza, Also, the highest percentage of essential oil and total phenol content in the irrigation regime was observed after 120 mm of evaporation and inoculation of seeds with mycorrhiza. The results of mean comparisons also showed that although grain yield decreased with increasing severity of water deficit stress, but in all irrigation regimes, the use of biofertilizers significantly increased grain yield compared to the control treatment. Also, the use of biofertilizers under irrigation regime stresses after 120 and 150 mm of evaporation was able to show higher grain yield than the control treatment in irrigation regimes after 60 and 90 mm of evaporation. In this study, water deficit stress increased the percentage of essential oil in fennel plant. Also, the use of mycorrhiza in irrigation regimes after 60 and 90 and the use of mycorrhiza and Azotobacter in irrigation regimes after 120 and 150 mm of evaporation significantly increased Essential oil percentage compared to control treatment.

In this study, the most suitable quantitative and qualitative characteristics of fennel were obtained in the irrigation regime after 90 mm, so the irrigation regime is recommended to achieve the maximum quantitative and qualitative characteristics of fennel in the study area. The results also showed that the application of Mycorrhiza and Azotobacter biofertilizers in both normal irrigation and water deficit conditions can improve the quantitative and qualitative properties.

If there is enough nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus in the soil, the crops will have vegetative growth, more leaf area and proper performance. Due to the arid and semi-arid nature of Iran, the amount of organic matter in the soils is low and as a result, they have low nitrogen levels. Most plants suffer from nitrogen deficiency in the conditions, so it is necessary to provide nitrogen through chemical and organic fertilizers. Nowadays, due to the problems caused by the excessive use of chemical fertilizers, biological fertilizers have attracted more attention. Biological fertilizers are defined as a set of preservatives with a large number of one or more beneficial soil micro-organisms or their metabolic products, which are mostly consumed to provide the nutrients required by the plant and create suitable physical and chemical conditions for the growth of the plant. Bio-fertilizers are produced in the form of live inoculum for use in the soil or use with seeds.

The experiment was carried out as a factorial design based on a randomized complete block design with four replications. The factors used included: corn cultivars in two levels (Simon and BC), the second factor was Azotobacter chrocooccum bacteria in two levels (use of bacteria and no bacteria) and the third factor nitrogen fertilizer in two levels (use of nitrogen and no nitrogen). The attributes of plant height, number of ears per plant and per unit area, number of seeds per ear, ear diameter, weight of seeds per ear, fresh weight, dry weight, hundred seed weight, total harvest index, ear harvest index, seed yield per hectare, leaf area index, chlorophyll a, and chlorophyll b were measured.

Based on the results of mean comparisons, the highest plant height, the number of ears per plant and per unit area, the number of seeds per ear, ear diameter, weight of seeds per ear, fresh weight, dry weight, weight of 100 seeds, total harvest index, seed yield per hectare, leaf area index, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b were obtained in the treatment of nitrogen and azotobacter in the Simon cultivar, and the lowest amounts were recorded in the control treatment (no nitrogen and no azotobacter) in the B.C. cultivar.

The use of nitrogen fertilizer along with seed inoculation with azotobacter in comparison with no seed inoculation leads to an increase in plant height, number of seeds in a row, ear diameter, number of leaves, harvest index, leaf area index, fresh and dry weight of leaves and finally grain yield. Combining biological and chemical fertilizers seems to be a suitable method for improving the performance and consumption of nitrogen fertilizers. Therefore, to increase grain yield, it could be suggested that azotobacter be used in seed inoculation and optimal use of nitrogen to reduce the consumption of chemical fertilizers.

In order to investigate the effects of irrigation, planting date, and biofertilizers on phenological traits, yield, and some qualitative traits of quinoa as a new plant, an experiment has been conducted on a farm located in Bilehsvar region of Ardabil Province in two cropping years from 2019 to 2021 in split - split plot design based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. Experimental factors include irrigation at three levels, including (complete irrigation, irrigation termination in budding stage, and irrigation termination in seed filling stage) as the main factor, planting date at three levels (namely 27 July, 11 August, and 27 August) as the sub-factor, and four levels of nitrogen biofertilizer (the control, seed inoculant with Azotobacter, inoculant with Azospirillum, and inoculation with a mixture of Azotobacter and Azospirillum) as the sub-sub-factor. The results show that the use of complete irrigation with a planting date of 27 July and inoculation of Azotobacter and Azospirillum biofertilizers has increased the length of phenological stages and 1000-seed weight. In terms of harvest index, complete irrigation treatment with planting date of 27 July, and combined inoculation of biofertilizers have had the highest value, in terms of protein percentage and saponin content of seed, irrigation interruption at the budding stage with planting date of 27 July, while co-inoculation with biofertilizers has given the best results, and the highest biological yield (620 g/m2) and grain yield (304.97 g/m2) have been obtained from complete irrigation treatment with planting date of 11 August and co-inoculation of biofertilizers.

 Satureja hortensis L. is an annual herbaceous plant of the mint family that has numerous raised or creeping stems or arched stems with a height of 10 to 30 cm. The height of this plant reaches a maximum of 60 cm. The stems and branches are usually covered with hairs. The leaves are opposite, have short or almost no petioles. The leaves are opposite, the petioles are short or almost without petioles, there are many small spots on the surface of the leaf called the tuber, which contains the essential oil. Knowledge of environmental, plant and agro-factors play an important role in the success of medicinal plants. One of the factors affecting the growth and development and production of active ingredients of medicinal and aromatic plants is water, the lack of which has a greater effect on reducing production than other inputs. Drought stress is an important global constraint on agricultural production and food security. Recently, there has been a growing interest in reducing the use of chemical fertilizers and exploring alternative methods for producing high-quality crops. This is particularly important in arid and semi-arid regions like most parts of Iran, where soil nutrient levels are often low. The use of biofertilizers can help strengthen plants and promote sustainable crop production. The objective of this study was to examine the impact of salicylic acid foliar application, Mycorrhiza-Azotobacter bio-fertilizers, and drought stress on the morphological and physiological characteristics of summer savory, a medicinal plant.
This experiment was conducted to evaluate some traits of summer savory in response to biological fertilizers, salicylic acid and drought stress in Zamanabad village of Rey city (Tehran province) during 2018 and 2017. This experiment was conducted using a randomized complete block design with three replications, as a factorial split plot. The main factor was irrigation, with three levels including soil moisture potential (as a control), potential of -5.5 atmospheres as medium stress, and potential of -10 atmospheres as severe stress. Sub-factors included four levels of biological fertilizers: No inoculation, seed inoculation with Azotobacter strain, seed inoculation with Mycorrhiza, and concomitant use of Azotobacter + Mycorrhiza. Salicylic acid was also considered at two levels: no foliar application and foliar application with a concentration of 0.6 mM. The following plant characteristics were studied: plant height, root dry weight, shoot dry weight, total chlorophyll content, proline content, percentage, and essential oil yield. At full flowering stage, the plants were harvested and placed in an oven at 75 ° C for 24 hours to measure the dry weight of roots and shoots. 10 g of leaves and flowering twigs from each replicate were transferred to the laboratory to measure physiological traits. SAS 9.4 software was used to perform a two-year combined analysis of variance for the recorded traits. To ensure the uniformity of variance of errors, the Bartlett uniformity test of variance was performed based on the mean squares and the degree of error freedom in two years. Mean traits were also compared using the least significant difference test (LSD) at the 5% probability level.
The results showed that the effect of drought stress, fertilizer and salicylic acid treatments on the studied traits of plant height and shoot and root dry weight, chlorophyll content, percentage and yield of essential oil and proline content were significant. Salicylic acid and the combined application of Azotobacter + mycorrhiza increased plant height, plant dry weight and root, as well as increased chlorophyll content, proline, percentage and yield of safflower essential oil under drought stress. According to the results of this experiment, it can be argued that the response of plant height, plant dry weight and essential oil yield to the increase in drought stress levels was negative, but the root dry weight, total chlorophyll, proline and essential oil percentage were the opposite response. The highest amount of these traits was observed in severe stress conditions and the combined application of bio-fertilizers (Azotobacter + Mycorrhiza) and salicylic acid 0.6 mM had a positive and increasing effect compared to other levels of bio-fertilizer and salicylic acid in The studied traits of the present study were observed.
According to the results of this experiment, the application of bio-fertilizers and foliar application of salicylic acid causes dehydration and dehydration, as well as the presence of essential oils, nutrients, and the quality of summer safflower under drought stress.

In order to investigate the effect of growth-promoting bacteria inoculation on soil characteristics, nutrients uptake and growth of bell pepper, a randomized complete block design with five species of growth-promoting bacteria (Bacillus subtilis, Azospirillum lipoferum, Azotobacter chroococcum, Enterobacter cloacae and Pseudomonas putida) with three repetitions was carried out in Isfahan Wheat Field greenhouse in 2021. The chemical and biological properties of the soil, NPK uptake, and the growth and yield characteristics were investigated. The results showed that the addition of growth-promoting bacteria effects on some soil characteristics and bell pepper growth. The treatments showed a significant difference in terms of total nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium available in soil, respiration and rhizospheric microbial population, NK uptake, yield and fruit number (p≤0.01). The best soil nitrogen content (0.44%), nitrogen uptake (28.8 g.m-2) and shoot dry weight (0.565 g.m-2) were observed in Azotobacter chroococcum treatment. The highest rhizospheric microbial population (7.6×106 cfu.g-1) and R/S ratio was 47.9 in Enterobacter cloacae treatment. Fresh weight and dry weight of plant shoot were higher in Azospirillum lipoferum treatment, which was not significantly different from Azotobacter chroococcum and Enterobacter cloacae treatments. In the treatment of Enterobacter cloacae, the yield (18.8 kg.m-2) and the fruits number (65.8/m2) were higher. The application of Enterobacter cloacae, Azotobacter chroococcum and Azospirillum lipoferum bacteria was higher effect on the growth indicators of pepper, which can be recommended for the use of these bacteria as biofertilizers in bell pepper cultivation.

In recent years, the importance of producing healthy crops has led to special attention to production methods and applied inputs used. For the purpose, a two-year factorial experiment was conducted a randomized complete block design with three replications at the research site of Rice Research Institute, Rasht, during 2019-2020 to reduce the problems caused by chemical fertilizers and replacing them with biological resources. Experimental factors including eight levels of inoculation: control (without fertilization), Pseudomonas, Azospirillium, Azotobacter, Azospirillium and Pseudomonas, Azotobacter and Pseudomonas, Azotobacter and Azospirillium, Azotobacter, Pseudomonas and Azospirillium, and Hashemi and Gilaneh rice varieties were considered. The results showed that the effect of inoculation and variety on yield components and yield of rice varieties was significant at 5% and 1% probability levels, so that the highest plant height (119.6 cm), number of tillers (12.3), number of panicles per square meter (165.1), number of filled grain (126.3) and minimum number of unfilled grain (7) from the combined treatment of Azotobacter and Azospirillium and Pseudomonas were obtained. Also, application of combined treatment of Azotobacter and Pseudomonas and Azospirillium increased 79.3% and 30.6% of paddy yield and biomass of Hashemi variety and increased 90.2% and 55.9% of paddy yield and biomass of Gilaneh variety compared to the control treatment. According to the results, the application of Azotobacter, Azospirillium and Pseudomonas treatment is recommended due to maintaining and improving some chemical properties of paddy soil and compensating for 47.4% and 56.7% yield of Hashemi and Gilaneh rice varieties compared to chemical fertilizer treatment.

The most important problem that threatens food security of any country and the world is the lack of adequate water resources, so one of the ways to deal with this crisis is to use plants with low water requirements and high water use efficiency. Among the plants, we can name Quinoa, which is one of the plants that has been less studied and exploited in Iran. Since the planting date has the greatest impact on the physiological characteristics of the crop compared to other cropping treatments, so choosing the appropriate planting date can also create the greatest correlation between plant growth trends and climatic conditions. Undoubtedly, the use of biological fertilizers, in addition to the positive effects it has on all soil properties, is also economically, environmentally and socially fruitful and can be a suitable and desirable alternative to chemical fertilizers. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the response to deficit irrigation, planting date and application of different biofertilizers in quinoa.

This experiment was carried out during two cropping years 2019 and 2020 in a farm located in Moghan region. The site has latitude of 39◦27 N, a longitude of 48◦12 E and is 120 m above mean sea level, with an average annual rainfall of 250-300 mm. In this experiment, Titicaca cultivar of quinoa was cultivated in summer in the form of a double split plot design based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. Experimental factors include irrigation at three levels (Conventional irrigation, Irrigation cut-off in budding stage and Irrigation cut-off in seed filling stage) as a main factor, planting date at three levels (27 July, 11  and 27 August) as a sub-factor and four levels of nitrogen biofertilizer (without inoculation, seed inoculation with Azotobacter, seed inoculation with Azospirillum and inoculation with a mixture of Azotobacter and Azospirillum) were considered as a sub-sub-factor. Plant height, stem diameter and panicle length in each plant were measured at the physiological maturity stage by randomly selecting 10 plants using a ruler with millimeter accuracy. Leaf area was measured by selecting 5 plants from each plot randomly and with the model Leaf area meter Li-cor. At the end of the growing season, the product of two middle planting lines with a length of 4 meters was harvested by observing the half-meter margin effect and after drying in a ventilated oven at 70 °C for 24 hours, grain yield was determined. Leaf carbon concentration was estimated by dry combustion with air flow in an electric furnace, Kjeldahl method (Sharpe et al., 2001) was used to measure nitrogen concentration. Experimental data were analyzed before analysis of variance for homogeneity of test errors through Bartlett test and then analyzed using SAS (9.1) software and comparison of means at 5% probability level using Duncan multi-range test.

The results showed that conventional irrigation with planting date of 27 August and inoculation of Azotobacter and Azospirillum biofertilizers had the best effect in terms of morphological traits and leaf nitrogen concentration and The highest grain yield (304.97 g.m-2) was obtained from conventional irrigation treatment with planting date of 27 August and inoculation of biofertilizers of Azotobacter and Azospirillum. Also, quinoa seed yield had a positive and significant correlation with plant height (r = 0.85), stem diameter (r =0. 64), leaf area (r = 0.86), panicle length (r = 0.86) and leaf carbon concentration (r = 0.38) showed.

The results of this study showed though conventional irrigation with planting date of 20 August and inoculation of Azotobacter and Azospirillum biofertilizers had the highest number of studied traits, especially grain yield (304.97 g.m-2), but with interruption of irrigation treatment at the stage of seed filling with planting date of 20 August and inoculation of biofertilizers were included in a statistical group, so in terms of the importance of water consumption, it can be said that in conditions of limited water resources, irrigation cut-off treatment in the stage of grain filling has the most favorable results.

Recently, growth-promoting bacteria have been proposed as complementary and increased efficiency of chemical fertilizers in order to increase soil fertility in crop production in sustainable agriculture. In order to study the effect and efficacy of plant growth promoting bacteria and different rates of phosphorous fertilizer on growth parameters, nutrient availability and wheat yield (Mahdavi variety), a field experiment was conducted as factorial based on completely randomized block design in three replications. Experimental factors include five rates of phosphorous (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 kg/ha P) and soil inoculation with bacteria at four levels including no-inoculation (Control, I0), inoculation with Azotobacter (I1), inoculation with Pseudomonas (I2) and inoculation with Azotobacter and Pseudomonas (I3). Results of variance analysis showed a significant difference on the effect of seed inoculation and phosphorous levels on plant height, root length and germination percent of wheat seeds. In this research, the treatment of 100 percent P-requirement in the soil inoculated with Azotobacter and Pseudomonas showed a greatest effect on increasing soil phosphorous (27%), growth (28%), yield (27%), yield components (31% grain yiehd) and grain phosphorous (27%) of autumn wheat. Increase in plant dry weight by rhizobacteria is due to increase in nutrients uptake and subsequently better plant growth which could result in higher harvesting index.

In order to investigate the effects of integrated management of chemical and biological fertilizers on physiological traits, and grain yield of black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) under different irrigation levels, a split-plot experiment has been conducted based on a randomized complete block design with four replications at research farm University of Kurdistan in the spring of 2016. Two irrigation levels (irrigation at 100% and 70% of the plant water requirement) are randomized on the main plot. Five fertilizer levels (including 100% chemical fertilizers, 80% chemical fertilizers + biofertilizers, 60% chemical fertilizers + biofertilizers, 40% chemical fertilizers + biofertilizers, and non-fertilizer application) are randomized on a sub-plot. The results reveal that under irrigation at 70% of the plant water requirement conditions, proline concentration, soluble carbohydrates concentration, and lipid peroxidation have increased, while the values of other studied physiological parameters as well the grain yield have dropped. The combination of biological and chemical fertilizers positively affect the studied physiological traits and grain yield, such that the highest grain yield belongs to the combined treatment of 60% chemical fertilizers + biofertilizers (798.18 kg ha-1), showing an increase of 37.22% compared to the control (without fertilizer). Due to the positive effects of combining bio-chemical fertilizers on physiological parameters and grain yield, it is recommended to replace the combination of bio-chemical fertilizers instead of employing only chemical fertilizers.

Application of Azotobacter as a substitute or suitable companion of nitrogen chemical fertilizer with higher efficiency of inputs in safflower plant as a plant adapted to different climates is one of the sustainable agricultural strategies. Therefore, in order to study the effects of Azotobacter chroococcum and nitrogen fertilizer on nitrogen uptake, grain nitrogen and straw, nitrogen efficiency indices and grain yield of six safflower genotypes under rainfed conditions, a factorial experiment has been conducted based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in during growing season of 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 at the Agricultural Research Station Sarableh in Ilam Province. Experimental factors inoculate a combination of seed inoculation with Azotobacter chroococcum with urea chemical fertilizer application at four levels (non-inoculated with Azotobacter chroococcum and urea as control, seed inoculation with Azotobacter, inoculation with Azotobacter chroococcum + 50 Percent N from urea, and inoculation with Azotobacter chroococcum + 100% N from Urea) and six genotypes of safflower. The combined analysis of variance for two years show that the main effects of nitrogen source and genotype and also year× nitrogen source have had significant effect on all of the measured traits and nitrogen efficiency indices. The results from comparison of means show that inoculation treatment with Azotobacter chroococcum + 50% nitrogen fertilizer had higher Nitrogen use efficiencythan 100% nitrogen fertilizer use, with no significant difference in grain yield between the two treatments. Sina genotype with the highest grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency, compared to other genotypes, is more desirable for cultivation in rainfed conditions of the region.

In order to investigate the effect of chemical and biological nitrogen fertilizer on canola, a field experiment was conducted as a split plot based on a randomized complete block design with three replications at the research station of the Faculty of Agriculture, Yasouj University, located in Deshtrum region, in 2019. The main factor consisted of nitrogen fertilizer (zero, 25, 50, 75, 100 and 125 kg/ha of pure nitrogen from urea source) and the secondary factor consisted of nitroxin biofertilizer contained Azotobacter and Azospirillium bacteria (use and non-use). The results showed that nitrogen fertilizer and nitroxin had a significant effect on all investigated traits. Nitrogen fertilizer significantly increased plant height, number of lateral branches, chlorophyll index and oil yield. The highest grain (8790.60 kg/ha) and biological (23910.93 kg/ha) yield were obtained in 125 kg/ha of nitrogen and the use of nitroxin. With the consumption of 125 kg/ha of nitrogen and nitroxin, the lowest percentage of seed oil, and contrastingly the highest percentage of seed protein (36.65%) was obtained. In general, combined application of biofertilizer with chemical nitrogen increased grain, biological and oil yield. Nitroxin bio-fertilizer could reduce the consumption of chemical nitrogen fertilizer. The results showed that there was no significant difference between the application of 50 kg/ha of nitrogen + bacteria and the application of higher levels of nitrogen (75, 100 and 125 kg/ha) alone in most of the investigated traits.

Cultivation of medicinal and aromatic plants has had long a special rank in the traditional agricultural systems of Iran and these systems have played an important role in creating diversity and sustainability. Management of soil nutrients using organic fertilizers is among major pillars of sustainable agriculture. Peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) is a medicinal plant, which proper nutrition and absorption of mineral elements play an important role in increasing its quantitative and qualitative performance. The high cost of fertilizers in farming systems, soil pollution and degradation of soil are factors that caused to full use of available renewable nutrient sources of plant (organic and biological) with optimal application of fertilizers in order to maintain fertility, structure, biological activity, exchange capacity and water-holding capacity of the water in soil. The global approach to balance nutrition and the production of medicinal plants, towards the use of sustainable agricultural systems and the use of management methods, such as application of biofertilizers, is improvement the quantitative and qualitative performance of these plants. So, the use of natural inputs such as organic and biological fertilizers seems to be a good way to move towards a sustainable production system. Accordingly, due to the possible effect of organic fertilizers such as biochar and vermicompost and biological fertilizers like mycorrhizal fungi and plant growth-promoting bacteria on the quantity and quality of peppermint essential oil, this research was carried out under organic conditions.

The present research was conducted as factorial layout based on a randomized complete block design in three replications at Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University in 2017. The experimental site is located at 36º 39ʹ42ʺ N latitude and 53º03´54ʺ E longitude with -11 m above sea level. Soil samples were taken from depths of 0-30 cm before land preparation. Treatment consisted biochar on two level (0 and 10 ton ha-1) and organic and biological fertilizers on five level (no fertilizer, vermicompost (10 ton ha-1), Pseudomonas fluorescens, Azotobacter and Arbuscular mycorrhizal (Glomus mosseae, G. intradices and G. etunicatum. Weeds and pests were controlled mechanically or by hand and no herbicides or pesticides were used. The measured properties also included the pepermint yield, essential oil and essential oil compounds.

The results of analysis of variance showed that the simple effects of biochar and organic and biological fertilizers had a significant effect on the shoot fresh weight at 1% of probability level, while the interaction effect of experimental treatments on this trait did not have significant effect. According to the results, application of 10 ton ha-1 of biochar, caused a 42.96% increase in shoot fresh weight compared to no application. In the study of the simple effect of organic and biological fertilizers on shoot fresh weight, the results showed that the highest and lowest ones were obtained with mycorrhiza application and control (no application of organic and biological fertilizers) with an average of 667.95 and 418.08 g m-2, respectively. The highest shoot dry weight with an average of 89.08 g m-2 was associated with the combined use of biochar and mycorrhiza and the lowest one belonged to the control (no application of biochar and organic and biological fertilizers) with an average of 61.76 g m-2. The results also showed that the interaction of biochar and organic and biological fertilizers on essential oil compounds such as Menthone, Menthol, α-Pinene, Cineol-1,8, iso Menthone, Pulegone, Piperitone oxide, Menthyl acetate and Menthofuran was significant.

In general, the results showed that the use of biochar and biological and organic fertilizers can be effective in both the quality and quantity of peppermint essential oil, when the highest percentage of essential oil and the most peppermint essential oil compounds were obtained in treatments with application of biochar and biological and organic fertilizers. Where, the use of the bacterium Azobacter and Pseudomonas with biochar had the greatest effect on the quality of peppermint essential oil, especially in Menthol and Menton compounds. Finally, it can be concluded that the combined use of biochar with biological fertilizers has a significant impact on the quantitative and qualitative increase of peppermint essential oil in ecological or low input agricultural.

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of biofertilizers and nutrition through a nutrient solution (base Hogland) on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of Begonia semperflorens (two varieties, sprint rose and senator deeprose). The factorial experiment was carried out based on randomized complete block design (RCBD), with twenty treatments in three replications. Treatments include: nutrient solution (base Hogland), Pseudomonas fluorescens strain 169, Azotobacter chroococcum strain 12 and compound Pseudomonas and Azotobacter with different percentages of chemical fertilizer and two varieties of Begonia. Non-inoculated with nutrient solution and bio-fertilizer were considered as control. The results showed that the highest leaf area (36.69 mm2) was observed in Pseudomonas and Azotobacter and 75% of the nitrogen treatment. Maximum shoots fresh weight (117.18 gr) and maximum shoots dry weight (4.12 gr), were seen at the treatments of Pseudomonas and Azotobacter and 75% of the Nitrogen and Phosphorus. Most phosphorus in shoots (0.34%) was related to the treatments of Pseudomonas and Azotobacter and 100% phosphor and the highest chlorophyll of leaves (13.12 mg per gr of fresh weight) were related to the treatments of Azotobacter and 100% Nitrogen. Treatments of Pseudomonas and Azotobacter and 75% phosphor with 41.38 mg per gr of fresh weight, had the highest amounts of anthocyanins of petals. Overall, treatment of Pseudomonas and Azotobacter and 75% nitrogen, and then base Hogland treatment were the best treatments. Thus, it was shown that Pseudomonas and Azotobacter combination with reduced doses of nutrient solution, led to significant improvement of quantitative and qualitative characteristics of Begonia. In addition, two varieties of Begonia (senator deeprose and sprint rose) in response to similar treatments, showed different reactions.