جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « کپور چه » در نشریات گروه « کشاورزی »

This research was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of nettle powder on the growth and survival indices and liver enzymes in the blood serum (ALP, ALT, AST and LDH) of common carp juveniles. For this purpose, 180 common carp with an average weight of 5.41 ± 1.58 grams were prepared and kept in laboratory conditions for one week before the start of the experiment and fed with a commercial diet without nettle powder. Then, the fish were completely randomly divided into four treatment groups containing 0 (control), 1, 2 and 3% of nettle powder per kilogram of diet and three repetitions for each treatment, during a period of eight weeks, based on 3% of their body weight. At the end of the experiment period, the results showed that the growth indices in the treatment of 3% nettle powder with the average growth rate )11.46±2.06 (and the food conversion ratio )2.98±0.03(significantly decreased compared to the control treatment (p<0.05).The highest percentage of survival rate was observed in the 3% nettle powder treatment (77.77±3.84%), which showed a significant difference compared to the control treatment (p<0.05). Also, there was no significant difference between the treatments in the chemical composition of the tested fish carcasses (p>0.05). The examination of liver enzymes in the blood serum of fishes showed that the level of AST enzyme activity in fishes fed with 3% nettle powder had a significant increase compared to the fishes of the control group (p<0.05). In general, the results showed that nettle does not have a positive effect on growth and feeding efficiency in carp.

Aquaponic system, which is a combination of recycling aquaculture and hydroponic plant cultivation, is consistent with the goals of sustainable development in the aquaculture industry. This experiment was conducted in the form of a completely randomized design with five experimental treatments and each treatment with three replications, which includes the control group: 30 carp (Cyprinus carpio) in a 300-liter tank (without lettuce), A1: 10 lettuce (Lactuca sativa) per m2 (without fish) along with liquid fertilizer, A2: 30 lettuce plants per m2 (without fish) along with liquid fertilizer, A3: 10 lettuce per m2 and 30 fish, and A4: 30 lettuce per m2 along with 30 fish for 60 days. The average weight of the fry fish (50.18 ± 1.23 g) and lettuce plant (10.32 ± 1.49 g) at the beginning of the experiment was the same in the experimental groups. The amount of dissolved oxygen in all experimental treatments was significantly higher than the control group (5.76±1.18 mg/liter) and the highest leve was obtained in A2 treatment (6.80±1.24 mg/liter) (p<0.05). At the end of the experiment, the average total suspended solids (1245.8±60.84 mg/liter), alkalinity (133.64±15.7 mg/liter), nitrite (0.18±0.04 mg/liter), and nitrate (62.40±2.15 mg/liter) were significantly higher in the control group (p<0.05) and the lowest values were seen in A2 treatment. There was no statistically significant difference regarding the performance of growth and feed utilization of the fish between the experimental treatments and the control group (p>0.05). However, the length and final weight of the plant and the relative growth rate of lettuce showed a significant difference between the experimental treatments and the control group (p<0.05) and the highest amount of the mentioned indicators was recorded in A4 treatment. To sum up, the results of this experiment showed that in the aquaponic system containing carp with a density of 100 carp per m2 and a density of 30 lettuce plants per m2, it leads to an improvement in the productivity of carp and lettuce production with proper water quality.

The effects of formic acid on growth performance, blood indices, and digestive enzyme activities of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) were examined over 60 days. The common carp (mean weight of 10±0.11g) were randomly allocated to four experimental treatments with three replications (25 pieces in each replication) including control treatment (no propionic acid) and three treatments which received formic acid (0.5, 1, 1.5 gr/ kilogram diet). The results indicated that growth parameters (final weight, weight gain, specific growth rate, condition factor, and FCR) were significantly different between the control and experimental treatments. The final weight, weight gain, specific growth rate, and condition factor in the propionic acid treatments had a significant increase compared to the control group (P < 0.05). The results of study showed that no significant difference in blood parameters were observed between treatments (P > 0.05). The highest lipase activity (21.73± 1.18 U/L) was observed in 1 g/kg propionic acid group (P < 0.05). Moreover, the highest protease (303.15± 4.16 U/L) and amylase activities (650.26± 10.05 U/L) were recorded in 1.5 g/kg propionic acid group (P < 0.05). According to obtained results, inclusion of propionic acid in common carp diet had a positive effect on the improvement of growth performance and digestive enzyme activities; therefore, a diet containing 1.5 g/kg propionic aid proposed to enhance growth performance and digestive enzyme activity of common carp.

Oak acorn is widely used as animal feed due to its low price. Oak acorns (Quercus brantii) were processed by de-hulling, drying and milling. In acorn flour, the total phenolic compounds, non-tannin phenols and condensed tannins were 14.71, 0.35 and 6.60 g/100g on the basis of dry matter respectively. Five isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets with different levels of acorn at 0 (control), 25, 50, 75 and 100 g/kg, were prepared. A total of 435 fish (average weight 0.3 g) were randomly distributed in 15 tanks with three replicates and fed for 10 weeks. Polynomial orthogonal contrast analysis revealed that there were no significant differences in terms of feed intake, feed conversion ratio, protein retention, carcass ash and survival rate between treatments (p>0.05). Dietary intake of acorn significantly affected the weight after four weeks, final weight after 10 weeks, total length, head depth, specific growth rate, condition factor, protein efficiency ratio, lipid retention and carcass lipid and moisture contents, which represented linear order polynomial (LOP) models, but crude protein content of carcass displayed a cubic order polynomial (COP) model, using optimal acorn flour levels of 25.00 – 64.28 g/kg. Acorn flour improved the protein level of carcass, but deteriorated the growth performance and carcass lipid and moisture levels. Therefore, even if the amount of de-hulled acorn flour in the diet is low (2.5 % of diet), it is not allowed to use it without further processing.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of using spirulina algae and Natuzyme Multi-Enzyme in the diet of common carp on growth performance, survival and hematological parameter for 60 days. For this, 540 pieces of common carp fry with an average weight of 102±0.2 g were prepared and under 8 treatments including: 1% spirulina algae powder, 2% spirulina algae powder, 0.05% Natuzyme Multi-Enzyme, 0.1% Natuzyme Multi-Enzyme, combination of spirulina powder (1 and 2%) and Natuzyme Multi-Enzyme (0.05%), combination of spirulina powder (1 and 2%) and Natuzyme Multi-Enzyme (0.1%) and control group (each with 3 replicates) were fed daily 3% of body weight. At the end of the experiment, bioassays were performed on all fish to examine growth indices. In order to perform hematological examinations, blood sampling of all treatments were completely randomly performed. The results of this study showed that the treatments fed a diet containing a combination of 2% algae powder and 0.1% Natuzyme Multi-Enzyme had a higher rate of weight gain, specific growth rate and feed conversion ratio compared to other experimental treatments (P<0.05). However, the survival percentage was not significantly different between the treatments and the control group (P <0.05). Also, the results showed that there was no significant difference in hematological parameters between treatments fed wih spirulina powder and Natuzyme Multi-Enzyme single and in combination from the control group (P >0.05). In addition, the number of white blood cells, red blood cells, hemoglobin and hematocrit in all treatments were not statistically different from each other (P >0.05). In general, due to the positive effects of combining spirulina algae powder at 2% of the diet and Natuzyme Multi-Enzyme at 0.1% of the diet, adding them is recommended to the diet of common carp.

The extrusion process is widely used in making aquatic feeds. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of extrusion on biochemical analysis, removal of phenolic compounds and protein and carbohydrate digestibility of wheat flour in common carp. In treatments 1, 2 and 3 wheat flour was mixed with tap water at the rate of 250, 100 and 200 ml per kg of flour and then extruded by a single-axis extruder under the temperature of 120, 135 and 120 °C, respectively. Treatment 4 (control) was not subjected to the conditions of dough preparation and then extrusion. Extruding had no significant effect on the amount of crude protein and ash of wheat flour (p>0.05) but it significantly decreased the content of crude lipid, total phenolic compounds and non-tannin phenolic compounds and increased the digestibility of carbohydrate and protein (p<0.05). There were no significant differences in the amount of crude protein, crude lipid, ash and non-tannin phenolic compounds in the extruded treatments, but significantly the lowest amount of total phenolic compounds was recorded in treatments 1 and 2. Significantly, the highest carbohydrate digestibility was obtained in treatments 1 and 2, and the highest protein digestibility was observed in treatment 2. In total, treatment 2 (135 °C and 100 ml tap water per kg flour) was recognized as the best extruded wheat flour for common carp.

In this study, the effects of dietary extruded oak acorn flour on growth performance and carcass composition of common carp were studied. Four diets were investigated in a completely randomized design included 1- extruded wheat flour (17%), 2- non-extruded wheat flour (5%) and extruded wheat flour (12%), 3- non-extruded acorn flour (5%) and extruded wheat flour (12%), and 4- extruded acorn flour (5%) and extruded wheat flour (12%). The culture was started in round tanks with a volume of 250 liters and a density of 15 fish in each tank with an initial weight of 5.4 g in three replicates. After 4 weeks, no significant difference was observed in the weight and total length of fish, but after 8 weeks, the highest weight and total length were observed in the fish fed diet 4. Extrusion of acorn flour had a significant positive effect on the weight and total length of fish, but extrusion of wheat flour did not have such an effect. Diets had no significant effect on the condition factor, specific growth rate, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, protein efficiency ratio, lipid efficiency ratio, protein retention, carcass moisture content and survival rate. Extrusion of wheat flour and acorn flour had significant positive effects on lipid retention and these effects were much greater when the extruded acorn flour was consumed. The levels of carcass protein and ash were significantly reduced by feeding on non-extruded acorn flour. Consumption of non-extruded wheat flour or acorn flour caused a significant reduction in carcass lipid and this reduction was more severe when using non-extruded acorn flour. Overall after peeling the oak acorn, its flour can be used instead of wheat flour at the level of 5% of the extruded diet for common carp.

The present study was performed to evaluate the protective effect of molasses pretreatment on the liver index of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) in exposure to copper oxide and titanium nanoparticles. Therefore, 250 juveniles of common carp for 42 days in four categories, rations without molasses (treatment 1), diets containing 0.5% molasses (treatment 2), diets containing 1% molasses (treatment 3) and diets Containing 2% molasses (treatment 4) were divided. Then, 50% of the lethal concentrations of copper and titanium oxide nanoparticles were added to each group for fourteen days. Histological studies of fish exposed to molasses and oxidomes and titanium nanoparticles showed structural abnormalities in liver tissue such as hemorrhage, fattening, and macrophage accumulation. So that these changes were very different compared to the tissues of the control group. The final conclusion of the present study showed that nano-titanium and nano-copper treatment resulted in tissue damage in carp liver; Although pathological complication was also observed in the combined treatments of the mentioned nanoparticles and molasses, but the severity of injuries decreased with increasing molasses concentration.

Extensive lack of data and information gaps for recreational fishing necessitate knowledge of the species caught to establish aquatic reserve management. Therefore, in the present study in 2021, by collecting lenght and weight information of major recreational fishes in the main recreational fishing area was done with hooks. The results showed that between the length and weight of common carp in Golestan, Mazandaran and Golestan provinces, the equations were 0.444004x4004 and 0.4652/168x2/4652 with a correlation of 90%, 95% and 94%, respectively. Between the length and weight of grass carp in Golestan, Mazandaran and Golestan provinces, the equations 0.2398x2 / 2398 and 0.6333x2 / 1313 and 30.3x1 / 7769, respectively, with a correlation rate of 96%, 94% and 90% were established and between the length-weight of yellow fish in Golestan, Mazandaran and Golestan provinces were equations of 0.494x3 / 113, 1101x1 / 4615 and 982x1 / 1381, respectively, with a correlation of 89%, 90% and 97%. The results showed allometric growth of all three species in all studied provinces. The allometric growth rate of common and yellow carp was positive in Golestan province and negative in Guilan and Mazandaran provinces. Allometric growth rate of herbivorous carp was negative in all studied provinces .

The present study was conducted with the aim of protein isolate production from the muscle of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) and investigation of the effect of extraction pH on different properties of isolated protein. Proteins were produced by pH-shift method in two treatments including dissolution in alkaline pH (11.5), and acidic pH (3), and then evaluated in terms of nutritional value, functional properties, and structural changes. According to the results, the yield of protein production was significantly higher in alkaline conditions than in acidic conditions. The evaluation of emulsifying and foaming capacity and water absorption capacity showed that the protein obtained from alkaline pH was better than acidic treatment. Also, the extracted proteins contained all essential amino acids within the recommended limit for daily consumption of adults. The evaluation of color indices showed that the protein obtained from acidic pH had a brighter and whiter color than alkaline pH. The images obtained from the scanning electron microscope and the FTIR spectra of samples showed that the pH-shift method did not lead to extensive destruction of the protein structure and both protein isolates had all the absorption peaks related to the main bonds of the proteins structure. In general, it can be concluded that the pH-shift method is an efficient method for extracting high quality protein from grass carp tissue, and different alkaline and acidic conditions lead to the production of proteins with different characteristics that can be used based on the application that is intended for the final product.

To control the excess oil uptake and avoid the health problems associated with consumption of foods with unsafe amount of oil, some additives have been used. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) on oil uptake and quality of bighead carp (Hypophthalmichthys nobilis) nuggets. Twenty-seven treatments with a 3×3 factorial design was used to optimize CMC at 0.25, 0.5 and 0.75% in meat, 0.25, 0.5 and 0.75% in batter and 25, 50 and 75% in pre-dust wheat flour and coating medium. All nuggets were subjected to deep-frying at 180 ºC for 3 min. some parameters in deep-fried nuggets were measured. The oil uptake after pre frying ranged from 2.86 (treatment 5) to 0.99 (treatment 18) indicating moisture loss in some samples. Shrinkage was affected by formulation and formulation × coating medium. Also, results indicated no difference in surface oil among samples (p > 0.05). However, the amount of absorbed oil was significantly different among nuggets. Nuggets produced using 0.75% CMC showed the highest moisture content (p < 0.05). Coating layer stickiness ranged from 87.73 to 65.06% and with the exception of wheat flour, the effect of all variables and their interactions significantly influenced stickiness (p < 0.05). Therefore, the use of CMC at 0.75% in product formulation, 0.75% in coating medium and 0.25% in wheat flour could be a promising process for lowering oil uptake and improving quality of experimental nuggets.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the toxicological effects of lead on hematological and biochemical indices of common carp. For this purpose, 90 fish were exposed to two sub-lethal levels (1.3 mg/l and 2.6 mg/l) for 21 days. Then, the blood samples were taken to measure the cortisol, cholesterol, triglyceride, red blood cells, white blood cells, hematocrit, and hemoglobin. The amount of cortisol and total white blood cells in the group exposed to 2.6 mg/l of lead were 12.03±2.30 μg/dl and 23.10±0.25×103/ mm3, respectively, which were significantly decreased compared to the control group. Compared to the control group, cholesterol and triglyceride levels were significantly higher in the group exposed to 1.3 mg/l, (178.50±3.17 mg/dl and 341.38±5.87 mg/dl, respectively). A decrease in the values of hemoglobin, hematocrit, and red blood cells indicates anemia in the exposed fish.

Biofloc system is a new technology that used in intensive and semi intensive aquaculture systems. The main advantage of this system is reducing the water use, along with increasing the intensity of production based on heterotrophic bacteria than autotrophic bacteria. The fish were divided into 4 groups in 3 replicates. The first group (A) was reared in normal culture situation as a control. In subsequent treatments, juvenile were rearing in a biofloc system containing various carbon sources, including: maize flour (B), Wheat flour (C) and barley flour (D) as different treatments. One hundred and twoenty fingerlings of common carp with initial average body weight of 15.18±2.07g introduced into the experimental treatments and cultured for 45 days. At the end of the experiment, water quality, growth preformance, and metabolic nitrogen excretion rates compared among treatments. Based on the results, water quality improved among all biofloc treatments compared to the control group (p<0.05). Growth indices significantly improved in all biofloc treatments (p<0.05). The highest growth rate and the lowest feed conversion ratio were recorded in the biofloc system containing barley flour (p<0.05). Ammonia and urea excretion in biofloc treatments were significantly higher than the control group (p<0.05). The highest ammonia and urea excretion rates were recorded in the biofloc treatment containing barley flour (p<0.05). Therefore, it was concluded that the use of barley flour as a carbon source in the biofloc system can be used for rearing of common carp. The use of this carbon source, in addition to improving of water quality, is effective in promoting the growth of common carp in the biofloc system..

Herpesvirus type 3 (CyHV-3) is the main cause of contagious koi herpesvirus infectious (KHVD) in common carp and koi worldwide. For this purpose, 60 pieces of common carp from farms with losses and farms from Khuzestan province that reported losses in the last few years were sampled during 2017 to 2021 for detection of Koi herpes virus disease by molecular method. In order to increase the virus load in gill and kidney tissues, three gills and kidney samples were separately mixed together for each three fish. DNA extraction from the tissue was performed using the commercial kit of Raha Zist Padtan Company according to the instructions. Afterward, Nested PCR test was performed using Amplicon master mix and polymerase gene primers. The results of the Nested PCR showed that 3 samples (two gill samples and one kidney tissue sample) out of 40 mixed samples tested had 339 kbp band and were considered as positive samples. Sequencing of PCR products and preliminary Blast analysis showed that the sequence of one of the positive samples was similar to the CyHV-3. The results of the alignment of the nucleotide rows and the phylogeny tree of this sequence confirmed Koi herpesvirus and it was registered in the World Gene Bank with the accession number of LC713276.

Peeled oak acorn was soaked in tap water for 24 or 48 h. The 24 h soaked acorn was fermented by baking yeast for 24 h. The effect of four diets including treatments 1: diet without acorn, 2: diet containing not soaked and fermented acorn, 3: diet containing 48 h soaked acorn, and 4: diet containing 24 h soaked and 24 h fermented acorn was determined on common carp with an initial weight of 8 g for 61 days. The phenolic compounds in the acorn were significantly reduced by soaking and fermentation (P<0.05). Diet had no significant effect on total length, feed intake, carcass moisture and survival rate (P>0.05). Treatment 3 significantly increased weight and specific growth rate in comparison with treatments 2 and 4. The condition factor in treatment 3 was significantly higher than treatment 4. The best feed conversion ratio and protein and lipid efficiency rates were observed in treatment 3, which were significantly different from treatment 2. There was no significant difference in protein retention between the treatments fed with acorn, but treatment 4 compared to treatment 1 had significantly less protein retention. The highest lipid retention was observed in treatment 1, which had a significant difference with treatments 3 and 4. Acorn led to a significant reduction in carcass crude protein, crude fat and ash. There was no significant difference in terms of carcass ash between treatments fed with acorn. The negative effects of treatments 3 and 4 were higher on the percentage of carcass lipid and carcass protein, respectively. Soaked acorn for 48 h did not have a negative effect on growth and feed consumption and can be used up to 5% of diet, but the study of other soaking and fermentation methods is recommended to improve the carcass quality.