جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « Chlorine » در نشریات گروه « کشاورزی »

Irrigation water salinity is a very serious problem in different parts of the world, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. Increasing fresh-water demand due to population growth causes the pressure on water resources to increase in the future causing the water supply through saline and unconventional water to become a serious issue, especially in areas facing water scarcity. On the other hand, agriculture is the world's greatest water consumer where saline water reduces the products, destroys the soil structure, and damages the environment. Wastewater desalination and water reuse is a relatively new approach in the water industry that solves saline-water problems through various methods. But it is uneconomical due to high equipment costs and energy consumption, especially in agriculture where water consumption is much higher. To remove pollutants, various studies have used different adsorbents such as biochar, activated carbon, zeolite, and resin among which biochar can effectively remove pollutants from aquatic environments because it is an effective, inexpensive, polar, high-porosity adsorbent. Ion exchange, complex formation, surface adsorption, electron sharing, and biochar (carboxylic and pHenolic) - functional group interaction are among various mechanisms where the presence of negative charge on the biochar surface and positive charge on metal ions improve the adsorption process. As the activated carbon is made from cheap materials as wood, coal, oil, coke, sawdust, and plant waste, it is quite economical and highly capable of removing a wide range of organic and inorganic pollutants from aquatic and gaseous environments.

To prepare biochar, this research used the sugarcane bagasse as primary biomass by 1) washing it several times with ordinary and distilled water and drying it in the open air to remove its remaining salts, 2) crushing it with an industrial mill and placing it in an oven at 60 °C for 24 hrs to remove its excess moisture, 3) grinding the crushed bagasse with a small mill for further milling, 4) passing it through 60 and 100 mesh sieves in two stages for more uniformity and 5) placing it in closed containers. Biomass was converted to biochar (BC) using a heat-programmable electric furnace where the temperature rise was set at five °C/min for a uniform heat distribution. Bagasse was placed inside a steel reactor into which nitrogen gas was injected at a fixed flow rate and prevented oxidation. Biomass was kept at 600 °C for two hrs thereafter the furnace was turned off, while nitrogen gas was injected, and the temperature was slowly lowered to that of the lab. Considering the sizes of the furnace and reactor, each time 20 g biomass was placed in the reactor and about five g biochar was produced after the carbonization process; the biochar production efficiency under these conditions was about 25%. Nano biochar (N-BC) was made by a planetary ball mill with ceramic cups and bullets where the bullet-to-biochar weight ratio was 15-to-one and the rotation speed was 300 rpm. The good mill-activity time was two, four, and six hrs. It worked for three min and rested for one minute to prevent the temperature from rising and cohesive masses from forming in the samples; as size and uniformity of particles were important, use was made of a gradation device.

In all treatments, by increasing the initial Chlorine concentration, the Chlorine removal had an increasing trend. on average, this was, using activated nano biochar 74.4% more than activated non-nano biochar. Magnetizing nano-absorbents reduced the Chlorine removal by 18.8%, on average. The highest and lowest Chlorine removal reductions due to the adsorbent magnetization were 31.6 and 10.9%, respectively. The highest Chlorine removal in all three activated non-nano, activated nano, and magnetically activated nano adsorbents (200 and 400 W treatments) was measured for an activator-to-biochar ratio of three. According to the results, Chlorine adsorption by magnetically activated nano absorbent reached equilibrium after 480 min in the treatment with 200 and 700 W microwave power and after 540 min in treatment with 400 W microwave power. Increasing the initial Chlorine concentration from three to 25 g l-1, increased the Chlorine removal by the magnetically activated nano absorbent by three, 3.5, and 2.6 times in 200, 400, and 700 W microwave power treatments, respectively. 

The pseudo-first-order kinetic model had a good correlation with the data and the pseudo-second-order kinetic model did not correlate well with the data in times less than 60 min; hence, the dominating adsorption mechanism was not chemical in this interval. Intraparticle diffusion was an effective Chlorine-adsorption factor from the beginning of the adsorption process. Considering the correlation coefficient and sum of squared errors, the pseudo-first-order kinetic model and the intraparticle diffusion model had the highest correlation with the measured data. The average correlation coefficient for Langmuir and Freundlich models was found to be 0.9938 and 0.886, respectively. Therefore, the Langmuir isothermal model conformed better to the measured data than the Freundlich model.

Since chlorine is a highly toxic substance, if it is combined with organic elements in the wastewater, it causes the creation of odorous compounds and causes the creation of byproducts in the wastewater, and some of them are known as carcinogenic compounds. There are special parameters related to the use of chlorine for the treatment of waste materials and it can be said with certainty that the use of chlorine increases with the increase in the amount of BOD in the waste materials and changes along with the changes in the amount of BOD. Therefore, this research has tried to find the optimal amount of chlorine consumption, which is effective in disinfection and production of trihalomethanes, by conducting tests on several parameters of the effluent samples in different seasons of the year, including (temperature, pH, COD, BOD, total coliform and human excreta coliform, etc.) should be checked. Therefore, Arak Arak-activated sludge wastewater treatment plant was selected as a pilot. Then the results of the research using statistical methods (Pearson's correlation) showed that the amount of chlorine consumption in different seasons of the year changed with the change of weather conditions and microbial load, and in hot seasons chlorine consumption increased and in cold seasons it decreased and the amount of chlorine consumption It has a strong correlation and a significant relationship with the amount of coliform, and in this research, the optimal point of chlorine consumption was at the highest amount of coliform in the range between 15,000-20,000 kg.

In order to evaluate the effects of potassium sulfate and nanopotassium fertilizers on two pistachio cultivars under salinity stress a factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with four replications. Treatments were three levels of salinity (0.5, 8 and 12 dSm-1) and potassium sulfate fertilizer (1 and 2%) and nano–potassium fertilizer (1 and 2 g L-1). The results showed that Akbari cultivar had the highest total chlorophyll, root potassium and proline contents compared with AhmadAghaei cultivar. The highest chloropyll conten was observed in Akbari cultivar under 0.5 dSm-1 NaCl by application of 2 g L-1 nano–potassium fertilizer. The lowest root sodium content was belonged to Akbari cultivar at 0.5 dSm-1 salinity stress with application of 1% sulfate potassium fertilizer. The minimum and maximunm content of proline was related to the salinity of 0.5 dsm-1 in AhmadAghaei cultivar and 12 dSm-1 in Akbari cultivar, respectively. The highest proline content was obtained by application of 2 g L-1 nano–potassium fertilizer. Application of potassium fertilizers reduced the adverse effects of salinity on pistachio seedlings.

In this study, the effect of different concentrations of sodium chloride (0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 ds/m) on growth characteristics and leaves sodium and chlorine content of eight pomegranate cultivars (Malas Saveh, Malas Esfahan, Rabab Qermez Shiraz, Gabry Yazd, Gabry Torosh Yazd, Zaq Sefid Yazd, Zaq Torsh Yazd and Malas Toq Peshva) was investigated. The experiment was carried out as a factorial based on randomized block designs with three replications. At the end of study, growth characteristics and leaves sodium and chlorine content were determined. With increasing salinity, plant height and diameter, branches number and leaf chlorophyll index were decreased, but the leave necrosis and chlorine and sodium concentration were increased. Shoots fresh and dry weight were increased slightly when salinity increased up to 3 dS/m and thereafter decreased.. The lowest leaf abscission was found in Zaqe Sefid Yazd and Gabry Yazd when treated with 6 and 12 dS/m. At 12 dS/m, the lowest leaf necrosis was found in Malas Esfahan, but at 6 dS/m, Zaq Sefid Yazd and Malas Esfahan showed the lowest decreasing percent respectively. At 9 and 12 dS/m Malas Saveh and Rabab Qermaz Shiraz showed the highest leave necrosis as compared to the control. In salinity of 6 and 12 dS/m, the Gabry Torosh Yazd and Malas Esfahan cultivars showed the lowest decreasing in chlorophyll leaf index respectively. The lowest chlorine and sodium accumulation at 12 dS/m was observed in Malas Toq Pishva and Zaq Sefid Yazd cultivars.

In order to determine the effect of different levels of nitrogen on some traits of quinoa (Giza1 genotype) under salinity stress of irrigation water, a factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with three replications in a greenhouse at Shahed University of Tehran. Nitrogen as the main factor including 0, 50, 100 and 200 kg ha-1 was applied at planting time and before flowering stage. The salinity of water including 0, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15 dS m-1 was considered as a sub-factor in the irrigation of pots. The initial soil salinity was 13 dS m-1. Results showed that nitrogen fertilizer and water salinity had a significant effect on the measured morphological and physiological characteristics. The highest yield was obtained in the control treatment. Increasing nitrogen up to 200 kg ha-1 decreased grain yield by 8% and increased 1000-seeds weight by 13%. The highest yield (8.79 g pot-1) was obtained in the control treatment of irrigation water. Also, the salinity of irrigation water at 15 dS m-1 reduced grain yield and 1000-seeds weight by 30 and 24%, respectively. The relative water content, sodium and chloride contents of the plant increased with increasing water salinity, and plant height, potassium content and K/Na ratio of the plant decreased significantly. Increasing the salinity of irrigation water up to 15 dS m-1 caused a 6% decrease in potassium and a 9% increase in quinoa sodium. According to the obtained results, quinoa can be recommended in the areas where salinity of irrigation water and soil as well as low soil fertility are limiting factors.

 The quality of drinking water is an important factor that may affect broiler performance. Water is very important resource for poultry and is mainly supplied from groundwater sources, rivers, and springs. In addition to being a nutrient, water also softens food and carries it through the body, aids in digestion and absorption, and cools the body as it evaporates through the bird’s lungs and air sacs. Water helps remove waste, lubricates joints, is a major component of blood, and a necessary medium for many chemical reactions that help form meat and eggs. This study discusses some of the most common factors that impact poultry farms water quality. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the chemical quality of samples obtained from various sources of poultry drinking water in Noorabad city of Fars province and neighboring villages.

 This study is a cross-sectional study and was conducted for evaluating the quality of water used in poultry farms in Noorabad city of Fars province and neighboring villages such as Dam Qanat, Kol Gah, Gazargah, Arab Khalifa Sofla, Fahlian, Tal Kohneh, Mal Mahmoud and Bajgah. Total hardness, pH, total dissolved solids, chlorine, calcium, magnesium, and sodium of water in nine regions were evaluated. This study was conducted in the second quarter of 1399. Water sampling was done in 30 poultry farms with three replicates. For this purpose, three samplings were randomly taken from each poultry farm three times a month. The samples collected in plastic containers were immediately tested for pH and transferred to the laboratory for other experiments at room temperature. The sampled poultry farms used well water.Total hardness, pH, chlorine, calcium, and water magnesium were measured using a model 7500 photometer according to the device's instructions and APHA. Results were analyzed statistically by SPSS software version 20 and the One-way ANOVA test with the Duncan post hoc test. Mean ± SD was considered significant if (P<0.05). 

 When the water looks clear and tastes okay, water quality is easy to take for granted. However, water quality is impossible to judge adequately except with laboratory testing. Field experience has conclusively shown that unobservable differences in water quality, from farm to farm and even from one well to another within a complex, can result in significant differences in bird performance. Drinking water should be clear, tasteless, odorless, and colorless. As a general observation, a reddish-brown color may indicate the presence of iron, while blue color indicates the presence of copper. Hydrogen sulfide is indicated by a rotten egg odor. Hydrogen sulfide may also combine with iron to form black water (iron sulfide) that may also implicate the presence of sulfate-reducing bacteria. Taste can be affected by the presence of salts, and a bitter taste is usually associated with the presence of ferrous and manganese sulfates. The highest amounts of total hardness (1169 ± 0.52 ppm), calcium (583 ± 0.57 ppm), total dissolved solids (1398 ± 1.5 ppm), sodium (259 ± 0.57 ppm), and chlorine (403 ± 1.00 ppm) belonged to the water of the Bajgah region. In talkohneh, the amount of magnesium in water (289 ± 0.55 ppm) was significantly higher than in other regions. Water pH in Nourabad (7.15 ± 0.020) was less than in other regions and was neutral. 

 Water quality attributes can have a direct or indirect effect on performance. Poor water quality can retard the growth, curtail egg production, or result in production of lower egg quality. Feed conversion, for example, has been positively correlated to the presence of sulfate and copper concentrates in the water, and livability with potassium, chloride, and calcium. Bodyweight is positively influenced by water hardness and dissolved oxygen and negatively influenced by total bacteria and pH less than 6.0. While several elements can cause poor water quality, the interaction between elements is more significant in water quality problems than the simple fact of their presence. The findings of this study reveal that, in terms of total hardness, Damghanat water was more suitable for poultry drinking and aviculture than other regions. Water TDS of each nine evaluated regions as appropriate. In Damghanat and Arabkhalifehsofla, the amount of water calcium was more suitable. In Malmahmoud, Fahlyan, and Talkohneh the amount of water magnesium was more than a threshold for poultry. Gazergah has the most suitable water chlorine status. Water sodium was more than 50 ppm in all regions except Kalgah. pH less than 6.3 decreases the yield of the poultry, however pH of none of the regions was less than 6.3. Low pH water can be unpalatable, corrosive to equipment, and may have a negative impact on performance. High pH water is also unacceptable since it reflects high levels of calcium and magnesium, which can clog water systems. Poultry accepts water on the acid side better than they accept water on the alkaline side. The results of the present study indicate the poor quality of water in Nurabad, which is recommended through solutions such as the use of acidic compounds to remove sediments and adjust the pH of water, as well as the use of orthophosphates to harden water.

Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) is an economically important commercial fruit plant species belonging to the family of Punicaceae. Saline irrigation water is currently one of the most severe limiting factors in the cultivation area. In recent years, nearly 7% of the global cultivated lands are affected by salinity, and soil salinization aggravating has been a more significant threat to the healthy and sustainable development of agriculture worldwide. Therefore, the study aimed to determine the effects of salt stress on physiological and biochemical characteristics in pomegranate cuttings to better understand the salt resistance of pomegranate and offer a reference for pomegranate cultivation on saline lands.

A pot experiment was conducted for nine months to evaluate and compare three Iranian cultivar salinity tolerance of commercial pomegranate in 2017-2018. The experiment was arranged in factorial based on a completely randomized design with two factors included water salinity in 5 levels of 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9 dSm-1 and three commercial pomegranate genotypes (‘Shishehcap Ferdos,’ ‘Malas Saveh’ and ‘Malas Yazdi’) in 4 replications and generally with 60 pots. At the end of the experiment, the vegetative yield and fresh and dry weight of leaves, ion leakage, relative water content, chlorophyll a, b and total were also measured. In addition, leaves were analyzed for Na+, K+, Cl–, and Na/K ratio elements.

Results showed that cultivar and salinity levels were affected by morphological and physiological characteristics, and concentration of nutritional elements. In all the three studied cultivars, an increase in the salinity levels led to a significant decrease in the growth characteristics, the relative water content of leaves, and chlorophyll. Moreover, the percentage of leaf necrosis, fall, and ion leakage increased considerably. Also, with increasing salinity levels, Na+, Cl- and Na+/Cl- significantly increased. In the highest level of salinity (9 dS.m-1), the maximum growth characteristics, fresh and dry weight of leaves, green leaves, the relative water content of leaves, chlorophyll, and potassium, and the lowest percentage of leaf necrosis, ion leakage, Na+, Cl- and Na+/Cl- were obtained in a cultivar of ‘Malas Yazdi.’

Generally, among the investigated cultivars, ‘Malas Yazdi’ and ‘Malas Saveh’ were the highest and the lowest tolerants, respectively. Our study showed that the adverse effects on physiological and morphological indexes aggravated over stress time. We inferred that it was one of the mechanisms for pomegranate alleviating the detrimental effects of salt stress. This study would provide a theoretical basis for the cultivation and utilization of pomegranate plants on saline soil.

Due to the scarcity of water resources, the use of saline water to cultivate forage halophytes is a practical solution. However, the main problem of forage of halophytes is their low energy content and high salt. In these conditions, mixed consumption and halophytes-crops intercropping can be useful. The current research was carried out in order to evaluate the effect of salinity of irrigation water on growth and some physiological characteristics in different ratios of sorghum-kochia intercropping in the National Salinity Research Center. The treatments included three levels of salt stress: 2, 7 and 14 dS m-1 in the main plots and five planting systems: sole sorghum, ⅔ sorghum (2 parts sorghum, 1 part kochia), ½ sorghum (1 part sorghum, 1 part kochia), ⅓ sorghum (1 part sorghum, 1 parts kochia) and sole kochia in the sub plots arranging in a split plot experiment based on randomized block design. Results showed that salinity, depended on the severity, significantly changed growth and physiological characteristics in both sorghum and kochia. Salinity at 14 dS m-1 was associated with reduction in dry weight (62%) and K+ concentration (22%) and increasing Na+ concentration (427%), Cl- concentration (175%) and activity of catalase (88%), peroxidase (77%), superoxide dismutase (86%) and ascorbic peroxidase (154%) in sorghum. These increasing and decreasing were less in kochia (23%, 22%, 37%, 105%, 237%, 77%, 406% and 294%, respectively); which indicated higher salinity tolerance of kochia. The optimum intercropping system for sorghum was ⅔ sorghum and were ½ and ⅓ sorghum for kochia; which reflected more sensitivity of sorghum to intra species completion in intercropping systems than kochia. According to the different reactions of two plants to salt stress, sorghum tolerated the salt stress probably via induced antioxidant system in order to ameliorate oxidative stress and kochia tolerated the salinity probably through ionic distributions in tissues via reduced transport to shoots and/or ions compartmentation in organelles. It seems that proper kochia density (⅓) enhanced salinity tolerance of sorghum, therefore, it is recommendable for saline conditions.

Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.), from the family Punicaceae, is a popular fruit of tropical and subtropical regions that is native to the area stretching from Iran to the Himalayas in northern India. Pomegranate has been widely cultivated in arid and semi-arid regions of Iran, which these areas are frequently affected by high salinity. The present study was therefore, carried out with the objective to identify and introduce the most-tolerant Iranian genotypes of ornamental pomegranate to different salinity levels of irrigation water.

A pot experiment was conducted during a six-month period in order to evaluate and compare the salinity tolerance of three Iranian ornamental genotypes of pomegranate during 2017-2018. The experiment was arranged in factorial based on the completely randomized design with two factors included water salinity in 5 levels of 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9 dSm-1 and three ornamental pomegranate genotypes (‘Golnar Saravan’, ‘Golnar Shahdad’ and ‘Golnar saveh’) in 4 replications. The properties concerned during the experiment were vegetative growth, the fallen, chlorosis and green of leaves. At the end of the experiment, the vegetative yield and fresh and dry weight of leaves and shoots, ion leakage, relative water content and chlorophyll index were also measured. In addition, leaves were analyzed for elements such as Na+, K+, Cl– and Na/K ratio.

Results showed that with increasing of salinity levels in all three investigated genotypes, growth characteristics, significantly decreased, ion leakage, the relative water content of leaves and chlorophyll index significantly increased. Also with increasing of salinity levels Na+, Cl- and Na+/Cl- significantly increased. In all studied genotypes, plant height and leaf area decreased from salinity level of 5 and 7 dS.m-1 respectively. Increasing in leaf necrosis, and decreasing in percentage of green leaves and also relative water content in ‘Golnar Sarvestan’ were observed from salinity level of 5 dS.m-1and from salinity level of 7 dS.m-1 in ‘Golnar Shahdad’ and ‘Gonar Saveh’. Leaves falldown in ‘Gonar Saveh’ and ‘Golnar Sarvestan’ were increased in salinity level of 7 dS.m-1 and in ‘Golnar Shahdad’ in 5 dS.m-1 salinity level. In two genotypes (‘Golnar Sarvestan’and ‘Golnar Shahdad’) the ion leakage increased in 7 dS.m-1 salinity level and in ‘Gonar Saveh’ in salinity level of 5 dS.m-1. In higher salinity levels (7 and 9 dS.m-1) Na+, Cl- and Na+/Cl- uptake were significantly decreased in ‘Golnar Sarvestan’and ‘Golnar Shahdad’ in compared to ‘Golnar Sarvestan’.

Generally among all studied genotypes, ‘Golnar Shahdad’ has been showed the maximum growth characteristics, and the lowest appearance injury, accumulation of Na+, Cl- in higher levels of salinity. So it seems that this genotype is the most tolerant of the salinity.

In order to investigate the interaction effect of salinity and supplementary calcium nitrate on growth, quantitative and qualitative attributes of flowers and mineral composition of Rosa hybrida ‘Ilona’, a factorial experiment was carried out in completely randomized design with three replications. Treatments consisted of four sodium chloride rates (0, 5, 10 and 20 mM sodium chloride) and four supplementary calcium nitrate rates (0, 1, 2, and 3 mM) and three replications, under hydroponic conditions. Results showed that sodium and chloride ions’ concentration in rose leaves was increased to toxic levels as the sodium chloride rates were increased which in turn resulted in a significant reduction in the number of flowers per plant, dry flower weight, flower stem diameter and flower vase life. Also, salinity reduced the concentration of nitrogen, calcium and potassium in the plant leaves. The use of calcium nitrate could somewhat alleviate the adverse effects of salinity. At each level of salinity, calcium nitrate consumption decreased leaf sodium and chlorine concentration and increased nitrogen and calcium content of leaves, number of flowers per plant, flower diameter and flower vase life. Significant decrease in dry weight and number of flowers per plant were respectively in the salinity range of 2.85 to 3.15 and 3.50 to 4.19 dS/m. In these salinities, the average concentration of sodium was equal to 0.34 and 0.46 while chlorine concentration was 0.36 and 1.42% respectively. With increasing salt stress, the effect of calcium nitrate on the improvement of flower vase life was decreased and more calcium nitrate was needed to supply nitrogen and calcium to the plant. Therefore, it could be concluded that under salt stress, the nitrogen and calcium requirements of the plant are higher than non-saline conditions. The results of this research showed that with increasing the salinity, supplementation of calcium nitrate can reduce the adverse effects of salinity on rose flower under hydroponic conditions

In this research, the effect of salinity induced by sodium chloride on sodium and chlorine changes in root of Nepeta astrotricha plant was studied in a completely randomized design with five salinity levels of 0, 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10 dsm-1 and three replications. The buds are kept in plastic pots and similar conditions in the research greenhouse of the Natural Resources Faculty of Yazd University. After 60 days of using the treatments, the roots of the plants were transferred to the laboratory and after the extraction of root extract, the sodium and chlorine content were measured. Based on the results of analysis of variance, increasing the salinity increased the sodium content of the root of the plant. This increase was significant in treatments of 7.5 and 10 dsm-1 as compared to control. Also, the amount of chlorine increased with increasing salinity levels. The highest amount of chlorine at sample 10 dsm-1 and the minimum amount in the non-stressed sample was observed. It seems that the Nepeta astrotrich a pharmaceutical plant with absorb and maintain sodium and chlorine in the root and prevent its transfer to the aerial parts can tolerate salinity stress.

Smoke tree (Cotinus coggygria Scop.) is an attractive ornamental species that has medicinal properties. In this study, the effects of different levels of salt on plant growth and cow manure and vermicompost on increasing the salt tolerance of plant were investigated. In a factorial experiment and completely randomized design (CRD), three levels of organic amendments (1- soil, 2- 80% v/v soil + 20% v/v vermicompost, 3- 80% v/v soil + 20% v/v cow manure) and three levels of salinity (1, 4 and 7 dS.m-1) with three replications per treatments were applied. In this experiment, media without organic amendment was considered as control. Results showed that increasing soil salinity levels progressively decreased the growth characteristics and fresh and dry weight of plant. The highest height and diameter were observed in control plants and in 1 dS.m-1 salinity. Vermicompost treatment better than control and cow manure increased fresh and dry weight of shoot. The highest fresh and dry weight of shoots by 230.8 and 123.36 g respectively, were obtained in the highest salinity level (7 dS.m-1) and vermicompost treatment. In moderate and high levels of salt stress (4 and 7 dS.m-1) vermicompost better than cow manure could increase leaf area. Cow manure and vermicompost could reduce sodium and chloride of leaf to control and increase its potassium. Generally, the use of cow manure and vermicompost could improve the growth characteristics and nutrient absorption of plant under salt condition compare to the control.

Environmental stresses are of main factors affecting the olive cultivation programs in arid regions. Morphological and functional characteristics and the amount of leaf nutrients in 11 cultivars of olive (Zard, Roghani, Voliotiki, Arbequina, Karidolia, Oblonga, Amigdalolia, Koroniki, Leccino, Conservolea and Korfolia) grown in Tarom region under saline conditions and irrigation with salty water were studied. The results showed that, the cultivars were different in morphological traits (number of inflorescences on branches, number of flowers in inflorescences, the number of fruits per branch, the final number of fruits on the branches, chlorophyll index) and leaf nutrient contents (boron, copper, zinc, manganese, iron, potassium, phosphorus, nitrogen, sodium, chlorine). The highest fruit number was recorded in Arbequina (8.66), Korfolia (7.33) respectively and the lowest amount was recorded in Roghani (1.66), Zard (3.33) and Karidolia (3.33) respectively. The results showed that Koroniki and Amigdalolia cultivars contain less amounts of sodium and chlorine in their leaves, which is probably due to the resistance of these cultivars to salinity conditions and can be taken into consideration for salinity resistance. .

In order to investigate of effect of salinity on ions accumulation in salt sensitive (IR29) and salt tolerant (FL485) rice genotypes, a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with three replication was carried out in Karaj Biotechnology Research Institute in 2014. Seedlings of salt sensitive and salt tolerant were grown in Youshida nutrient solution culture and after 28 days, they were treated with two concentrations of zero and 100 milli Molar sodium chloride. Samples were collected from flag leaf, stem and panicles of each plant separately at zero, 7. 14, 21 and 28 days after applying the treatment and the concentration of sodium, potassium, chlorine, calcium and magnesium elements in each of the organs was measured individually. Result showed that under tension, the percentage of increase in sodium accumulation in flag leaf, cluster and stem of sensitive cultivar was 139, 71 and 121 percent than the control treatment and more than tolerant cultivar. Significant decrease was observed in potassium concentration of flag leaf, stem and panicles in both cultivars under salinity conditions. Salinity caused significant chlorine accumulation in flag leaf and stem of sensitive cultivar by the amount of 53 and 111 percent compared to control treatment. Significant decrease was observed in the concentration of chlorine in different tolerant cultivar organs, with the exception of stem in tension conditions. Under tension conditions, calcium accumulation in different parts of the tolerant cultivar was significantly more than sensitive cultivar. Upon application of saline treatment, the concentration of magnesium in leaf and leaf pods of both cultivars significantly decreased, while no significant changes were observed in panicle magnesium concentration of the two cultivars. Salinity caused a significant reduction in yield (48.4 percent) and grain yield components in sensitive cultivar, while the percentage of yield loss in the tolerant cultivar was not significant. The results showed that the FL485 genotype has the mechanism of reducing the rate of sodium and chlorine transfer to active parts of the plant, such as young leaves and panicles, thus prevents damage to these organs and prevents the significant reduction of yield.

Recently barley cultivated area has been increased in Iran due to its adaptation to drought and salinity. To investigate some barley promising lines under saline conditions and introducing the superior lines, a field experiment was carried out in Zarrindasht region, Darab, Iran, during two consecutive years (2010-2011 and 2011-2012(. In this experiment, Nimrooz as the control variety along with 13 promising barley lines were compared in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The average soil and water salinity of the experimental site were about 6 and 9 dS.m-1, respectively. The results showed that the highest grain yield belonged to EBYT-79-10 line in both years (with two years mean of 5095 kg.ha-1) which was 21.3% more than the control variety Nimrooz (with average grain yield of 4173 kg ha-1). Also, L.527/Chn-01…, MBD-85-8, Karoon/Kavir//…, On-Farm No. 4 (Yazd), MBD-85-6,¡ Rihanee"s"//… and Productive/Rojo with grain yield of 4740, 4705, 4575, 4470, 4390, 4275 and 4205 kg.ha-1, respectively, were superior than control and the other lines produced lower yield than control. Grain yield of the studied lines and showed a significant negative correlation with sodium concentration of plant leaf and a significant positive correlation with potassium concentration and potassium to sodium ratio. In the present study, EBYT-79-10 with highest grain yield, proper early maturity, less water consumption and suitable salinity tolerance was identified as the best line for cultivating under saline conditions of Zarindasht regions, Darab, Iran.

Nitrogen (N) affects adversely the tobacco yield quantity and quality as it increases yield, Chlorine and nicotine contents, but decrease potassium content. This experiment was aimed at optimization of (the balance between) N concentration in leaf, stem and root to increase both yield quantity and quality (high potassium, low Chlorine and medium nicotine contents) using artificial neural network. Two field experiments based on complete block design with three replications were conducted in Tirtash and Urmia tobacco research centers. Treatments were factorial arrangement of two N sources (urea and nitrate ammonium) and four application patterns (basal, 2/3 basal and 1/3 after initiation of rapid growth (AIRG), 1/2 basal and 1/2 at AIRG, 1/3 basal and 2/3 at AIRG). The N concentration of leaf, stem and root (model inputs) was measured in 30, 50, 70, 85 and 100 days after transplanting. After harvesting, the quantity of cured leaf and its Cl, K and nicotine content (model outputs) were also determined. The results indicated that a model with one hidden layer and configuration of 15-15-4 is appropriate and there were no significant different between two N sources. The best pattern was use of nitrate ammonium in 2/3 basal and urea 1/3 basal. The average value of optimized N concentration was 3.06, 2.42 and 1.5 percent for leaf, stem and root, respectively. These optimized concentrations can lead to potential increase in quality and quantity of tobacco which should be taken into consideration by breeders and agronomists.

In recent years demand for organic and minimally processed foods with superior quality and extended shelf life has been increased. Introducing novel disinfecting processes instead of chlorine treatment in fruits and vegetable processing is of great importance for food technologists. In this study disinfecting effect of ozonized water and chlorine treatments on nutritional، microbial، sensory and shelf life fresh cut basil was investigated. The results showed that although both ozonation and chlorination led to a noticeable reduction in basil vitamin C and β-carotene; however، the amount of these nutritional substances were higher in treated samples compared to those of control after one week storage. Ozone treatment led to increase lightness and greenness and increased yellowness in samples. Both chorine and ozone treatments significantly (p<0. 05) reduced aerobic mesophylls، psycrotrophs، entrobacteriacea، molds and yeasts، although ozone was more effective in this respect. Ozone treated basil received higher sensorial scores compared to those of chlorine treated and control samples. Considering the fact that ozone preserved nutritional and sensorial quality and effectively reduced the microbial count and improved the shelf life of basil، its application as a novel disinfecting factor in vegetables processing is strongly recommended.