جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « IR » در نشریات گروه « کشاورزی »

This study investigated the degradation of two chlorothalonil formulations [Chlorcal 70% Wettable Powder (WP) and Open 72% Suspension Concentrate 72% (SC)]. The tested fungicides were stored at 54 ± 2°C for 14 days. During the different storage periods, samples were taken after 1, 3, 7, and 14 days to determine physical properties, evaluate the chemical stability of the active ingredient: Hexachlorobenzene as impurities by HPLC and fingerprint (GC/MS and IR), as well as the evaluation of their efficacy, by testing them against the mycelial growth of Fusarium solani and Botrytis cinerea under in vitro condition. The results indicated that Open 72% SC was the most effective fungicide against F. solani and B. cinerea it recorded the lowest EC50 value of 28.4 and 46.8 ppm respectively, followed by Chlorcal 70%WP with EC50 values of 42.9 and 59.4 ppm respectively. On the other hand, the effectiveness of tested fungicides deteriorated as the result of storage at 54 ± 2 ºC for 14 days with EC50 values increased from 28.4 to 130.9 and 46.8 to 278.1 in the case of Open 72% SC against F. solani and B. cinerea respectively, while the degradation efficiency of Chlorcal 70%WP was decreased at storage with EC50 values from 42.9 to 89.4 and 59.4 to 145.3 against these two fungi respectively. Chlorcal 70%WP was more stable at during storage and less effective against fungal pathogens and determination of chemical content (total soluble sugar; total protein; free amino acids) and some enzymes (amylase and catalase) activities of mycelium fungi. Potato dextrose (PD) media treated with chlorothalonil formulations induced a significant decrease in all components in each fungus except the catalase enzyme in the case of B. cinerea. The obtained results showed that active ingredients were 69.82%, 71.9% and reached 69.3%, and 70.75% after 14 days of storage at 54 ± 2 ºC for Chlorcal 70% WP, Open 72% SC, respectively. Also calculated half-life (T0.5) values for Chlorcal 70% WP, Open 72% SC were 1382.07 days and 614.035 days, respectively. This result refers that Chlorcal 70% WP is more stable than Open 72% SC after storage at 54 ± 2 oC for 14 days, whereas the amount of hexachlorobenzene was within the FAO limits for all sources before and after storage. Then the other tested GC / MS was used for the degradation of chlorothalonil fungicide, the two major degradation products in chlorothalonil were 2,5,6-trichloro- 4- hydroxyisophthalonitrile and 2,4,6-trichloroisophthalonitrile.

Sustainable development means providing solutions to the transient patterns of physical, social and economic development that could prevent some Problems such as destruction of natural resources, destruction of biological systems, global climate change, pollution, uncontrolled population increase, injustice and low quality of human life and the next stop. Energy consumption is one of major problem in Iran that causes unstable environment. Energy consumption in transportation sector accounts for the most share of consumption after household and commercial consumption and has the first grade of financial value among other sectors. On the other hand, the sector of transportation plays a positive and necessary role in economic and social development and certainly, transportation requirements will increase in future. However, since the sector of transportation is one of the sources of air pollution, it is necessary to revise the current transportation systems and the effective management and design of transportation systems. In this paper, we have tried to review the trend of energy consumption in sector of transportation of Iran in a 5 year period. Then, the energy consumption in the sector was compared with the Middle East region and the whole world. The reviews show that Iran is the only country in the Middle East that uses natural gas in its transportation sector. Also, the share of natural gas consumption in sector of transportation of the country was 0.35% of the whole world in 2005. The average growth of final consumption of petroleum products in sector of transportation of the country (6.3%) in the examined 5 year period was more than the average growth of consumption of these products in the whole world (4.6%).For example, in 2005, the share of the final consumption of petroleum products in transportation sector of Iran in the world and in the Middle East is 1.7 and 32.6%, respectively. In recent years, the consumption of gasoline has reached 74 million liters per day with a growth about 10%in 2006. Finally, management procedures are presented for optimizing consumption of energy carriers in transportation sector.