جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « Malva neglecta » در نشریات گروه « کشاورزی »

This survey was done to study the effect of the powder of Malva neglecta as a natural immune stimulant on growth factors and heamatological in Cyprinus carpio in summer 2016 during 60 days rearing period in aquaculture center of Islamic azad university, Ahvaz Branch. After adaptation, a totalof 360 fish were placed in 12 300-liters tanks, that 30 of fish (initial weight, 18.10±0.18 gr) were in every tank. The treatments were included control (0 gr/Kg), treatment 1 (2%), treatment 2 (4 %) and treatment 3 (6%) of Malva neglecta powder. The results of defence cells in Cyprinus carpio were showed that Monocyts and Basiphyls observed just in treatment 1 and 2. The highest Lymphocyts and  Noutrophilsw were  counted respectively 95.5% (treatment 3) 48.16% (treatment 2). The Eosinophyls were not present in any of treatments. MCH (1.12 µm310-1) was showed in treatment three. The  highest of complement factor and killing bacterial serum power were caculated in treatment 2 comparison to control (P<0.05) but the highest of Lysosim observed in treatment 3 (55.54 g/dI) (P<0.05). The highest MCV, MCHC, WBC, RBC, Hg and HCT in treatment 3 were calculated respectively 1.12 (µm3)10-1, 5.59 (µm3)10-1, 3.37 (µm3)10-1, 173.33 (103cell.mm-3(, 1.36 )106 cell.mm-3 (8.3 (g/dI) and 40.66%. The Malva neglecta powder were showed no significant difference in growth factor and survival in Cyprinus carpio (P>0.05) but were observed 100% survival in fish in treatment 1, 2 and 3. The Value of 4% of powder Malva neglecta in diet caused improvement heamatological factors in Cyprinus carpio. Also 2 percent of powder in diet were cause of increasing complement factor and killing bacterial  serum in this fish.

The aim of this study was to investigate the possibility of production of a functional half-fat synbiotic stirred yogurt using Panirak (Malva neglecta) and lactulose (as a prebiotic compound) with an acceptable physicochemical and sensory properties. To produce half-fat synbiotic stirred yogurt samples, Lactobacillus fermentum SL163-4 from a fermented food (Ashkardeh) was isolated and used as probiotic bacteria. Panirak at four levels (0, 5, 10, 15%) and lactulose at three levels (0, 1 and 2%) were used as prebiotic substances. Physicochemical and sensory properties of the yogurt samples were investigated during 21 days of refrigerated storage. Based on the results obtained from the data analysis, it was found that as the level of Panirak enhanced, pH increased and acidity decreased (p<0.05) while by increasing the amount of lactulose and with passing the storage time, pH decreased and acidity increased (p<0.05). Also, by increasing the amount of Panirak and lactulose and with passing the storage time, the extent of syneresis of the yogurt samples decreased (p<0.05). Based on the sensory results, it was found that by addition of Panirak up to 10% level, taste and acceptability of yogurt samples improved (p<0.05), but lactulose caused a significant reduction in these sensory attributes (p<0.05). Furthermore, there were no differences between yogurt samples containing 10 and 15% Panirak and samples having 0 and 1% lactulose. Therefore, according to the results obtained from this study, the use of 15% Panirak and 1% lactulose to produce a functional stirred yoghurt with an acceptable quality is recommended.

Accumulation of free radicals could lead to permanent oxidative destruction of organisms by attacking macromolecules and organelles of the body, thus causing organism aging, fatigue and degenerative diseases. Therefore, discovering and developing safe and non-toxic natural antioxidants has been an interesting topic in recent decades. Compared to synthetic antioxidants, extracts from plant resources usually have quite stable constructions and great antioxidant activities, and can easily be absorbed without dangerous immunoreactions. Many antioxidant compounds, naturally occurring from plant sources, have been identified as free radicals or active oxygen scavengers. Malva neglecta (MN), which is known as Panirak/Tooleh in Iran is an annual and herbaceous plant. The leaves and flowers of MN are used in traditional phytotheraphy and in treatment of cough, respiratory system and digestive system problems. The objective of this study was to optimize process conditions of extraction in order to obtain the highest yield from crude extract of MN leaves and identify its antioxidant properties.
Three-variable-three-level Box-Behnken design-response surface methodology (BBD-RSM) with five replications at central point was used to optimize the extracting parameters of crude extract from the MN leaves including extraction time (1-8 h), extraction temperature (50-100°C), and the water/solid ratio (3-30). The ability of extracted materials to scavenge the free radicals of DPPH, OH and super oxide was also evaluated by chemical analysis.
All three independent variables effected the yield of crude extract of MN leaves. The extraction yield of MN crude extract significantly increased from 5.90% to 8.01% with extraction time varying from 1 h to 6 h. However, the yield was not altered meaningfully, as the extraction time was increased from 6 h up to 8 h. This may be due to degradation of the polysaccharides because of the extended extraction time. The extraction process was performed with temperatures from 50 °C to 100 °C, with the other extraction variables such as ratio of water to raw material and extraction time fixed at 13 ml/g and 3.5 h, respectively. The extraction yield of crude extract increased with increasing extraction temperature and peaked at 7.89 at 100 °C.
Different ratios of water to raw material have considerable effect on extraction yield. In this study, we used ratios of water to raw material from 3 to 30 ml/g, with fixed parameters (extraction time and extraction temperature at 3.5 h and 75 °C, respectively). Extraction yield increased noticeably from 6.10 to 8.10 with ratio of water to material varying from 3 ml/g to 24 ml/g. As extraction time, at the higher experimental levels, as the ratio of water to raw material was increased (from 24 up to 30 ml/g) the yield of crude extract was not changed considerably. Under the appropriate condition of ratio of water to raw material, the crude extract molecules can swell thoroughly, and more compounds could dissolve in water to improve extraction yield.
The determination coefficient (R2 = 0.9897) suggested that the model was valid, implying that 98.97% of the variation could be explained by the fitted model. The adjusted determination coefficient was used to evaluate the correlation between the experimental values and predicted values, and the outcome (R2Adj= 0.9794) suggested that the correlation was significant. The f-value (1.49) for “the lack of fit” indicated that the “lack of fit” was not significant relative to the pure error (p > 0.05). The CV for yield of MN leaves was 0.64%, which defined a good reliability of the experimental values. The adequate precision value 21.61 and PRESS 0.42 for our model indicated an appropriate model could be designed. On multiple regression analysis, the quadratic polynomial equation for the independent variables and response variable expressed as follows: Y =7.82 1.025X1 3.241667X2 2.031X3 0.525X1X2 - 0.7X1X3 0.675X2X3 – 0.206X12 – 0.21833X22
Where, Y is extraction yield (%); X1, extraction time (h); X2, extraction temperature; and X3, ratio of water to raw material (ml/g)
Statistical analysis of the results showed that the optimal conditions for higher extraction yield were extraction time: 6 h, extraction temperature: 90oC, and the ratio of water to raw material: 19. Under these conditions, the experimental yield was 9.22% ± 0.47%, which well matched the predicted value (9.18%), under these conditions; the experimental yield was 9.18%.
Furthermore, results obtained from chemical analysis showed that DPPH, OH and super oxide scavenging of MN crude extract increased rapidly with increasing of its concentration. DPPH scavenging rate of the crude extract was more than BHT standard (89% vs. 78%) at their maximum equivalent concentration (300 ppm). Furthermore, OH and super oxide scavenging ability of MN crude extract (87% and 91%, respectively) were significantly more than ascorbic acid standard solutions (74% and 81%, respectively) at their highest experimental concentrations (150 ppm). Based on our results, components extracted from Malva neglecta leaves may introduce as an antioxidant and free radical scavenger. This study could help food industries to add a new source of hydrocolloid with certain functionality as an alternative additive in different foods, cosmetic and pharmaceutical products.

Potato (Solanum tuberosum) is an annual crop that belongs to the Solanaceae family. It contains abundant starch and ranks as the world’s fourth most important food crop, after maize, wheat and rice. It is one of most important crops in Iran. The total area under potato cultivation was 186 thousand hectares during 2011 and 2012. Weeds are one of the greatest limiting factors to efficient crop production. Application of herbicides is the key method of weed control in potato fields, both in the world and Iran. Herbicides that commonly are used for weed control in potato fields of Iran are metribuzin, paraquat, rimsulfuron, pendimethalin and sulfosulfuron.
In order to study the effect of herbicides to control weeds of potato fields, field experiments were conducted at the Agricultural Research Center of Jiroft and Karaj. Plots were located on a sandy loam soil with a pH of 7.4 in Jiroft, and loamy soil with a pH of 7.7 in Karaj. The experiments were conducted during 2009-2010. Potato variety used in Jiroft was Santeh and Satina in Karaj. The experimental design was the randomized complete blocks design (RCBD), with four replications. Weed control treatments included paraquat (20% SL) at 3 lit/ha as early post- emergence, metribuzin (70% WP) at 750 gr/ha as preemergence, pendimethalin (33% EC) at 3 lit/ ha as preemergence, rimsulfuron (25% DF) at 60 gr/ha applied with adjuvant cytogate at 2.5% volume of water early post emergence, sulfosulfuron (75% DF) at 35 gr/ha (postemergence), metribuzin at 750 gr/h rimsulfuron at 60 gr/ha with adjuvant cytogate at 2.5% volume of water, , metribuzin at 750 gr/ha pendimethalin at 3 lit/ ha, metribuzin at 750 gr/ha sulfosulfuron at 35 gr/ha, paraquat at 3 lit/ha rimsulfuron at 60 gr/ha with adjuvant cytogate at 2.5% volume of water, paraquat at 3 lit/ha pendimethalin at 3 lit/ha, paraquat at 3 lit/ha sulfosulfuron at 35 gr/ha and hand weeding. Each plot was 4 m wide and 8 m long with 4 rows and 75 cm distance among rows. Density and dry weight of weeds and potato yield were recorded.
Results indicated that 6 broadleaf weeds were dominant in the fields included prostrate pigweed (Amaranthus blitoides), bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis), malva (Malva neglecta) in Jiroft, and red rooted pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus), datura (Datura stramonium), bladder hibiscus (Hibiscus trionum) in Karaj. Visual observation confirmed that the most weeds were effectively controlled using herbicide treatments. The statistical analysis of the data revealed that the herbicides applied for weed control in potato have significantly decreased weed density and dry weight. The lowest weed density and dry weightof prostrate pigweed were observed in plots treated with paraquat rimsulfuron. This treatment reduced density and dry weight of prostrate pigweed by 70% and 69% in Jiroft. However, Red rooted pigweed was controlled better than prostrate pigweed in Karaj. All treatments of mixed herbicides reduced density and dry weight of red rooted pigweed by 100% in Karaj. Maximum control of bindweed was obtained with metribuzin rimsulfuron. This treatment reduced density and dry weight of bindweed by 35 % in Jiroft. The highest control of malva was achieved with metribuzin plus rimsulfuron in Jiroft. This treatment reduced density and biomass of malva by 61 and 56%, respectively. The best control of datura was obtained with paraquat plus rimsulfuron in Karaj. This treatment reduced datura biomass by 98%. Maximum control of bladder hibiscus was obtained with paraquat plus rimsulfuronin which dry weight was reduced by 98%. The highest potato yield (48 ton/ha) was obtained by application of metribuzin plus rimsulfuron in Jiroft. Potato yield was also increased with this treatment by 40%. The least potato yield (32 ton/ha) was obtained with pendimethalin in Jiroft. The maximum potato yield (32 ton/ha) was obtained by application of paraquat plus rimsulfuron and paraquat plus pendimethalin in Karaj, and minimum potato yields were obtained by application of sulfosulfuron and pendimethalin.
Results of both years and locations showed that application of herbicide mixture improved weed control and potato yields. Pendimethalin and rimsulfuron are suitable alternatives for herbicide rotations in potato fields and can replace metribuzin and paraquat.