جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « Planting Patterns » در نشریات گروه « کشاورزی »

Intercropping systems are one of the sustainable agricultural systems that defined as growing two or more plants simultaneously, lead to the use of more resources efficiently of nutrient water and land, improving plant productionIntercropping, as a new green revolution, is a sustainable strategy for the development of food production due to the lesser reliance of chemical fertilizer inputs compared with monocultures. In intercropping systems, plant nutrient uptake could improve the physical, chemical, and biological soil properties and higher nutrient mobilization in the rhizosphere. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AM) are preferred biofertilizers over other myriads of microorganisms that inhabit the interface between plant and soil. They are ubiquitous soil inhabitants and form the largest group which is predominantly associated with crops. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi can considerably improve plant growth, nutrients uptake, and transport, especially phosphorus, water status, and chlorophyll content. Previously studies demonstrated that higher productivity with AM fungi's application was attributed to higher nutrients availability such as P, K, Ca, Mg, etc. Thus, an experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of barley's different intercropping patterns with grass pea and symbiosis with AM fungus on the forage yield and nutrients absorption, including N, P, K, Fe, Zn, Mn, Ca, and Mg.

In order to investigate the forage nutrients content and in intercropping of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) with grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.) under application of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, a field experiment was performed as a factorial layout based on randomized complete block design (RCBD) with ten treatments and three replications at the faculty of Agriculture, University of Maragheh, Iran, during 2017. The first factor included different planting patterns (monoculture of barley, monoculture of grass pea, 75% grass pea+ 25% barley, 50% grass pea+ 50% barley, 25% grass pea+ 75% barley), and the second factor was inoculated and non-inoculated with Glomus intraradices fungus. All data were statistically analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) using MSTAT-C statistical software. The Duncan's multiple range test was used to compare means at a 5% probability level.

This study demonstrated that the macro and micronutrient content were significantly affected by different cropping patterns with the application of AM fungi. The greatest barley forage yield belonged to inoculated barley monoculture. Furthermore, the results demonstrated that the inoculated barley forage yield in monoculture was 47.48% more than the non-inoculated. The highest grass pea forage yield was achieved in monocultures and followed by a ratio of 75% grass pea+ 25% barley symbiosis with mycorrhizae fungus. Also, the highest nutrient content was achieved in grass pea monoculture with the application of AM fungi. Between different intercropping patterns, the highest nutrients content was obtained in the 75% grass pea+ 25% barley with the application of AM fungus. The higher nutrients uptake was attributed to increasing the absorption surface and improving nutrients availability with the application of AM fungi. Also, Varma et al. (2018) reported that the application of AM fungi in intercropping systems increased the transfer of the nutrients, especially nitrogen, to component plants that resulted in higher nutrients uptake in plants. These authors also reported that the higher nitrogen content with the application of AM fungi attributed to the higher activity of nitrate reductase and dikinase glucan enzymes that resulted in higher nitrogen availability for plants.

According to the results of this research, intercropping treatments of barley/grass pea with Glomus intraradices considerably influenced by the absorption of nutrients and forage yield. The content of concentration nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium iron, zinc, manganese, magnesium, and calcium were highest at all intercropping patterns coincided with the application of mycorrhiza fungi than the non-inoculated monoculture of barley. Also, between different intercropping patterns, the highest nutrients content was obtained in 75% grass pea+ 25% barley pattern accompanied by application of mycorrhiza that suggested as a better pattern to achievement high-quality forage for farmers. Therefore, intercropping of barley/grass pea with the application of mycorrhizae can improve forage quality of barley and grass pea from the point of view concentration of nutrients and were influential in production forage with high quantity.

Using Combine is the common method to harvest wheat in Iran. Since harvesting operations as the most sensitive stage of production affected by combine harvester performance, therefore investigating the combine harvester performance has a special importance and it’s necessary to evaluate. In this study, the effect of field and crop conditions on combine harvester performance in wheat harvesting has been investigated. For this purpose, an experiment was conducted in a completely randomized experimental with an unbalanced 2 x 3 factorial designs and covariance analysis using a New Holland combine harvester (TC 5070 model 2014) in Shahid Beheshti’s agro industry company farms in the town of Dezful, in 2016. Independent factors included three planting patterns (uniform row planting and furrow planting) and three levels of grain moisture contents (6-8, 8-10, 10 12 %), and dependent factors involved field capacity, field efficiency and the losses by combine. Furthermore, yield, percent of lodging and farm length were defined as covariant. The results indicated the effect of planting pattern on combine field capacity, combine field efficiency and combine losses have been significant (p value ≤ 0.01). The combine field capacity in the farms with uniform row planting pattern was 7.26 ton ha−1, while in farms with furrow planting pattern was 6.73 ton ha−1. The combine field efficiency in the farms with uniform row planting pattern was 83.70%, while in farms with furrow planting pattern was 82.42%. The losses by combine in the farms with uniform row planting pattern was 24.2 ton ha−1, while in farms with furrow planting pattern was 23.7 ton ha−1.

This field experiment was done as split plot based on randomized complete blocks with three replications at Urmia University in 2013-14. Rainfed (I1) and supplemental irrigation (I2) arranged as main plots and different cropping patterns included T1=plots without chickpea with every 10-day regular-irrigated, T2=plot without chickpea, T3=chickpea planting with no empty rows with hand weeding, T4=chickpea planting with no empty rows and without weeding, T5=one row of chickpea and an empty row as alternate, T6, T7 andT8=two rows of chickpea and two, three and four empty rows, respectively, T9=three rows of chickpea and two empty row, T10=four rows of chickpea and two empty row as subplots. The results showed that chickpea with no empty rows (T4) and without weeding under rainfed conditions decreased 92.17, 92.18 and 90.33 percent dry matter of common cocklebur, common lambs quarters and wild radish, respectively, compared to the supplementary irrigation. In the plot without chickpea, supplemental irrigation increased 41 percent the total biomass of weed compared to the rainfed condition. Also, results demonstrated that the highest yield components of chickpea were observed under irrigation that led to increase 40 and 37 percent grain and biological yield as compared to rainfed conditions. In comparison of T3 and T4 treatments, results showed that the weeds competition with chickpea cause to decreasing 35.5 and 29.57% of chickpea grain and biological yield. Overall, with planting of chickpea by filling the ecological nest, in addition to the reduction of inputs, we can cause the weed control in irrigated farms and provided the agro-ecosystem sustainability.

Both planting pattern (with changes in canopy structure) and soil water availability (which affects growth and development) exert a strong effect on crop-weed competitiveness. Therefore, the effect of different planting patterns on the wheat yield and weed biomasses under different irrigation conditions were evaluated. The experimental design was a split plot with three replications, with irrigation treatments as the main plot, and planting pattern as the sub plot. Main plots included three irrigation regimes: normal irrigation, deficit irrigation (irrigation after planting and in start of flowering) and rainfed. Subplots were four planting patterns (three rows of wheat on the ridge, three rows of wheat inside the furrow, one row on the ridge and one row inside the furrow). The results showed that wheat grain yield significantly affected by both irrigation treatments and planting pattern. In irrigated condition, using the pattern of three rows on the ridges resulted in higher wheat grain yield (3437.8 kg.ha-1), while in the deficit irrigation and rainfed condition, the pattern of “one row inside furrow” had greater grain yield, whereas the average grain yields were 2574.3 and 1868.2 kg.ha-1 , respectively. Results also showed that, weed biomasses were the lowest in one row inside furrow pattern in all irrigation treatments. However, lowest weed biomasses on the ridges obtained in the “one row inside furrow pattern” at irrigation and rainfed condition and in the “three rows on the ridges pattern” at deficit irrigation. Average over all irrigation treatments, the “one row inside the furrow pattern” decreased weed biomass by 67.4, 14.9 and 60% compared with three rows inside the furrow, three rows one the ridge and one row on the ridge patterns, respectively.