جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « egg » در نشریات گروه « کشاورزی »

This study aimed to compare reproductive indices of broodstocks between and within (control and selected treatments) four different populations common carp of Hungarian-originated (TATA), North Iran, China-originated (RAN), and South Iran (Khuzestan). Control and selected treatments in each population comprised the average of the broodstock population and those chosen deliberately from 30% above the population mean (apart from shooter fish with excessive growth and out of the normal range), respectively, to calculate the genetic progress. Male and female reproductive indices were checked respectively by evaluating sperm quality (spermatocrit, sperm density per milliliter, percentage of motile sperm, and motility duration) and measuring working and relative fecundity, ovum and hydrated egg diameter, fertilization rate, hatching rate, the larval survival rate, and larval size after hatching. The results showed that, despite the high fecundity in the South Iran population, it has the lowest egg diameter and larval survival rate (p<0.05). Although the China-originated (control and selected treatments) population had the lowest sperm volume, sperm density per milliliter, and percentage of spermatocrit among different populations, the selected-treatment had the highest motile sperm percentage and the motility duration, which resulted in the most elevated fertilization rate belonging to it (p<0.05). The highest survival rate 24 hours post-hatching was observed in China-originated (control and selected) and North Iran-control, and the lowest in TATA (control and selected), North Iran-selected, and South Iran populations (p<0.05). China-originated control population gained the highest larval survival rate 72 hours after hatching. Although it did not differ significantly with the North Iran (control and selected) and TATA-control (p>0.05) populations, it has meaningful difference with the South Iran, TATA-selected, and China-originated-selected (p<0.05). The larval size in TATA-selected, North Iran-control, and South Iran is significantly smaller than other populations (p<0.05). There is no considerable difference in larval length size of the North Iran population between the control and the selected treatments, but it is significantly more in control than selected treatments in the China-originated and TATA populations. This finding illustrated that the selective breeding of broodstocks did not affect the reproductive indices within populations and the larval survival rate in F1. However, it improved the larval size. China-originated and North Iran populations performed satisfactorily in male and female reproductive indices, respectively, and it is worth bringing into mind hybridization between the two populations in future studies.

Egg is one of the most valuable food items in the human diet. Several factors, such as diseases, bird age, diet, temperature, humidity, transportation, and storage time can affect the quality of eggs. The longer the storage time, the more CO2 penetrates the eggshell, particularly at room temperature, resulting in decreased internal quality. Eggs are a perishable product and must be stored in the refrigerator from production to consumption. Refrigeration increases production costs and ultimately leads to an increase in the final product price. Currently, there is a growing interest in developing effective methods to preserve the internal quality of eggs. The use of edible coatings after washing the eggs can help preserve the internal quality of the eggs during long-term storage. Edible coatings are an available technology that is currently used to control moisture, gas exchange, and oxidation processes for many products. The use of suitable active and antimicrobial edible films and coatings can potentially reduce the microbial load of egg surfaces, reduce undesirable changes, and increase their shelf life. Proteins are commonly used as film-forming materials. Proteins that have been previously investigated for egg coating development include whey protein isolate or concentrate, zein, and rice protein concentrate. Chicken feathers are a by-product of the poultry industry and are mostly disposed of without any processing, causing severe environmental pollution. To date, hydrolyzed feather protein has not been reported as an egg coating, so this study investigated the effect of hydrolyzed feather protein coating at two concentrations on the shelf life of chicken eggs under room temperature storage conditions.

In this study, a total of 120 fresh white-shelled eggs were obtained from Hy-Line W36 laying hens. The eggshells were washed to remove any surface contamination, then the eggs were numbered and randomly selected for each coating method. The samples were divided into three treatments of 40 eggs each treatment in a completely randomized design. The treatments included control (0%, without coating), a coating containing 10% (w/v) hydrolyzed feather, and a coating containing 20% hydrolyzed feather. Pure glycerol (Serva, Germany) was added to hydrolyzed feathers (2% w/v). The feather hydrolyzed protein was prepared at Tarbiat Modares University using alkaline hydrolyzed raw chicken feathers obtained from a commercial broiler slaughterhouse (Iran Borchin, Tehran). The chemical analysis of hydrolyzed feather protein was performed based on standard methods (dry matter, protein, ash, and fat), and the amino acid profile of the protein was also tested. Some nutritional or toxic important minerals were also measured. Egg weight, Haugh units, albumen weight, yolk weight, yolk color, albumen pH, yolk pH, and shell strength were measured during storage weeks 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4.

According to the data of this study, the height of the egg white and Haugh units in the stored eggs were significantly affected by the experimental coatings (P<0.05). The height of the egg white and Haugh units were significantly higher in the treatment with 20% hydrolyzed protein coating compared to other treatments (P<0.05). The yellowness of the egg yolk was significantly affected by the experimental coatings in the third week (P<0.05). The highest egg quality score was observed in the first and third weeks in eggs with 20% hydrolyzed feather protein coating (P<0.05). The eggshell characteristics were not affected by the experimental coatings. The egg white and yolk percentages were not affected by the experimental coatings. The pH of the egg white in the first and third weeks decreased significantly in eggs with 20% hydrolyzed feather protein coating compared to other treatments (P<0.05). The pH of the yolk was not affected by the experimental treatments. The pH in both the yolk and egg white increased over time. Eggs with coating had significantly less weight loss compared to uncoated eggs (P<0.05). The lowest weight loss was related to eggs with 10% and 20% hydrolyzed feather protein coating, which had a significant difference with uncoated eggs (P<0.05). The weight loss after seven days of storage in uncoated eggs (2.12%) was almost double the weight loss in coated eggs (1.16%). The weight loss after 14 days of storage at room temperature in uncoated eggs (4.21%) was almost double the weight loss in coated eggs (2.35%). The weight loss after 21 days of storage at room temperature in uncoated eggs (6.8%) was almost double the weight loss in coated eggs (3.35%). The weight loss after 28 days of storage at room temperature in uncoated eggs (8.27%) was almost double the weight loss in coated eggs (4.80%). Based on the results of this study, it was found that the use of hydrolyzed feather protein coating can improve the internal quality of eggs during the storage period. For future research, it is recommended to conduct further studies on the effect of hydrolyzed feather protein coating on the quality characteristics of eggs during storage. Previous studies have been conducted on improving the internal quality of eggs during storage using protein coatings with different hydrolysis. Some of these studies have shown that protein coating with hydrolysis can significantly improve the quality characteristics of eggs. Additionally, some studies have been conducted on the effect of protein coating using different proteins such as rice protein, meat protein, whey protein isolated, or whey protein concentrate and zein.

There was no significant difference in weight loss between 10% and 20% hydrolyzed feather protein coverage in different weeks, but the 10% hydrolyzed feather protein coverage provided better protection against weight loss. Since weight loss is mainly due to eggshell water evaporation, it was observed that despite being thinner, the 10% hydrolyzed feather protein coverage provided better protection compared to the 20% hydrolyzed feather protein coverage. Therefore, the use of coverages during egg storage can increase shelf life while maintaining egg quality.

Sustainable use, development and conservation of poultry genetic resources are of particular importance for agriculture, food production, rural development and the environment (Besbes et al. 2007). Indigenous chickens are often considered as a support for low input backyard or free-range system of production in rural, semi-urban and nomadic areas (Haunshi et al. 2019). Native chickens have unique characteristics such as ability to adapt to adverse environments, hardiness, broodiness and aggressiveness to protect their chicks, and more. However, low genetic potential is one of the identified limitations for increasing the productivity of native chickens along with inadequate nutrition and disease prevalence (Magothe et al. 2012a). The inbreeding accumulation and the decline in genetic diversity that occurs due to the mating of related animals in closed populations negatively affect phenotypic values and additive genetic variance (Falconer and Mackay 1996). Inbreeding, which occurs because of mating of related animals in a population, often occurs in the closed and small populations. The negative consequence of inbreeding is referred to as inbreeding depression, which has become a major concern in research related to evolution, ecology, and conservation biology (Reed et al. 2012). In small populations in particular, the inbreeding depression is significant in reproduction issues and has important consequences for the population's ability to evolve and adapt to environmental changes and ultimately their longevity (Leroy 2014).Increasing the inbreeding rate in closed populations of indigenous chickens' farms may negatively affect the increase in population productivity following the selection process and have destructive effects on improving economic traits in the population. Therefore, considering the importance of the issue, it seems necessary to monitor the inbreeding rate as well as the resulting depression in the under selection closed population of breeding station of Khorasan Razavi indigenous fowl.

In order to estimate the inbreeding rate and evaluate its effects on some important economic traits the pedigree data of 38489 birds collected during 2006-2017 in breeding station of Khorasan Razavi indigenous fowl were used. First, the pedigree data of the studied traits were edited using Foxpro and Excell software and then the files required for data analysis were prepared. The eight traits including average egg weight (AEW), egg number (EN), egg weight at 1st day of laying (EW1), age at sexual maturity (ASM), weight at sexual maturity (WSM), body weight at 12 weeks of age (BW12), body weight at hatch (BW1) and body weight at 8 weeks of age (BW8) were studied. The inbreeding coefficients of all birds recorded in the pedigree were estimated using the CFC program (Sergolzai et al. 2006). The inbreeding coefficients of the birds were divided into different categories. Then, the mean changes of inbreeding during different generations were evaluated and the amount of inbreeding changes in each year was calculated using SPSS software by fitting linear regression of inbreeding per generation. Also in this study, regression coefficients of studied traits on individual and maternal inbreeding percentage were estimated with the REML procedure of WOMBAT software (Meyer 2007) through different models.

The results showed that about 57% (21892 birds) of all birds registered in the pedigree were inbred. The mean of individual and maternal inbreeding varied relatively little over 12 generations. The mean inbreeding of all birds and inbred birds was estimated to be two and three percent, respectively. The highest and lowest inbreeding rates were three and 0%, respectively. As the results show, despite the closed raising and selection of the population and also the increase in the probability of inbreeding in the population, the inbreeding rate has been increased with a relatively low slope over the generations. In general, during the studied generations, the average coefficient of individual and maternal inbreeding in the whole population showed an increasing trend, so that by fitting the linear regression of inbreeding to the generation, the rate of changes in individual and maternal inbreeding was estimated to be about 0.005± 0.03 and 0.004± 0.02 per generation, respectively. In a study conducted on the Isfahan improved native chicken population (Jelokhani et al. 1400), researchers estimated the rate of individual and maternal inbreeding changes per year for the all population by fitting linear regression of inbreeding per generation to 0.006± 0.05 and 0.005± 0.04, respectively, which is approximately consistent with the results of the present study. In this study, 43.12% of the birds were non-inbred and the rest of the birds (47.68%) were grouped in six different inbred groups. The results showed that among the inbred groups, the most inbred birds (47.68%) were birds with inbreeding coefficients between 0 and 5%, which indicates that the population inbreeding is relatively low. Various studies have been performed on the inbreeding rate of domestic chickens in the country; the results are consistent with the results of the present study. For example, the results of a study on 26 generations of genetically improved domestic chickens of Mazandaran showed that, the rate of inbreeding for this population is relatively low (Ghorbani and Omrani 1399). In another study to estimate the inbreeding rate of Indigenous Kokok balenggek chicken (KBC) population in Indonesia, the researchers estimated the inbreeding coefficient to be 0.0031 (0.31%) and concluded that considering the inbreeding rate of herd is less than one percent, and inbreeding less than one percent indicates that one percent of heterozygosity is lost in one generation, the population is not endangered (Rusfidra et al. 2014). In another study on the population size of 37 protected local chicken breeds in five European countries, the relatively low inbreeding rates (0.02 to 0.71%) was reported (Spalona et al. 2007). In our study, the highest effect of individual inbreeding was shown on BW12. In this trait, for a one percent increase in inbreeding rate, the body weight decreases by 1.17 grams. Based on the another study performed on the Isfahan improved native chicken population (Jelokhani et al. 1400), it was shown that for every one percent increase in individual and maternal inbreeding, the WSM is reduced to 3.97 and 1.38 grams, respectively. In another study conducted on Mazandaran native fowls, the results showed that for every one percent increase in individual inbreeding, body weight decreased for the traits including BW12, BW8 and WSM (Ghorbani and Emrani 1399). The results of another study on the improved Fars native fowl revealed the greatest effect of inbreeding on body weight traits (8 and 12 weeks). In this study, for every one percent increase in individual inbreeding, body weight at 12 and 8 weeks decreased by 2.14 and 1.07, respectively (Jelokhani and Ghorbani, in press).

According to the findings in the present study, since the population is closed and under selection, the probability of inbreeding in the population is high. However, because there are controlled matings in the population of breeding station of Khorasan Razavi indigenous fowl, the inbreeding rate in each generation has increased slightly, which shows the appropriate management practices are running in selecting the best birds. Best management practices such as controlling the matings between birds can prevent an increase in population inbreeding as well as its possible negative effects on the traits.

To investigate the effect of molecular weight of chitosan and the type of plasticizer used in the composition of edible coating on internal quality parameters and morphology of eggshell, an experiment with 125 eggs in a completely randomized design with 5 treatments included uncoated eggs (control), coated based on chitosan with high molecular weight (450 kDa) or low molecular weight (65 kDa) and the use of glycerol or sorbitol and 3 replicates was conducted. Coating was done by immersion method and the eggs were stored at ambient temperature for 4 weeks. The internal quality parameters of eggs including weight loss (WL), Haugh unit (HU), yolk index (YI) and albumen pH were evaluated weekly. At the end of the storage period, scanning electron microscope (SEM) micrograph were prepared for eggshell morphology. The results showed that the edible coating based on chitosan improved significantly (P<0.05) all the evaluated parameters. At the end of the week 4, among these, the lowest values of WL (7.01 ± 0.90) and pH of albumen (8.90 ± 0.15) and the highest values of HU (± 3.23) 63.80) and YI (0.34 ± 0.06) were seen in eggs containing high molecular weight chitosan-sorbitol coating (P<0.05). In the SEM micrograph, more integrated and less porous and fractured in the mentioned group. Therefore, in order to improve the quality of edible coating based on chitosan as a biocompatible packaging to increase the storage time of eggs, chitosan with higher molecular weight and sorbitol as plasticizer are recommended.

Number of attempts has been made to cryopreserve fish and shellfish gametes. Success has been achieved to establish only sperm banks in case of some commercially important fish. In shellfish, also particularly in shrimps, though the sperm cryopreservation was successful; no attempts were made to develop sperm banks. As far as cryopreservation of egg and embryos of fish and shellfish is concerned, less research efforts were made with limited success. Number of reasons have been given for the failure of egg/embryo cryopreservation and the main barriers speculated are low membrane permeability in the eggs, the large yolk mass of the oocyte, and the presence of compartments in early developing embryos. These factors result in ice crystal formation during the freezing process. In addition, the oocytes and embryos are prone to chilling injuries unrelated to ice crystal damage. There are number of other problems reported by several researchers in the egg/embryo cryobanking protocols which are elaborately discussed in the present paper. There is an urgent need to develop a viable cryobanking technology for fish egg/embryos to enhance fish production in captive condition. Attempts to cryopreserve larvae of aquatic animals are another challenge occurring in the recent past. The aim of the present review is to collect comprehensive information on the efforts so far made on fish and shellfish egg and embryo cryobanking; and to assess the challenges in the development of viable technology and plan for future research for making this technology viable and cost effective.

In this study, a comparison of the efficiency of Perfish 5% solution (Peracetic acid and Hydrogen peroxide) with Bronopol 50% on fungal contamination control in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) eggs during the incubation stage was conducted. Some 24000 fertilized eggs were used in each vertical incubator (8000 fertilized eggs in each replication). Also, two treatments of 75 ppm Perfish and 300 ppm Bronopol (as the control group) were examined with three replications. Disinfection of eggs was conducted 48 hours after fertilization every other day for 30 minutes. The percentage of eyed eggs, hatching rate and larva deformity showed no significant difference between the experimental and control treatments. Therefore, due to the lower price of Perfish 5% compared to Bronopol 50% and also the need for the less amount of this disinfectant solution, Perfish 5% solution (Peracetic acid and hydrogen peroxide) can act as a suitable alternative composition to fungal contamination control of rainbow trout eggs in the incubation stage.

Egg contamination by Salmonella enteritidis is one of the most important causes of foodborne gastroenteritis throughout the world and the common method which can be used to inactivate this bacteria is pasteurization. In this study, the pasteurization of intact egg was mathematically modelled using a CFD technique. The results were compared with experimental data and it was found that the model could reasonably forecast the temperature of egg during pasteurization (R2>0.98). The model showed that in order to predict the temperature variation of the slowest heating zone (SHZ) with higher accuracy, it is necessary to to incorporate the influence of natural convection currents induced by the hot eggshell walls in the pasteurization process. Results indicated that the SHZ keeps moving during pasteurization and eventually stays in a region that is about 25% of the egg height from the bottom after 300 s of heating. These results also show that the time required to reduce the Salmonella enteritidis population in cold point of eggs to 5D is approximately 28 minutes. This model could serve as an important tool in better understanding of the pasteurization process, choosing the best process parameters and facilitate process optimization of intact egg pasteurization towards industrial implementation

In this Study, the egg white fish (Rutilus frisii kutum) hydrolyzed protein was produced. Hydrolysis was performed by alcalase enzyme in 60, 120, 180, and 240 minutes and their effects on degree of hydrolysation were evaluated. The results showed that the highest degree of hydrolysis was obtained in 240 minutes. Then, in order to separate peptides, based on their molecular weights, Millipore ultra filters (3, 10 and 30 KDa) were used. The antioxidant properties of hydrolyzed protein and peptide fractions 3, 10 and 30 KDa were measured, which can compete well with synthetic antioxidants such as BHT. Four antioxidant tests including DPPH, ABTS, Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and Ferrous (Fe2+) ion chelating ability were evaluated at concentrations of 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 mg, That with an increase in protein concentration, the antioxidant properties of hydrolyzed protein and peptide fractions were increased.

Reducing environmental hazards from the use of synthetic polymers has led to the diversity and development of new technologies for packaging perishable products, including animal, poultry and aquatic products. Natural polymers in the form of edible films or coatings can be used to produce biodegradable packaging. Cellulose derivatives including methylcellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose and carboxymethylcellulose are among the most popular polysaccharide hydrocolloids used in the production of films and coatings. The sensory, nutritional and functional properties of edible film and coatings can be modified by various materials and methods. Also, various active compounds are placed in the film and coating solution to improve the quality, stability and safety of packaged foods. Therefore, when using edible films and coatings, it is necessary to consider both the physical properties of biopolymer materials and their functional properties. Cellulose derivatives have been used in the packaging of animal products including raw animal meat, poultry and aquatic products, meat products derived from them and eggs in the form of  simple, composite and active edible films and coatings in order to maintain quality and increase shelf life. Legal, economic, cultural and marketing considerations must be considered in order to develop the use of biopackaging.

The methods used to maintain the quality of eggs during the storage period are mainly based on inactivating microorganisms and preventing mass exchanges. In order to investigate the effect of water washing and shell coating using active nanocomposite coating based on 2% carboxymethyl cellulose containing 3.5% nanoclay and 2% marjoram extract on internal quality and egg shell, an experiment with 4 treatments including control (unwashed and uncoated), washed and uncoated, unwashed and coated, washed and coated and 3 replicates during a 4-week storage period at ambient temperature (25±2oC) with weekly evaluation the studied parameters were performed. At the end of the storage period, the highest values ​​of  HU (49.71±0.15), YI (0.32±0.00) and the lowest values ​​of WL percentage (3.07±0.02), albumen pH (8.59±0.02), TBARS (0.125±0.03 mg MDA/Kg) and TVC (2.75±0.05 log cfu/ml) were observed in coated eggs (P<0.05). In the evaluation of yolk color indices, coated eggs had significantly (P<0.05) higher values ​​of b* (57.24), a* (-7.72) and lower value of L* (45/51). Regardless of the coating, egg washing had no significant effect on the evaluated parameters. Therefore, the use of active nanocomposite coating of carboxymethyl cellulose - nano montmorillonite - marjoram extract with barrier, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties is recommended to increase the shelf life of eggs at ambient temperature for 4 weeks.

Cake batter is a camplen emulsion of air babbles and oil droplets in which the egg plays a key role in foam formation, absorption of air molecules and volume in the cake. However, regular consumption of eggs due to high levels of cholesterol and saturated fatty acids, increases cardiovascular disease and can lead to allergies for some people. Barly aquafaba is a thick liquid obtained form cooking barly, which stabilizes the foam due to significant amounts of active compounds and proteins. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of different levels of barly aquafaba (0, 25, 50 and 100%) and xanthan gum (0, 0.25 and 0.5%) as an egg replacer on physical, chemical, rheological and organoleptic properties of oily cake. According to the obtained results, barly aquafaba had an acceptable foaming property due to high protein quality cake samples containing barly aquafaba upto 50% had similar characteristics to control cake samples. However, increasing the replacement of 75 and 100% of eggs with barly aguafaba led to a significant decrease (p<0.05) in physical. Chemical, rheological and sensory properties of eggless cake samples. 0.5% of xanthan gum resulted in improved sensory properties of eggless cake samples, increased moisture content and reduced firmness in the cake samples replaced with 50% barly aquafaba. The results showed that barly aquafaba can be used as a partial replacer for eggs up to 50% while maintaining the sensory, physical and rheological properties if the oily cake.

In spite of their advantages in the treatment of animal diseases, veterinary drugs can remain in foods of animal origin and cause considerable threats to the consumer health. Antibiotics, anthelminthics, Anticoccidial drugs, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are the major veterinary drugs that can contaminate food products. Food processing can be considered as a strategy for the removal of drug residues in foods. Awareness of drug residues and their reductions during different processes can be important in terms of the consumer health. This paper, therefore, reviews the literature on veterinary drug residues in foods of animal origin, including milk and milk products, eggs, meat, and meat products, as well as the effect of different processes on the stability of these drug residues. To this end, all related articles and theses were reviewed from national (SID, Irandoc, and MagIran) and international (Science Direct, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Pub Med) databases. According to reviewed studies, most of foods of animal origin in Iran were contaminated with antibiotic residues. In other countries, foods of animal origin contained different levels of drug residues. Based on scientific findings, heat processing could reduce the residues of tetracycline, macrolides, aminoglycosides, and sulfonamides in milk, residues of tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, sulfanilamide, and chlorpyrifos in eggs, and residues of oxytetracycline, ampicillin, chloramphenicol, sulfonamides, and anthelminthics in meat products. The microwave, freezing, and fermentation processes were also effective in the reduction of drug residues in foods.