جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « قابلیت » در نشریات گروه « هنر و معماری »

This research, concerning the effective presence of the concept of affordance in contemporary architectural discourse, addresses the overemphasis placed on practical aspects of the concept of affordance and the ignorance of theoretical thinking about this concept and the inevitable conceptual evolutions which emerge. Consequently, the concept of constraint is going to be introduced and clarified while providing a theoretical basis in reference to a more developed understanding of the concept of affordance in architecture. The research concentrates on explaining a clear ontology and introducing a conceptual structure for the concept of constraint, which leads to a comprehensive typology of architectural constraints. This research is conducted through a qualitative approach and relies on the most recent scientific theories to develop a compatible concept of affordance in architecture. Furthermore, based on logical thinking and analytical methods the concept of constraint is going to be developed. At the first step the concept of affordance is developed based on the Heideggerian point of view. Consequently, a theoretical basis is established to introduce and clarify the concept of constraint through developing the concept of niche into architectural interaction field. (A.I.F). Then a three-dimensional conceptual structure based on the origin, function and domain of the architectural constraints is organized. The results of this research provide the basic theoretical knowledge required to have a deeper understanding of the two fundamental concepts of contemporary architectural discourse: affordance and constraint. The study confirms the undeniable essential role of constraint in the perception and creation of architecture. Constraints are the value of the architectural characters, being put by the members of A.I. F. Constraints guarantee the affordances architectural work is going to afford. Consequently, they guarantee the meaning and the truth of architecture. Thinking on constraint brings about the potential to prove a new perspective in theoretical aspects of architectural knowledge and consequently affects the practice of architecture.

Considering the prevalence of poetry in the Iranian culture, the present paper is of the belief that poetry is interwoven into Iranians’ poetic instincts and ethnic spirits, and that architectural poetics and inspirational qualities correspond with parts of sublime human desires of a people long associated with poetics. This study, therefore, reflects on the nature of ‘poetics’ and its aspects in areas such as philosophy and literature, where poetics enjoys a clear definition, and then moves on to investigate ‘architectural poetry’ in the related literature.It finds ‘architectural poetics’ one of the essential sublime needs, a quality which arises from ‘external affordances’ on one hand, and ‘internal competence’ on the other. This ‘internal competence’ is the individual’s ability resonate the poetic potential of space, and the ‘external affordance’ is the unveiling of the spirit of ‘collective imagination’ in the visible. Imaginations which are archetypes of human life, timeless patterns dividable to ‘embodiment imaginations’, ‘nature imaginations’ and ‘time and timeliness imaginations’. Incorporations of these imaginations in poetic works of architecture reify architectural poetics. Poetic works of architecture facilitate the unveiling of imaginations in incremental or reductive processes through which the visible is organised around the collective soul.

Widely interpreted through different architectural discourses, form has emerged as a dynamic and slippery concept. Aiming at a rethinking of the concept in contemporary architectural discourse, the present paper explains theoretical bases and conceptual framework of considering form as an affordance. In order to do so, the paper starts with exploring some transforming influences on the contemporary concept of form, and moves on to introduce affordance as an interpretation of form corresponding the above influences. It then expands on the concept of affordance in order to explain some conceptual evolutions of its presence in the architectural discourse.
The paper ascertains a key role for the concept of meaning in rethinking form, and that with the introduction of affordance in architecture’s conceptual constellation comes a clarification of the meaning, providing responses to two key problems of meaning, namely, interactions between the subject and the object, and having a holistic view. This will result in a new understanding of the physical and the functional, aspect of architecture making way to go beyond their perceived schism. It is owing to drawing up new concepts of affordance, and the arousal of new concerns and considerations in architectural thought. Attempts are made here, therefore, to introduce concepts of action field, affordance layers, affordance domain, affordance quality, and affordance polarity, each reflecting the recent developments in architectural thought encountering the concept of affordance.

Creativity has been a constant concern for artists and architects throughout history. Many definitions of creativity have been proposed, and many buildings throughout history have been known to be creative or uncreative. In this regard, the main point is to judge and evaluate creativity. Because creativity and architecture are never evaluated in isolation from their context and society. Architecture as a cultural product, is generated by thought, it is the carrier of thought and the manifestation of thought in the form of a bedrock for human life. Knowing that the goal of any type of architecture is ultimately human life, any innovation in architecture, succeeds in a society only by considering the audience and the culture of the people. Thus the meanings, patterns, lifestyles and the culture of the people are essential in this sense, because without such things it would be impossible to understand any new and innovative solutions. In this article, while reviewing the various definitions and concepts that have been presented about culture and creativity of architecture, the analysis of how culture influences the understanding of creativity in architecture is discussed. Architectural creativity involves the presentation of a form, space, or environment that is both innovative and appropriate. Usefulness of the architectural space depends on its response to human requirements. The response to human requirements in the architectural space, which is a cultural issue, is made through environmental affordances. The affordances of something, are part of its properties which make it usable for a particular cerature or human. Environmental affordances can not meet human needs and be useful, unless they are understandable to humen. In other words, of the countless affordances available in the environment, human uses the "perceived affordances" by himself to meet his needs from the environment. These abilities correspond to the mental meanings of human. Therefore, the more meanings of the environmental affordances and the mental meanings of the users are compatible, that environment can meet more needs of the user and be more useful. On the other hand, the less similar the architectural form is to the previous architectural works, the more innovative the architectural work will be. In fact, architectural creativity can be considered to meet human needs from the architectural environment in a new way. According to the research findings, culture provides the Echr('39')tebariat for architectural action and creates the ground for producing architectural work. If an architectural work has affordances that match the meanings of users and meet their needs from architecture in a new way, that architecture creates new Echr('39')tebariat and is perceived as a creative work. On the other hand, architecture that is creatively perceived by people also affects their culture. This process continues in a rotating manner and forms the mechanism of the effect of culture on architecture. In this way, Echr('39')tebariat both affect the architectural action and, in the next stage, the creative work of architecture, and are influenced by them and hereby make themselves new and updated. Echr('39')tebariat also change the culture according to the conditions and characteristics of each era and social actions. In fact, culture, action and Echr('39')tebariat interact and exchange with each other in a rotating process. In this sense, culture is not a fixed and stagnant concept and is constantly changing and evolving.

There are numerous concepts in the field of environmental psychology that deal with the interaction of the structure of the environment and human behavior. One of the most applicable concepts to the design of environments is the concept of “affordance” which originates from ecological psychology and has been widely used in various design disciplines, i.e., industrial design and product semantics. In architecture, however, the concept is not yet clear or explicit as regards how to be applied to the different phases of architectural design (planning, design, post-occupancy evaluation…). The successful application of affordances in other design fields hints that by defining and adjusting the relationship between designers, users, and built environments, the concept could help increase the efficiency and success of architectural projects. The theoretical background of the concept of affordance along with other key concepts in ecological psychology and architectural design, such as niche, form and function, and agency, are discussed in this paper. The research uses an inductive analysis method to develop a conceptual framework. It is evident that further research is proposed for a more precise application of affordances through the different phases of architectural design.

Human beings are constantly interacting with their surrounding environment. This interaction tends to adapt the surrounding environment to human inner context (culture) and eliminate undesirable environmental tensions. As an important and specific component of culture, ‘Lifestyle’ plays an important role in human and environmental adaptation. “Lifestyle” has number of manifest and hidden aspects that influence the built environment and constantly change it. Based on the concept of “affordance” and “meaning”, this study describes the “human and environment adaptation” through the analysis of Qashqai dwellings. The theoretical framework of this study is based on ‘Environmental adaptation to human lifestyle’. The adaptation of human and environment happens under the influence of values, human mental meanings and affordances. In order to study human and environmental adaptation aspects, the structure of the built and natural environment, the structure of lifestyle, and finally the structure of meanings have been analyzed. Human and environment adaptation is a creative issue, with affordance-meaning continuous adaptation as its central component. Changes in the Built environment are reflections of the continuous evaluation and adaptation of affordance-meaning. The findings, in addition to providing a theoretical structure for studies of man-environment relation and introducing human and environmental adaptation properties, help to understand why people form their environments and dwellings in a particular fashion.

It is believed that the relationship between the mankind، the nature and the built environment depends on many different factors. This is a complicated and multidimensional issue. Nevertheless، it is an integral part of any design and decision-making processes of the built environment. Gibson’s theory of Affordance is one of the critical theories in design studies and is based on environmental psychology. Environmental psychology is an area which can play a specific role in the study of the relationship between the mankind and the built environment. Based on this discipline، connection to the place is deep and profound. In intensity and meaning، it goes far beyond what our direct physiological sensors are programmed to reveal. Although the influence of the environment on behavior has long been acknowledged by many environmental psychologists، not many studies have been done in a retailing context. So far، few studies can provide a framework to determine the exact and fixed implications of the relationships between mankind and the environment as this relationship، heavily، depends on the context. Gibson coined in the term “affordance،” meaning the interactive possibilities of a particular object or environment. To Gibson، affordances are relationships. They are a part of the nature: they do not have to be visible، known، or desirable. Some affordances are yet to be discovered and some are dangerous. This concept has been extremely influential in the field of design and ergonomics، as well as the work in the context of the human-built environment interaction. This concept is being referred to، in direct and indirect ways، in environmental studies، but its implications are somehow neglected in various approaches. Although the definition of this concept seems to be very self-explanatory، when considering in design based studies، applying its implications seems difficult. This paper aims to investigate the concept of affordance based on applying a thorough research، reviewing literature related to environmental-behavior studies. Thus the methodology used is a qualitative and interpretive approach، analyzing environmental behavior theories while considering the concept of affordance as a critical issue. In fact، this study takes a qualitative approach to claim that an effective and operational framework for the operational concept of affordance could be established to explicate the relationship between the mankind and the built environment. First، various approaches to environment and the assumed implications of affordance are assessed. The assessment is carried out based on environmental psychology. Then، the evolution of thinking of affordance will be studied and the influences of deep psychological thought on affordance will be derived. In this stage، major theories will be categorizing definitions and various implications. Finally، the conclusion of the research will take in a form of a framework for explicating the concept of affordance referring to relationship between the major elements; Human and environment. This research believes that an effective key definition of this concept can be explored by` means of in-depth analysis and investigation of the related major theories. The findings suggest that although diverse approaches exist and considering the concept of affordance in studies of the built environment constructed based on the Gibson’s theory of affordance، when applied in context of the built environment، a comprehensive approach should be taken. This approach should consider the physical aspects، social issues and the meaning in the built environment. Each aspect of the lived environment could be considered as a level of affordance in the environment. Findings of this paper reveal that the concept of affordance is a deep concept which depends on the context and the environment when considered with an architectural point of view. It can be applied in design process considering the clear and hidden aspects in the built environment. These aspects include natural، physical and socio-cultural features of the environment as the context of design.