جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « اراک » در نشریات گروه « هنر و معماری »

Urban areas, as human-environment systems, depend heavily on natural ecosystems for sustainability and well-being. Therefore, integrating ecosystem services into urban planning is essential for promoting sustainable urban development. Among the various decision-making processes impacting ecosystem services in cities, urban planning is arguably the most critical. Despite the increasing academic interest in ecosystem services, there are still significant knowledge gaps regarding their integration into urban planning. Incorporating ecosystem services into the management of urban land is crucial for the rational allocation of land and effective ecological management in urban areas.However, several obstacles hinder this integration, including the inadequacies in the content and process of urban development plans, the limitations of current planning tools, the lack of knowledge about ecosystem services, the absence of relevantinstitutions and executive organizations, and the deficiency in the application of ecosystem services knowledge in practice and policy. Moreover, the necessary legal and regulatory frameworks are often lacking. This paper aims to examine both the current and potential utilization of ecosystem services in urbandevelopment plans, specifically focusing on the city of Arak.

Two dominant scientific approaches are employed to evaluate the uptake and operationalization of ecosystem services in urban planning: interviewing stakeholders and analyzing the content of plans and policies. Content analysis of urban development plan documents provides a comprehensive understanding of the potential, gaps, and limitations related to the inclusion of ecosystem services in urban planning practices. To achieve this goal, a content analysis method with a directional approach (deductive method based on theory) was utilized. The study examined the extent to which 19 ecosystem services were addressed within three components of the Arak development and construction plan: the information base, vision/objectives, andactions.
A scoring protocol was developed to assess the quality of ecosystem services inclusion in urban plans. This protocol used a 3-point scale, with scores ranging from zero (no inclusion), one (implicit inclusion), to two (explicit inclusion).

Among the regulating services, air purification and local ventilation services were mentioned 109 times, with the highest frequency (34 times) in the analysis section (database). The content analysis revealed that healthy water production was referenced 99 times, while food production was mentioned 82 times. Regarding supporting services, soil quality was noted nine times in total, with the highest mention (four times) in the analysis section. Among cultural services, recreational services and mental experiences were mentioned 94 times, with the highest frequency (26 times) in the city survey and knowledge section.The results indicate that the ecosystem services concept is partially integrated into the mentioned development document. However, the document lacks a holistic view of urban ecology and its benefits. In the three examined components, ecosystem services were mentioned 607 times, both implicitly (312 times - 51.4%) and explicitly (295 times - 48.6%), with the most attention given to the information base component (358 times - 59%). The significant difference in the score for cultural services (400) compared to provisioning (274), regulating (198), and supporting (30) services suggests that cultural services are more comprehensively included in the Arak metropolis plan.

The inconsistency in addressing each service or concept across the three components highlights a lack of significant correlation between data collection, analysis, goal formulation, vision development, plan preparation, and the establishment of rules and regulations. Another critical issue is the misalignment between the process and content of these plans with new concepts, as well as the weakness of the comprehensive rational process in integrating these concepts. To incorporate new ideas like ecosystem services into urban development plans, not only is there a need to strengthen content and process, but also to improve planning tools. Empirical studies suggest that tools such as Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) can help bridge this gap.

Incorporating the concept of ecosystem services into new laws, guidelines, or revisions of existing plans and programs is a complex process that cannot be accomplished in the short term. The presence of informed stakeholders, public decision-makers, and experts is essential. Additionally, it is crucial to form interdisciplinary teams within both consulting engineering firms that prepare urban development plans and public institutions responsible for drafting and approving these plans. Tools such as Strategic Impact Assessment (SIA) are recommended to evaluate proposed alternatives and select the final options.

Problem statement: 

Today, cities, such as products, services and events, need to design a visual urban identity in order to introduce and distinguish themselves from others. The city of Arak is one of the most prominent industrial cities of Iran and one of the important centers in the field of economy (industry) of the country, where the owners of various domestic and foreign industries and businesses constantly visit it, and it is located on the country's transportation highway. This city lacks a visual identity and according to these conditions, the basic issue of this research is the need to create a visual identity for a city with the mentioned characteristics and to identify factors and components that can be used to design a visual identity.

The present research analyzes the components of Arak city and reaching the key components for use in visual identity design is one of the most important goals of this research.

In this research, the descriptive-analytical research method and the methods of reviewing texts, sources and visual documents have been used in the context of library studies.

There are components of urban identity (economic components, socio-cultural components, physical-spatial components and environmental-ecological components), which we have neglected, these components guide the designer in forming the visual identity of the city. Paying attention to the index components in visual identity design is one of the findings of this research.

Based on the findings of this research, while emphasizing the issue that visual identity design is very necessary for the city of Arak. Among the identity components, the most significant ones, which are the economic components with an emphasis on the industry category, should be selected for the design of the visual identity of Arak city, and next to it, social and cultural components (with an emphasis on celebrities such as Amir Kabir or an emphasis on the city's culture and art category) Or use physical and spatial components (with emphasis on traditional and historical buildings such as Arak Bazaar, four-season bath, etc.) for more attractiveness in pattern and color. It is possible to create a visual identity for this city by addressing these components.

The importance of quality of life studies in social policies and its role is an effective tool for urban management and planning. This research aims to evaluate the quality of life to achieve the principles of social sustainability design of residential complexes. The present research is quantitative in terms of approach.The research method is quantitative and case sample method. A questionnaire was used to collect information. Cronbach's alpha coefficient of the questionnaires was 0.843 statistical population of the present study is the residents of the Ghadir Arak residential complex. The sample size was calculated using Cochran's formula of 280 people. The data were analyzed using Spss software and Kolmogorov Smirnov parametric statistical tests, Pearson correlation about the measurement and evaluation of the quality of life indicators. The findings of the present research indicate that the quality of life in residential complexes is directly related to the participation of residents in socio-cultural contexts, a sense of belonging to mental dimensions, and physical and environmental contexts to objective dimensions. Therefore, the quality of life in the mental, social and cultural dimensions and sense of belonging is higher than in the objective, physical, and environmental dimensions. Components such as socio-cultural, physical, environmental, and sense of belonging are reliable tools for measuring the quality of life. According to the lifestyle of citizens, they can be used to achieve the principles of social sustainability design in residential complexes such as the Ghadir Arak Complex.

Manufacturing of handmade carpets has faced many challenges to date, and its growth and development have been dependent on various factors.There have been many centers of excellence in the field of carpet production so far, but for various reasons they have been gradually declining or even falling out of the carpet industry.There are also a number of carpet weaving areas in the country that have had a remarkable track record in recent years in the field of production and sales. One of the prominent centers is the Sarouk area of Arak city It can be considered one of the most important carpet weaving centers in Markazi province both in production and export in the past decades.The question now is what factors have contributed to the decline of carpet weaving in the region and what solutions can be proposed to improve the carpet weaving situation in the area.The main purpose of the present study is also to investigate the causes of declining carpet production in the Sarouk region, which is associated with Considering the amount of production and the important export position it has had in recent years, And has attempted to identify ways of coming out of the situation by identifying and examining the factors that have contributed to the downward trend of the area under review in the last few years. On the other hand, by recognizing the factors affecting the decline in the production of a carpet weaving area, we can understand the importance of each of these factors and use them to prevent possible decline in other areas and provide appropriate solutions.The purpose of this study is descriptive-analytical in terms of purpose and application. Data collection was done in two ways: library and field, using surveying, observing, interviewing and photographing tools.Based on research findings through interviews with experts, officials, producers, sellers, weavers, and observers in the study area,Seven factors were identified as the main causes of the decline in carpet production in Sarouq Including: rural migration (one of the major consequences of land reform and industrialization in the region), Getting older the Weavers and the decline of the young population in Sarouq, The carpet weaving profession and the physical and psychological damage it caused, The effects of subsidizing cash payments and stopping government support schemes such as carpet weaving, Reducing diversity and innovation in design and motifs, Paying little attention to marketing, taste and advertising issues, As well as the outflow of large producers and the decline in investment in Sarouq, And ultimately, the quality of life and well-being of the people will increase, each of which has had a direct and indirect impact on the downward trend in Sarouq carpet products.

What makes it necessary to discuss the quality of the environment in the residential environments of residential complexes is the adverse consequences of living in these complexes and neglecting it can cause physical and social anomalies such as riots, sabotage, crime and Lack of a sense of belonging and ultimately residential instability and a desire to move around in complexes. The purpose of this study is to explain the role of environmental quality on residential stability and the tendency of residents to move in residential complexes in Arak. The method of the present study was quantitative and survey method using a researcher-made questionnaire. The statistical population of the study also included residents of Arak during the period from March 2017 to July 2016. Participants in this study were selected through a multi-stage cluster random sample. The target sample size was 400 (247 males and 153 females). Based on the results, there is a significant and inverse relationship between the desirability of the communication, social and cultural network and the tendency to displacement with high power; There is a significant relationship between accessibility and propensity to move and the relationship is inverse and has moderate power. There was a significant relationship between the desirability of green space and the tendency to move and the relationship was inverse and had a weak power and also there is a significant relationship between the desirability of cleanliness and the tendency to move and the inverse relationship is weak.

Concurrent with political events of the Qajar era and the need to establish a new government center in the west of Iran to help with securing territories and controlling riots and unrest, Fath ‘Ali Shah, the second Qajar King, commissioned Yusuf Khan Gorji to build a fortress in the area previously called ʿEraq-e ʿAjam. After a short time, the new town, which was called Arak or Sultan-abad, went under many changes. Arak is one of the few towns built in the Qajar period according to a pre-designed plan, originally conceived as a military fortress by its founders. It has prominent features that have been hardly studied, the most important of which is the military forum or “Arg.” Along with the development of the city, the military function faded in a short time. The Arg square underwent many changes including changes in its function and surrounding buildings such as residential quarters, baths, a mosque, and a school, which were either rebuilt or destroyed during the recent century. Library research and review of travelogues, documents, maps, and available historical photographs of the Arg Square were done in a descriptive-historical method, showing that according to historical milestones and critical periods in the life of Arak, eight stages can be traced to study the development of the Arg Square.  In each stage, physical changes in the buildings around this square can be identified based on historical documents. These stages show the development of the city from its foundation and construction to the present, its transformation from a military town to a commercial and then industrial one, followed by changes in the buildings and function of the Arg Square.

Markazi province is one of the long-standing centers of Iranian carpet weaving. Farahan is a large area of ​​Markazi province that includes more than 200 villages and weaving centers. Sarough, as a prominent Iranian carpet brand, is one of the most important centers of carpet weaving in Farahan. Farahan carpet, which has been the origination and the first carpet of Markazi province, began to grow, develop, and flourish in the middle of the Qajar period due to the presence of Tabriz merchants and then the establishment of foreign companies in Sultanabad. It was at this time that Farahan Carpet found its true identity with the help of a coherent and coordinated management and exemplary quality of production.Currently, Farahan and Sarough carpets are presented in the most prestigious museums, collections, and galleries around the world. The quality of weaving, brightness and sparkle of colors, and beautiful and varied patterns (which are the result of the attitude, taste, talent, and imagination of Iranian designer artists) have made them unique. As a result, during the ups and downs of economics and art caused by global challenges, they have always been interesting, as components of identity and quality, for the manufacturers in all eras, especially the recent decades.Farahan Carpet Company is one of the most prominent manufacturers of Farahan carpet, which has been working in this field for almost six decades. This company is based on indigenous, national, and transnational standards and consciously follows a purpose. It examines the needs of the market and the customers in order to offer coherent products with two traditional and modern approaches. The destination and target markets of most of these products include the United States, Europe, and the Far East. In Farahan Carpet, all the steps and production processes from the beginning to the end are performed under the supervision of the company's managers and experts. The lack of resources in the field of Farahan carpets highlights the need for this research.In sources which briefly refer the carpets of Markazi province and its subordinate cities and villages, such as "Persian carpet" (Edwards, 1989), "Persian carpets" (Hangeldin, 1996), "Ghalin” (Sabahi, 2014), “Study of Persian Carpet” (Jouleh, 2011), and “Golden Sunset of Sarough Carpet” (Sooresrafil, 1993), there have also been some brief and general references to Farahan carpet and its villages, such as Sarough. In addition, in recent years, studies have been conducted on the carpets of Markazi province (Arak, Farahan, Sarough and Jirya), namely "review, analysis, and introduction of native and original designs and patterns of Arak Carpet weaving school (Sultanabad)" (Afroogh, 2017) and "Study, analysis, and introduction of new and imported (adapted) designs and patterns in the contemporary carpets of Arak (Sultanabad)” (Afrough, 2018). The present study aimed to introduce the Farahan carpet-weaving school and the design and patterns of its carpets in order to study, investigate, and introduce the Farahan Carpet company and its products.

The fast pace of changes in the old urban fabrics accentuates the way we approach and deal with these fabrics, regardless of the positive or negative aspects of the physical changes that depend on the views of the planners and the policies adopted. It is necessary to document and record the previous architectural patterns. The main challenge in this confrontation is whether the old buildings of the city of Arak have the ability to be categorized in a typology, and how to recognize the main types of identified structures in this fabric. This research, with a descriptive approach, elucidates the architectural theme and zoning in the historic urban fabric, and focuses on the general orientation of residential buildings, the generic elements of the building, its physical elements and its components, and their applications in the old houses. As a result, this descriptive–historical study, in which a combination of methods was used, led to recognition of residential typology and understanding of major types of residential architecture patterns in the old context. Finally, three main types were introduced in the houses of Arak.Given the developments in the last century, historic houses are severely subject to destruction, while the majority of residential areas in Iran are located in historic urban fabrics. Studies show that there has not been much research conducted on these houses and there is no comprehensive understanding of them, while emphasizing on the basic needs of the Iranian people and their environment can lead us to the appropriate housing pattern for Iranians.The city of Arak has been considered majorly from an industrial and commercial point of view. In this regard, the architecture and urbanization of Arak have been neglected and its developments have been neglected. Except for a few cases that have generally addressed the subject, this idea has not been previously researched. On the other hand, the houses of Arak are suitable models for understanding the development of Arak architecture due to their dispersion in the city and belonging to different time periods. For this purpose, in this research, the typology of traditional houses in Arak has been studied.Studies show that there are different definitions and methods for typology. Therefore, after studying the shape, climate, cultural, and structure of materials, the historical typology of Qajar houses in Arak is discussed.Three house types have been identified by surveys carried out on Arak houses:- Type A (Mountainous Type)- Type B (Desert Type)- Type C (Extrovert Type)The mountainous type is derived from the architecture style of cold and dry climate of Iran such as Hamedan, Kurdistan, and so on. In this type, the shape of the plan is compact with one or two sides; it is asymmetric, with two floors most often and an average occupancy level with a large number of rooms.The desert type is based on the architecture of Iranian desert cities such as Yazd and Kashan. In this type, two other subcategories are also observed. The first subcategory (B1) is very similar to the houses of the hot and dry climate of Iran with a central courtyard. Mostly the central courtyard has three or four sides and is symmetrical, with mostly two floors and a medium occupancy level with a large number of rooms. The second subcategory (B2) is more closely related to desert type in terms of spatial organization and is generally different from the central courtyard houses. In terms of the shape of a plan, it has two or three sides, and is asymmetric, most often with two floors and an average occupancy level with a small number of rooms.The extrovert type, which originated in Pahlavi period, is derived from the typical Persian Pahlavi architecture of Iran. This type has been created outside the fabric of the castle. In terms of shape, they have extrovert plans; it has an asymmetrical structure, mostly with two floors and with a low occupancy level with a large number of rooms. On the other hand, over time, the spatial organization of houses has changed from Qajar period to Pahlavi era:- The houses have become more extrovert and the central courtyards have become fewer.- There is less symmetry in Pahlavi houses.- The vast majority of houses in the old city (castle of Sultan Abad) have a central courtyard, but this pattern is lost once the city was expanded outside the castle. Overall, in houses outside the fabric, the area of the yard is larger than the houses inside the fabric.

In Qajar period, the decorations are important because of integration of tradition and modernity. In addition,high number of mosque - schools in this period have made and their decoration of these buildings is important. Soin this research, three mosque - schools sepahdari, Aghazeiadin and Khansari in Arak city have been investigatedwith descriptive - analytical method to answer this question that what is decoration of this building. At this point,we have studied the historical sources and assembled the required data by direct presence in building and vectorphotography, then we have analyzed the necessary information. The results show that the decoration of these buildingsis tiling, brick, engraving on stone and build of gypsum. The tiling shows itself in motifs of Khataiy, Islimi,Moaagholi and Inscription and has the highest variety of motifs. Brick decoration has variety in tactic, locationand form, and it has the largest area. Also the results show that gypsum decoration with plant motifs and engravedwith geometric and Fantasy plant have been used. Finally, the findings of the study indicate that decoration of thesebuildings has 47 kinds of sample.

Considered a multi-aspect and complex issue, a house is a social institution that has major effects on the lives of its dwellers. Today, turbulence and interference of people’s daily activities and their effects on intra-family and extra-family social relations, and lack of appropriate relations between patterns of personal relations and allocated spaces to houses have led to dwellers’ dissatisfaction. The main goal of this study is to investigate those semantic changes, pertaining to patterns of daily activities and social relations. In this research, historical and ethnographic methods are employed to study traditional and contemporary houses respectively. Results show there have been changes in people’s activity pattern, entertainment programs, doing and dividing works, time management, health care system, domestic food production and intra-family and extra-family social relationships.
These changes have occurred along with spatial changes; therefore, the socio-spatial meaning of the part related to social relationships and activities has been integrated into contemporary houses; in a way so that in some spaces the socio-spatial meaning is totally changed, in some spaces the new meaning, in line with the past meaning, has gained a new form and in some others the same past meaning is retained. Among socio-spatial meanings which survive in new forms, one can point to the role of father in the family and its socio-spatial effects. Among the totally changed meanings, we can mention the role of woman at home and its socio-spatial impacts. On the other hand, these changes have affected, with varying degrees, different things from the patterns of activities to physical features of houses. Issues like object-orientation significance vs. space-orientation, weakened role of spatial form and geometry, tendency for closed spaces vs. open ones and individuality are instances of these changes.
House as one of the noble human heritage has always been considered from various angles and as a social institution has a great effect on the lives of its inhabitants. And alongside human life, which has many challenges and complexities, the house is also a complex subject with different semantic layers. Considering the fact that the house as a social institution has a high status in society, therefore, social meaning among other meanings of the house is of particular importance. Therefore, in this research, how this meaning is defined in the spaces of the house is dealt with.
The turmoil and interference between the activities of people who are today most likely to be seen in homes indicates the inappropriateness and proper relationship between the pattern of activities of individuals and the home spaces. On the other hand, the lack of proper understanding of the pattern of current activities of individuals led to the design of spatial disparities with the pattern of activities in most homes, which led to residents’ dissatisfaction. Because social cultural categories are always created in a long time, it seems that what we see today is created in a historical context. In fact, in order to better understand the current situation, this relationship should be measured in traditional homes so that we can correct the defects by comparing what we are seeing today. In this way, the relationship between the pattern of activities and the spaces of traditional and contemporary houses and the socio-spatial meaning of the subject followed up by the study is measured in a selection of traditional and contemporary houses in Arak.
In this research, a historical method has been used to study traditional houses and ethnographic methods for contemporary houses. Historically, data collection has been used through interviews with the old residents of these houses and the observation of the building (field method) as well as the documents of the Cultural Heritage and Tourism Organization, and also ethnographic studies and historical sociology. The data of contemporary houses in Arak are also gathered through ethnographic method and participatory observation.
Changes in homes are investigated in four factors: activities, social relationships, time, and spatial-physical characteristics in homes. Then, by comparing these four factors and data tables, socio-spatial changes in these homes were obtained.
The comparative comparison of traditional and contemporary houses in Arak shows that a change has occurred in the socio-spatial sense of the house. It is important to note that the transformation of meaning in all the spaces and activities is not the same, so that in some spaces the social-spatial meaning has completely changed. In some spaces, along with the meaning of the past, a new meaning has been found, and in others, the same meaning in the past is spilled in space

This article is a field study based on the study of geography of the Arak (Sultan Abad) weaving system and less theoretical and theoretical. because written for the first time in the form of structured and consistent. Arak, known in the past as Soltanabad, and before that, called Iraq Ajam, one of the most important schools of Iranian carpets especially from Qajar era to this side and enjoyable a long and brilliant record in this native and national art. a prominent example of this can be the Sarough carpets and its peripheral areas such as Jiriya that over the past two hundred years, it was mainly produced by foreign companies such as Ziegler, and exported to America and Europe and today it is an ornament of the houses, collections and famous museums of America and Europe. In this article, for the first time, the School of Carpet weaving in Arak(Soltanabad) and then the native design and plan first - with the exception of various designs of export carpets that designers of foreign companies and domestic producers (Tabriz merchants) - introduce, describe, analyze and categorize. the research results are as follows: school and carpet weaving style of Sultan Abad with the arrival of foreign companies, especially Swiss-English Ziggler company, and then merchants, Iranian producers and exporters(Especially Tabrizi) this school brought about the emergence, growth and progress of the school. there are also two types of plans and design for this school. a : native and first. B : pattern taken or new (designs that introduced by traders and manufacturers which are either fully woven in arak or the designers designed plans with their adaptation and or the maps have been new and designed by artists in the area). until the formation, structure, school and identity of Arak carpet by companies and producers, the carpets in this area were locally and only had a consumable aspect which was enjoyed from a thick and coarse form and so-called local carpets(neighborhoods, neighborhood) they were taught. the present research is of fundamental type and its method is descriptive-analytical. it is also a method of collecting information in a field.

The architecture of Arak’s bazaar is a result of the continuity of valuable experiences which are due to the concordance between the environment and various functions of bazaar. In this architecture a lot of effort has been put to create integrity and unity in different spaces of bazaar. The physical structure of Arak’s bazaar is created based on an aforethought proposal, i.e. it has a straight symmetric path instead of a freely curved structure. Mobile Ta’zieh of Arak and bazaar as the place for its performance brings up questions about the effect of shape, form and structure of bazaar on the formation of this type of Ta’zieh. Has the mobility of Ta’zieh affected the structure of bazaar? The order of answers to these questions is also important. The research hypothesis is that the lack of a suitable space for performing Ta’zieh has been the reason behind selecting bazaar as the site for its performance. Reviving the neglected issue of mobile Ta’zieh, behavioral analysis of Ta’zieh in its context and exploring the potential of bazaar’s environment necessitate this study. The research method for this study is analytical-historical. Data is collected through library studies, field research and conducting in-depth interviews. The aim of this study is to examine the interaction between structure and form of mobile Ta’zieh and the body of its performance (bazaar) in the city of Arak. In this study, the special and unknown ritual of mobile Ta’zieh is introduced and the flexibility of this ritual due to lack of circular space, the linearity of bazaar, local competition, economic relations of merchants, and the presence of particular mosques are discussed. Then, it is pointed out that mobile Ta’zieh has changed the drama, scenario, the timing of the narrative and location of persons in order to show it to the people in bazaar as a sequence in different parts. Finally, it is concluded that one of the reasons for hierarchical performance of Ta’zieh in Arak’s bazaar is the linearity of the place within which it is performed.