جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « ارگ » در نشریات گروه « هنر و معماری »

Zandieh is a short period in Iranian history (1751-1794 AD) which influence on Qajar art (1794-1925 AD) has always been discussed. The period of Karim-Khan Zand (1751-1779 A.D) is considered as one of the three stages of the evolution and development of Iranian art after the fall of the Safavids, which is a combination of a kind of "realism" and "ancientism," but both in the folk tradition, with the suspension fluctuated between the return to royal traditions and the pursuit of European arts. However, Zandieh-era tileworks have not been sufficiently investigated. Tileworks in Zand dynasty are limited, and at the same time, the Arg or Citadel of the Karim-Khan Zand is also considered to be most widely made of bricks, which has few tileworks. Much of the research in this area has focused on brick ornamentation and paintings. Therefore, case studies in identifying each part of the original Zandieh-era tilework can be useful in seeking a comprehensive understanding of Zand art. The current research could be evaluated in this context. Except for a number of mosaics and arabesque motifs in tileworks, there were three lost tileworks located at the entrance to the Arg in the courtyard at the Eastern side, which have been lost for decades and for some unknown reasons. The middle tilework is larger and its shape is a square with an approximate size of 2.70 m. The two northern and southern tileworks have similar proportions and an approximate size of 1.70 at 2.70 m. The geometric analysis of the components of these three tiles reflects the pivotal geometry of the motifs. Each of these three constituents has only a relative axial symmetry and is, at the same time, in perfect alignment with the central tile of the largest size. The purpose of the current research is to recognize the "scheme" and the "content" of these tileworks, and to study similar examples and their impact on the correct understanding of the geometry and architecture of the citadel. The research method is an interpretive-historical approach that uses analytical and deductive data such as historical photographs, field observations, writings by historians and tourists. In the first step, by studying the artistic features of the Zandieh-era works, the basic principles necessary for understanding the notions of Zand art are underlined, with emphasis on tile paintings. In the second step, after the dating of the tilework, its design has been compared to similar examples and its content has been adapted to the Zand art history. At the end and in the third step, analyzing its composition, its role in the spatial structure of the citadel in a descriptive-analytical approach is discussed. The findings of this study showed that these tileworks are a reflection of the ordinary architecture of the Arg; the representational content of these three tileworks shows the presence of servants with floral dresses, long clothes and small hats that represent Zand's traditional dress and serve with numerous dishes of fruit, cup and pitcher. The natural landscape, in contrast to the steady state of the Arg, represents the dynamic nature and the life of the citadel. Due to reasons such as lack of sufficient land for construction, the complexity of the functions resulting from the creation of a residential space along with the service sectors such as the bath and the spaces of servants and need for security, the Arg developed a simple courtyard house to fit within the shape of an inland city citadel. The aesthetics of the plan are based on the four-Ivan pattern of the Safavid era, and the combination of the two scales of the house and the citadel have led to the removal of the Ivan of the eastern side for a variety of reasons. This fault has been retrieved by the imitation of the Arg architecture (including the two-column Ivan, the upper niche of the two-chambered rooms, the paintings with the flower pattern, etc.), and in particular the representation of the main Ivan (the king's), a two-dimensional image of the Ivan and its components have compensated the architectural defects. The geometric analysis of the constituents of these three tileworks shows the remarkable geometry in the layout of the motifs. Each of the three alone has relative axial symmetry and is in complete symmetry with the large central tile. In addition to their artistic and aesthetic role in creating diversity on the inner eastern wall of the Arg and creating the focal point of the longitudinal axis of the Arg from the Ivan to the entrance, the following could also be pointed out: a) Tileworks as a reflection of the daily servants of the Arg; (b) Tileworks as a two-dimensional mirror against the architectural three-dimensional elements; (c) Tileworks as an ideal world against the real world of Arg; and (d) Tileworks as aesthetic concept of Qajar local governors in the administrative buildings and houses.

Cold and mountainous areas make up a large part of Iran. The urban fabric in these areas is similar to the cold and mountainous climate and is designed to meet the needs of its inhabitants. Climate and geographical considerations specific to a region is itself a major factor in shaping the urban fabric and architectural elements. The environment of cities and even the structures related to a particular climate acquire specific characteristics appropriate to that climate and geography. Bukan is also one of the cities located in the mountainous region of Iran and has a historical context appropriate and valuable to its conditions. This city is located in the south of West Azerbaijan province and in the Mokrian region. Due to its climatic features, biological geography, proximity to mountains and rivers, and its location along the road, it is a suitable place to live and this caused its rapid growth and development in the Qajar period. The present descriptive-analytical research, is based on field studies and library studies, and seeks to identify the historical context and the main physical elements and features of the city of Bukan, and in this regard seeks a logical answer to the following questions:1- In which historical period was the main and primary core of Bukan city formed?
2- What is the pattern and logic of the building layout in the historical context of Bukan and what are its main and physical elements?
3- How has the Bukan historical context changed during different periods?
The results of studies showed that the Islamic city of Bukan was formed in the Safavid period and the current remaining texture of it also belongs to the Qajar and Pahlavi periods. The presence of architectural elements such as citadels, mosques, bazaars, tombs, basins and various neighborhoods proves the dynamics of the historical context of Bukan in the past and shows the political, religious, administrative and commercial functions of the city during these periods.