جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "بافت های فرسوده" در نشریات گروه "هنر و معماری"

A lot of research has been done on the relationship between citizens' participation and the renovation and improvement of the worn-out urban fabric among different groups and based on different methods; Therefore, the purpose of this research is to apply the meta-analysis method in order to analyze and combine the results of the studies conducted on the relationship between citizens' participation and the improvement and renovation of the worn-out urban fabric. In order to conduct the present meta-analysis, 11 related studies that were conducted in the years 2013-2014 with the aim of evaluating the relationship between citizen participation and the renovation and improvement of the worn-out urban fabric and were published in domestic authoritative quarterly journals were selected. The selected researches have been carried out by survey method and using survey tools in different statistical communities and according to reliable criteria. In the first step of the evaluation of the selected studies, the assumptions of homogeneity and publication error were examined, and the findings indicated the homogeneity of the effect size and the lack of publication bias of the studied studies. In the second step, the effect size coefficient and the moderating role of the study field variable were evaluated using the second version of the CMA software. The findings showed that the effect size or the effect coefficient of citizens' participation on the renovation and improvement of the worn-out urban fabric is equal to 0.573, which according to Cohen's interpretation system, this amount is considered a high effect. Also, considering the field of study as a variable, the adjustment of this effect size coefficient of province and city is equal to 0.559. In fact, the participation of citizens in provinces has a greater effect on the improvement and renovation of the worn-out urban fabric than in the cities.

Over time, cities undergo changes, one of the most important of which is the erosion of parts of the city, which, following the creation and intensification of erosion, the efficiency of these tissues also decreases.In this regard, organizing these tissues by using different policies to intervene in the worn tissue, taking into account the integrity of managers in the city can have a positive and constructive effect.The present study aims to analyze the role and position of integrated urban management in organizing worn-out structures and, on a case-by-case basis, to Ramsar neighborhood. According to the subject, objectives and hypotheses of the research, the present research is of a developmental type and in terms of nature and development, is descriptive and analytical.Documentary and field data collection methods and data collection tools in the documentary section include articles and documents of Ramsar city extracted from the municipality of this city and in the field section are observations and questionnaires. Using the opinions of 50 citizens and in the form of drawing tables and graphs, the data were analyzed.The results of this study indicate that attention to integrated management criteria has a decisive and positive role in organizing the worn-out texture of Ramsar neighborhood, and according to the amount of wear in the texture and its diversity and dispersion, the use of improvement policies and Renovation is the most appropriate policy to improve the situation and organization of the neighborhood to achieve this through cooperation and coordination between organizations involved in city management.

There are several approaches for modelling and representing the spatial network, but there is a lack of study about the relationship between the approaches. Thus, in the network modelling phase, researchers are often unaware of the diversity of approaches in other areas of urban research and pursue previous research in their field. Worn-out urban tissues are vulnerable to natural disasters due to low connectivity and difficult accessibility. In this regard, the geometric modification of the street network without clear prioritization will increase the costs of urban management and lead to low efficiency in the field of risk management.

The present study tries to reduce travel distance, increase accessibility and connectivity by prioritizing different scenarios of interventions in the field of geometric modification after examining the theoretical fields of spatial network modelling and representation.

To clarify the role and application of graph theory in network modelling, qualitative content analysis was used and then the re-blocking model was tested in one of the contexts of Rasht City. In this regard, complexity index (dual graph), topological optimization (relevant algorithm), geometric optimization (relevant algorithm and programming in Matlab software), centrality and connectivity (Space Syntax software) were measured.

The results of the qualitative content analysis indicate that the use of the dual graph will be appropriate to determine the morphological features of the urban layout. The complexity index was 8 in the studied block, which was reduced to 2 through topological optimization. Using geometric optimization, the average travel distance was reduced from 17.4 to 10.68.

The findings of the present study can be considered in regeneration projects to create resilient areas.Keywords: Topology, Optimization, Worn-out tissues, resilience, Street network. Highlight: • Reducing the vulnerability of worn-out regions by designing resilient networks• Investigating the changes by programming in MATLAB Software

Today, participation in social affairs is one of the main principles of sustainable development. In the field of urban management, empowering citizens and influencing them in urban affairs is the core of the participatory approach. So that in the regeneration of worn tissues during the last three decades, this approach has been mentioned as the key to problem solving and effective implementation of renovation programs. But experience shows that what has been considered as participation in urban management in Iran is more about financing and instrumental use of participation. In this article, an attempt has been made to study the experience of renovation in three neighborhoods of Sirus, Javadieh and Haftchenar, Tehran, which has been implemented with the approach of physical-spatial planning and participatory planning, while enumerating barriers to participation, to provide a model for future projects. The research method of this study is qualitative and the interview technique has been used. The sample size is 30 renovation managers and experts who have worked in these or similar projects. The results indicate that the barriers can be classified into two categories of structural and factor factors. Thus, structural factors at the macro level, including organizational structures, and at the micro level, including legal factors (laws and regulations) and agency at the two micro levels, ie individual factors and macro level, ie the organizational dimension, create obstacles to citizen participation. Therefore, in order to attract people’s participation, these structural and factor factors must be coordinated with each other and a positive and two-way interaction must be established between them.

Urban renovation is a strategic issue in Iran urban development, and it is considered in many urban documents. The deteriorated areas of cities may cause to a variety of social and economic problems for their inhabitants. Living in such areas, may deprive residents from opportunities (such as access to educational space, access to health services, and sense of belonging to a good neighborhood), and so, distort their human dignity. For this reason, urban planners should try to define goals and strategies for renovating urban deteriorated areas. In Tehran, the comprehensive plan (approved in 2007) has identified strategies for the renovation of urban deteriorated areas. In terms of economics, the comprehensive plan of Tehran proposes a "No Cost" renovation strategy which means the renovation process should be realized with the municipal incomes from inside of deteriorated areas (without other incomes of municipality which are gained from rich areas of the city). Is such a strategy based on human dignity? This is the question of this research. In other words, is it consistent with the concept of human dignity to provide the budget required to support renovation in deteriorated areas through the taxes of from the place of renovation?
Since human dignity is a relatively complex concept, and there may not be a complete consensus on the definition and criteria for its measurements, this paper focuses on the views of one of the major thinkers in this area. Sayyid Musa al-Sadr can be a good reference for defining the concept of human dignity, because he has books, speeches and even certain social attempts to address the concept of human dignity. According to the humanitarian and Islamic context of his ideas, this paper, by explaining the views of Sayyid Musa al-Sadr, has tried to present a theoretical framework for measuring human dignity in urban development programs. Then, based on this framework, this article evaluates the economic strategy of Tehran's renovation. In order to evaluate the urban renewal strategy in Tehran's comprehensive plan, this research has conducted a semi-structured interview with two groups of experts: First, the experts of the Tehran Center for Urban Studies and Planning (as the conductor of Tehran Comprehensive Plan), and the second, the experts of the Tehran Renovation Organization (as the responsible organization for urban renewal). The interviews proceeded to a theoretical saturation (a total of 15 interviews).
Research findings show that human dignity can be measured by seven criteria: "maintaining and promoting unity in society", "creating opportunities for progress for all human beings", "considering people equal, except for superiority in piety, endeavor and science", "dealing with people's affairs", "responsiveness of all people to each other", "the responsibility of all citizens towards each other ","human freedoms" and "institutionalizing the empowerment of the disadvantaged". According to these criteria, this paper shows that the economic strategy of "No Cost Urban Renewal", which has been emphasized by the comprehensive plan of Tehran, cannot be based on human dignity.

The valuable cultural-historical buildings in Shiraz have been neglected during recent decades while this factor caused much more erosion in these buildings. Economy is one of the most effective factor in building’s erosion because it has had the most important effect on the survival or destruction of cities during the history. Erosion of invaluable cultural-historical buildings not only can cause inefficiency, destruction of the city’s image and inappropriate environment for the lives of citizens, but also can destroy valuable legacy of civilization and culture of a society. Thus there will not be any substituent
for this heritage. Given the importance of this heritage, many studies have evaluated different aspects of it. From a cultural, social and economic point of view, it was tried to keep the stability of these valuable heritages and take an effective step in order to enter these buildings to contemporary life. As the most important factor to take out the roles of historical monuments and tissue from contemporary life, economy has played the most important role in the destruction or prosperity of urban life throughout the history. Therefore, indigenous residents left their homes to access more facilities, according to the contemporary era, and finally they gave their places to low-income people, nonnatives, Afghan refugees and criminals. So, investment was not allocated to the historical context and while the focus was on the other parts of the city. Even though historical context is the identity and the basis of each city, it reminds a picture of deterioration,
aging and backwardness (retardation). Despite many studies done in this field, these are not effective for most cities of Iran. So they could not be able to solve destruction and erosion in historical contexts. Accordingly creating important and effective solutions for the historical contexts needs an economic approach in contemporary life. Therefore, one of the most important determinants of dynamism and vitality in historical contexts is creating various activities to prevent the creation of single function utilization in buildings. Functional diversity in the historical contexts can refer more people to the contexts. Valuable historical monuments require utilizations that can return economy aligned with contemporary needs as well as encourage people to visit buildings and historical contexts to eliminate the stagnation and recession of them. Notwithstanding its valuable heritage in historical contexts, Shiraz has not been prevented from erosion and unfortunately its destruction progresses day by day. Relying only on the statistics and having a quantitative view to the historical contexts can be an important reason of that. Another problem is strategies applied in other areas of the city without paying attention to the characteristics of Shiraz. In addition to the exodus of indigenous people, replacing of non-native people, delinquent and creating inappropriate utilities in monuments, caused erosion in the historical contexts of Shiraz. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of economy on the historical part of Shiraz while considering its role in vitality and dynamism of cities. Analyzing the features of considered area and the effect of different functions is done through methods such as AHP. A suitable function for this area is defined in order to create the highest economic progress in this area along with protecting historical aspect of buildings. The main question of this study was: How can the importance of economical function of the historical part of Shiraz -along with structural redesigning and changing building’s function- effect the protection of valuable historical- cultural buildings and prevent their erosion and destruction. The analytic descriptive method was used in this research. Data was collected through library and field method. Moreover we investigated these factors through investigating the performed experiences in Iran and other countries in order to make applicable and functional results. We focus on the values of buildings to attract fund and investment which will be provided for a further time. Investigation of the result was shown that making a new function, suitable with current needs can make an economic improvement in historical area. Also, it can provide viability and dynamism to the buildings and historical area while prevent erosion and destruction of these buildings and historical texture.

The population of every urban community, especially in developing countries, has been growing more increasingly by immigration of rural population to cities rather than birth rate. This type of growth has led to an irregular outward trend in expansion of cities and, as a result, a horizontally dispersed urban development toward farmlands and annexation of surrounding countryside. On the other hand, considerable areas in downtown or early districts of the cities, however, are left undeveloped. Naturally, these undesirable conditions make Infill Development Strategies of high importance. Infill Development is one of the major methods applied to downtown development, improvement and compaction. Inside a city, there are a considerable amount of spaces, unused lands and abandoned workshop and factories with their urban infrastructures and installations, which Infill Development regards them as a wealth of opportunities for economic, social and environmental development. This method of development provides a thriving social interaction and retail trade through the increase of population existence and activity in the districts. It also enhances the community assets and improves the quality of neighborhoods by constructing parks, infrastructures, transportation network, art houses, and new shopping malls. Qazvin population has been continually increasing due to its geographical, political and economic situation. Meanwhile, natural and artificial barriers have drastically confined its development direction; therefore, it is especially crucial to consider Infill Development Strategies in its further development. In this research, initially, some useful indicators based on the principles of infill development have been introduced in order to evaluate the conformity between urban developments in Qazvin and infill development strategies. The indicators introduced areas of barren, disused, military and industrial lands in addition to population density, renewal of ruined areas, average number of floors, amount of licenses and capitation balance. Afterwards, the status of each indicator was studied between two comprehensive plans of Qazvin during 1369-1384, and then the effect of each indicator was analyzed and their capacity for utmost use of infill development was evaluated through conducting an Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). The ideal value of any indicator is achieved regarding the nature of indicators which is approximately near to zero or to the suggestions of comprehensive plan in 1365 as the base of this study. Analytical Hierarchy Process is a flexible, powerful and easy model to make decisions in situations which conflicting decision criteria make it difficult to choose between the various rival options. The Analytical Hierarchy Process method can be used in these issues because of the simplicity, flexibility of its usage, and its ability to simultaneously use both qualitative and quantitative criteria and evaluate the consistency of judgments. The findings of research illustrate the remarkable capability of Qazvin for infill development. The capacity which has not been exploited efficiently until now and the city suffers from ineffectively implementation of infill development. Furthermore, it is shown that there are areas such as barren lands, military areas as well as abandoned-ruined areas and locations with disused or misused activities which are capable for application of infill development and urban regeneration.

Urban distressed area has been a serious problem in many cities in Iran for decades. One of the fundamental trends in Iranian government has been the implementation of consistent strategies for overcoming problems of urban distressed area. Old historical zone of Shiraz city is among the distressed area with different cultural, social and physical problems. Amongst the improvement and renovation policies for dealing with distressed areas is the concept of the people participation. Partnership is part of the social responsibility to overcome the urban problems. ‘People Participation’ is a very commonly used term in the urban development literature as well as in policy making and implementation by both governments and non-governmental bodies. It can be defined as an interventionist process leading to a sustainable improvement in the standard of living and welfare of the people living in the distressed areas. What people say is also what they believe as well as what they need. When investigating about the population structure of Shiraz distressed area, what the residents believe about their living area and their partnership in improvement and renovation is very important. The current study investigated what factors motivate people to participate in improving and renovating their living areas. For this purpose, answering the following questions was conducted: 1) What ate the residents’ views concerning their willingness to cooperate with the government for improving and renovating Shiraz distress areas. 2) What are the factors that motivate residents to participate in improvement and renovation? 3) What are the barriers that interfere with people’ participation? In this study, the technique of the questionnaire is used and the statistical analysis of the questionnaire is carried out using the SPSS program. By using the questionnaire data, the population structure of Shiraz distressed area and their willingness to participate in improving and renovating program were identified. The questionnaire carried out in this study consisted of 21 questions. The questions were presented in either a short answer or multiple-choice format. The questionnaire survey carried out from July; 2012 until November 2012. 400 residents of the entire population of old historical zone of Shiraz city were asked to answer the survey questionnaire. In order to analysis the questionnaire. The questionnaire was assessed to see what will encourage people to participate in improving and renovating program. This is assessed by asking respondents to judge the partnership. The respondents were asked to rate the agreement of each item. It refers to the degree to which an individual approve the benefit of participation in improving and renovating program. There are different motivations affecting the people participation in improving and renovating program. For finding the motivations affecting the people participation, Kendall’s tau correlation coefficient was calculated for bivariate comparisons between partnership and different items. Strong association was found for age and gender of the respondent. Also, the respondents who like to have relation with their neighbors and those have participated for regeneration and revitalization of urban distressed areas have more tendencies in participation. The most important reasons for participating in improving and renovating program identified through this study were; security progress of districts, the houses firmness and district cleanness. Survey respondents also indicated that encouragement of others, significantly contributed to the participating in improving and renovating program.

In recent years، the old urban fabrics identification has become a challenging issue in urban planning society in Iran. The insufficiency of triple indices which had been introduced by the High Council on Urban Planning and Architecture has been criticized by experts several times. In this paper we reconsider the existing urban fabrics identification method and introduce a suitable model and apply it in the urban blocks of an urban neighborhood، Karim Abad in Tehran، thus finalizing the principal factors and variables in identification of the urban decayed fabrics. Research method in this paper is a combination of meta-analysis and using reliable literatures about decayed urban fabrics indicators on the one hand and a data analysis method of secondary data of urban blocks from statistics analysis and GIS (Geographic information system) software on the other hand. Consequently، to reach the specific aims of the study، first، general decayed urban fabrics indicators were extracted from the related literature. Then، by combining some of these indcators and considering the specific conditions of the study area and also cheking for the applicability of adopting factor analysis method، nine urban decayed fabrics indicators were used in twenty four blocks of study area. The results of the present study show that the main factors of urban decayed fabrics identification in the study area are respectively، structural vulnerability، economic deterioration، social exclusion and urban poverty. Among these factors، the first and the second ones explain approximately 50 percent of urban decayed fabrics، and commulatively all the three extracted factors explain about 70 percent of urban decayed fabrics. Moreover، the explanation of the relationship between factors introduced in this study and those which had been introduced by the High Council on Urban Planning and Architecture، demonstrates that land cost، renewal rate، and population density are the indicators which respectively have the most connection with the previously introduced indices for identification of the decayed urban fabrics. Based on the studies of Lee and Bourne، which was mentioned in the theoretical framework of this study، application of new economic and social indicators in the process of decayed urban fabric identification is deemed necessary. Therefore، according to expert’s emphases and due to serious criticisms of the indicators used for the identification of decayed urban fabrics in Iran، in this paper، a new approach for identification of decayed urban fabrics with the application of social and economic indicators in the sample community is developed. Our findings show that the applied 9 soci-economic as well as physical indicators in 24 urban blocks of the case study، show that besides the criteria’s adopted by the High Council on Urban Planning and Architecture، the most important factors for identification of decayed urban fabrics are respectively، structural vulnerability، economic deterioration، social exclusion and urban poverty. Moreover، the explanation of the relation between factors introduced in this study and those which had been introduced by the High Council on Urban Planning and Architecture show that land cost، renewal rate، and population density، are the indicators which respectively have the most connection with the previously introduced indicators

Old urban fabrics have always been major problems which have presented wider dimensions in recent decades. Various measures in old urban fabrics renewal in the world، including Iran، have resulted in unsuccessful or less successful consequences. Multiple questions such as «What is urban blight?» And «What does renewal of old urban fabric mean?» have been posed to researchers. Moreover، studies show that the procedures have failed to answer the needs of urban renewal of old fabrics. The paper aims to challenge issues related to old urban blight and renewal and efforts in order to find answers to the posed questions. Having a critical approach toward old urban fabric and renewal of urban fabric، it is more explicit that no proper understanding old urban fabric renewal has been introduced yet. The results of perennial researches presented in this paper explains that either the phenomena of urban blight and urban renewal program requires a change in method and approach from detailed thinking to holistic thinking to be usefully measured and known. In this regard، the «urban blight» phenomenon is very complex in terms of social، economic، political and social changes. «Renewal» as well as a program for preventing mitigating and restoring urban blight will efficiently been known in case it repairs damaged social and economic networks and restores interrupted currents.

Large areas in our cities are considered as urban distressed areas where human, socioeconomic and cultural capital is prone to disasters and adverse functions. Redevelopment is a multidisciplinary process including both physical and non-physical aspects such as socioeconomic, finance, administrative, and cultural factors. Contrary to what is initially expected, these neglected or not prioritized factors in reality govern the physical aspect. This paper attempts to explain the importance and impact of non-physical factors in rehabilitation projects. To this end, the experience of implementing several redevelopment projects throughout Iran is reviewed and some new financing modes are proposed. Finally, the importance of a catalytic element in the redevelopment cycle is stressed.