جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « تئاتر شهر » در نشریات گروه « هنر و معماری »

Rengs, as a renowned type of Dastgah rhythmic music in Iran, are often performed to finish a musical performance or to accompany a dance. These pieces have been usually recorded in written sources of music based on the normal 6/8 time signature. In the theory of western classic music, 6/8 time signature is a part of the combined rhythm with two pulses, where each pulse can be divided into three parts. The equality of duration of both main pulses in every bar is one of the essential features of this western classical rhythm which has been accepted in notation in Iranian contemporary theoretical music; however, examples of the recorded performances of this musical type from the past hundred years until the present, show a flexible and unequal nature of the performance of Rengs in Dastgah music of Iran. By analyzing audio samples recorded from Rengs, it is possible to obtain this precise numerical ratio that can change during the performance of a piece and sometimes returns to equilibrium. Since fifty years ago, some musicians have expressed this difference in the notation and performance of 6/8 time signature and some  have ffered a number of suggestions for the unequal notation of the main pulses. Most researchers who have carefully studied this rhythm or cited the results of earlier research believe that the rhythm of Rengs is a different rhythm with two unequal pulses and have tried to find the differences between these two pulses. The highest concentration of votes is also on the (4 + 3) ratio. This study, in addition to providing a review of different ideas of classical musicians and contemporary musical theoreticians, by computational analysis of voice samples, has extracted the exact temporal difference between the duration of the first and the second pulses. During the time period chosen for this research, which spans about seventy years (from the first period of Iranian music records in 1906 up to the samples in 1970s), there are many records of Reng performances with various media such as gramophone discs, magnetic reel and cassette tapes. In the selection of samples used to measure the difference in pulses, it has been attempted to avoid selecting samples with equal pulses. After examining more than 300 Reng samples from different recording periods, a selection has been chosen for the research samples in this study, which show unequal pulses and also express the maximum amount of flexibility in the rhythm. This study also shows that this flexible rhythm has the capability of performance of two equal pulses with a 50% ratio up to unequal pulses with 62.5% and 37.5% ratios. There is always a duration increase in the first pulse and a decrease in the second pulse in this rhythm. Also it is noteworthy that in many old records of Rengs, the length ratio of the two major pulses can be equal, or be considerably taller and shorter and return to equality again in the same piece. In other words, the most flexible rhythm in Dastgah music is Reng that can exit from its original pulses and subsequently return to equilibrium after a while.

One of the most significant factors for improving the quality and success of urban spaces is increasing the publicity of their routine activities. Direct observations of some great experts such as William White and Jan Gehl demonstrate that the successful public places have three essential advantages: density, variety and wide range of different social interactions. Despite former studies by academic experts, the activities themselves have never been considered in particular as effective factors on the space design. Studying urban spaces from this point of view will also help us organize the activities. “Sitting” is one of the most attractive and most important activities in urban spaces. Conscious decisions being made on where to sit (ledges, benches, steps, etc.) are evidences for an appropriate space, view or peripheral circumstances. Hence making assessments on these decisions will clarify the extent at which these spaces may seem appropriate to citizens. Considering the diversity of social and cultural activities in Theatre Shahr Square, it could be labeled as an important urban space in Tehran. Theater and traditional performances attracts a variety of social crowds specially youngers and artists to this public place. Sitting on ledges and benches is one of the most popular activities of attending people therein. Reasons for this particular activity vary from waiting for weekly programs to start, waiting for friends, having a chat, watching people and the surrounding area and so on. Holding the objective of investigating the relation between the physical environment of this urban space and the important activities conducted therein and also the rate at which this environment satisfies the behavioral patterns of attendees, this paper will analyze and assess the activity of sitting in the public square of Theatre Shahr. The assessment is based on direct observation of the public area in front of the Theatre Shahr building and the surrounding public zones by camera shooting in accordance with Whyte Pattern and also the statistical analysis of the activity-level, the count and the age group of people and the time period they are engaged with the activity using GIS and MS Excel software programs. The results show that in this urban space the ledges are more favorable to people, especially to those attending there in groups, in comparison to benches. In the time of any acrobatic or theatrical shows, the use of sitting places increases by 2 to 10 times; being concave, dependence to the shape of the square, being shaded and serving the possibility of sitting in different height levels are among the specifications of an appropriate place for sitting. Most of the activities happen in the areas where sitting places have better physical characteristics; design of the edges includes considering the attributes of its physical environment and also providing a suitable view for any activity show in front; and finally the physical environment of the square does not provide the requirements for the attendance of women and children.