جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "تالار" در نشریات گروه "هنر و معماری"

Iran’s society at Qajar period faced new political, economic and social conditions that caused peoples immigrations from rural to urban areas that caused the necessity of housing growth at that time. Although, some conditions including communicating with western countries such as Russia or Osmania and travels of Iranian rulers and training Iranian student at abroad countries and etc. effected buildings architecture and surely their ornaments, that these changes were more obvious at construction of palaces and dwellings specially the houses of wealthy people. This article focuses on the ornaments that are used at the main room of the houses (their halls) that has been structed at Qajar period; the reason for selection of houses hall to check their ornaments was because of this rooms importance that host the guests of a home; you can see ornaments decorating other parts of house like the entrance space, the façade and the small rooms at the both side of building; but the most beautiful ornaments has been used to decorate the main room of the house. The most ornaments can be divided to paintings at walls and ceiling, Orosi windows decorating with colored glasses, plaster works at ceilings and walls, mirror pieces applies at ceiling or frame of windows and even walls that has been studied at the houses selected in this article. The houses to be studied at this article are chosen among the houses remained from Qajar destiny at Tabriz city, the reason of choosing Tabriz city for researching about its houses at that period was the importance of that city at Qajar time, at that time Tabriz was considered as the second capital of Iran and because of the trading relations with Osmania’s and Tsarist Russia and even a city where princes were have been leaving there it has accepted influences on buildings architecture and their ornaments. The houses that has been studied at that essay are chosen among Qajar house that their hall ornaments are preserved or restored; Behnam’s house, Nikdel’s house, Salmasi’s house, Saraflar’s house, Heydarzadeh’s house and Amirnezam’s house are the houses that their halls ornaments are analyzed at that article; the methods that used to develop this article was by studding historical references and field studies; so it can be concluded by analyzing the results that ornaments at the houses were built more recently at Qajar period like Behnam,Nikdel and salmasie’s houses were mostly based on elegant schemas through paintings on wall and ceilings but by the time pass, the houses that were constructed at the second half of Qajar dynast’s reign like Sarflar, Heydarzadeh and Amir nezams houses didn’t decorated by such painting schemas, instead of that new sort of ornaments based on mirror works has been started to be used to decorate the halls space; and some ornamental elements such as Orosi windows and plaster works on ceiling and walls were mostly invariant through the time at the houses were built at that period.

One of the remarkable spatial innovations in Safavid architecture is the tālār (acceptance hall). Although few examples remain today and as in some cases (e.g. Ali Qapu), they were annexed to previous buildings, the elegance and beauty of the overall architectural composition are such that nowadays it is almost impossible to imagine the buildings without tālārs. This raises some questions about their origins, their emergence, and their history of development in the architecture of this period. Although various statements have been proposed, none is sufficiently convincing in the opinion of most experts. The present article sheds light on the origin of the tālār emphasizing a little-studied element in Persian architecture, i.e., tents and temporary structures that were built in gardens. The research employs the interpretive-historical method, analyzing extant textual/pictorial sources. The results indicate that the invention of the tālār could be associated with the development of tent and kiosk structures, where they were repurposed as permanent structures having more columns and a larger scale.

Kāshan Kāshan is a city with remarkable houses. This paper provides a new consideration and analysis of composition of main spaces in Kāshan historical houses. There are common features in system of main space composition which comes to informative results. The conjunction of spaces together on one side establishes a coherent relationship between them, and in particular with the intermediate space. The spaces of each side that sit together are interconnected, but each segment is independent of others. This system is called "Spatial Composition" in this research. With this approach, and taking into account the main and important segments that have more spatial diversity, we arrive at the same spatial combinations that come around three major and most important spaces.
The paper is composed of 5 main parts. The first part examines the research background. In the second part, samples of Hall (Talar) and Covered space is considered. Following the third part, the base sample is selected from the samples. The fourth section considers the base sample. The last section, which is a summary of the three previous sections, examines the space composition, resulting in spatial patterns around the two main spaces of the Hall (Talar) and Covered space, and categorizes how the spaces are placed next to each other.

Wind catchers in Yazd's traditional houses are the means to obtain optimal indoor climate against the heat in central plateau of Iran. It plays an effective role in modifying the temperature in the interior living spaces with regards to human thermal comfort. Wind-catchers are canals with the height of 3 meters mounted vertically on top of the roofs, resembling a chimney vent. The outlet openings in the upper end plays an effective role in modifying the heat and adjusting and regulating the temperature of the living space as appropriate for resident's comfort through convective wind flow using pure natural energy of nature. Relationship of the wind-catcher with the chamber and central yard has significant effect in its function. A chamber or a summer living quarter is directly and closely connected with a wind catcher. But in some instances this link is provided through the medium of an alternative space. In this research, a study of 24 houses in Yazd was conducted with an emphasis on the location and design of the wind-catchers. These houses were selected among Yazd's houses that have central yard and confirmed historical value.
The data was collected through fieldwork. The data was subsequently analyzed through logical Inference and classification in excel software. In this research the classification system was based on 3 factors: 1. orientation of wind catchers; 2. their position in the house and the connection with the summer living quarters; 3. Design of the wind-catcher for optimum reception of the dominant winds.
The canal of a wind catcher is usually divided into smaller sections by means of splitting blades. These blades rise 1.5-2 meters above the ground floor of the building and continue all the way up to the wind catcher's roof. The wind catcher's plan and the design of the splitting blades are different in each instance and seem to be in concordance with the general plan of the house and with the all the considerations needed for better performance. Moreover, the wind catchers sometimes have an added evaporative cooling function with a water pool positioned at the bottom. This study was initiated with a hypothesis that in all Yazd houses with wind-catchers, there is a water pool positioned underneath. A second hypothesis suggested that the area of the wind-catchers is related to the total area of the chamber to which it connects. A third hypothesis proposed that all wind-catchers face the dominant wind and that they have a Northeast-Southwest main orientation axis. All the hypotheses were rejected through this study. The relation between the chamber’s area and the relevant wind-catcher’s area were calculated with the correlation coefficient in excel software.