جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « تداوم » در نشریات گروه « هنر و معماری »

The Davazdah Imam Mausoleum of Yazd, built-in 429 A.H., is one of the rare historical buildings in the Islamic world, which is very famous among Islamic architecture researchers worldwide. The Grivar inscription of this building shows the Ayatul Kursi verse in Moashaq Moshajar script in azure color on a plaster bed. Gestalt theory of visual perception is one of the influential theories of the 20th century in visual arts, which focuses the process of visual perception on a unified vision and the integrity of the work of art, and proposes 10 principles of visual perception. Due to the wideness of the Gestalt concept, no direct translation has been made in any language. This word means "form" and "shape" in German. In English, it is called "organized whole", "supposition", or "formation". In the Persian language, it can be equated to concepts such as "shape", "form", "structure", and "wholeness". It should be added immediately that none of these words alone fully express the meaning proposed by Gestalt. By watching a collection to perceive and feel it, the human mind unconsciously analyzes and categorizes its components and simultaneously thinks about form and content. It is the basis of the principles of Gestalt visual perception, which is the scientific basis of the present research for the visual analysis of the mentioned inscription. Several examples of works of art can be seen where artists have unconsciously used the principles of Gestalt perceptual organization in their creation without being aware of these rules. The inscription of the Twelve Imams of Yazd is also one of these works because its visual beauty and richness result from the use of good Gestalts by its designer (s), even when these rules were not discovered. Perhaps, in the analysis of how to perceive the visual space of an inscription and the criteria of its formation, the most appropriate approach is the Gestalt theory, which was used for evaluation in this research, and by conducting studies on it, the extent of utilization of these principles can be achieved. The current research was conducted through library and field studies, and the method used was descriptive and analytical. To collect the images of the inscription under the dome of the Davazdah Imam Mausoleum of Yazd, first, the entire inscription was photographed, despite being at a high height compared to the ground and its particular problems. Then, according to the photos, the software recreated this inscription from the beginning to the end, which is one of the long inscriptions. Some parts of the inscription were worn and damaged, which made it difficult to perform accurately. Subsequently, the visual analysis of the recreated design based on Gestalt principles began, and due to the diversity of these principles and the visual complexity of the inscription components, only some of these principles were focused on. This research tries to adapt three essential principles from the 10 principles of Gestalt psychology of sensation and perception in the mentioned inscription and seeks to answer these questions: - To what extent and how have the designers used the principles of figure-ground, continuity, and common fate to design the magnificent inscription of the Twelve Imams of Yazd? - What is the Pragnanz degree of applying each of these principles in the design of the examined inscription? The results of this research showed that the charm and beauty of the Grivar inscription of the Davazdah Imam Mausoleum of Yazd is the result of the use of artistic taste and the proper application of different Gestalts in the whole and its parts; however, this was done unintentionally and without knowing the scientific and psychological foundations of this theory. Considering this inscription's breadth and complexity, it was impossible to examine all the principles and rules of Gestalt in this study. Undoubtedly, the intensity of other possible Gestalts affected the quality of the overall perception received from scrutinizing the inscription. However, the result obtained from this research showed that the visual richness in the inscription results from applying the Gestalt of figure-ground, continuity, and common fate to a large degree, which remarkably created its substantial and satisfactory Pragnanz.

The sustainability of historical fabrics poses a challenging issue for architects, conservators, and other professionals and stakeholders in this field. Numerous articles, research papers, and projects have been proposed and implemented, which can be broadly categorized into two approaches. The first approach focuses on the physical aspects and the built environment of historical fabrics, addressing the issues related to structures and their physical connections. The second approach presents behavioral, socio-cultural, and symbolic studies regarding historical fabrics. Neither of these two approaches, which provide a discrete and tangible understanding of these valuable places, has been able to be effectively implemented on its own. Therefore, the primary concern of this research is how to employ landscape-oriented approaches in preserving and revitalizing the values of historical fabrics and strengthening the collective memory as an influential factor in their sustainability within the reconstruction and revitalization programs. In this study, after defining the landscape and its relationship with place and the significant factors that enhance this relationship, the landscape and spatial characteristics of historical fabrics are analyzed. Furthermore, various opinions of experts in this field are examined and classified. The aim is to identify the landscape values and their impact on the identity of historical fabrics, formulating a general roadmap for their sustainable regeneration and revitalization. Various approaches and strategies have been proposed to conserve, restore, and revitalize historical fabrics in cities. However, in most cases, the role of landscape and landscape-oriented approaches as influential factors in reviving and retrieving their identities must be adequately emphasized. Therefore, the primary objective of this paper is to identify and utilize the landscape values and collective memories to develop a model for the sustainable revival and revitalization of historical fabrics that can effectively contribute to the interpretation and perception of the narratives of these places in interaction with the landscape. This study is an analytical-descriptive research methodology employing a case study approach.  Data were collected through library and field research. It explores the relevant literature on the landscape, landscape-oriented approaches, place identity, sense of place, and their different dimensions. The landscape-oriented perspective, as a novel approach to the conservation and revitalization of historical fabrics (as places), can assist in protecting their tangible and intangible values and ensuring their sustainability. Moreover, on a larger scale, it can contribute to preserving the historical narrative of cities. This aspect can significantly impact enhancing the sense of belonging among citizens, which is an influential factor in the continuity and sustainability of a place. Historical fabrics inherently possess a wealthy textual content; any intervention, alteration, or interaction without understanding and perceiving the related narrative would be incomplete. In this regard, employing a landscape-oriented approach by strengthening the connection with the place is essential and valuable. Integrating landscape-oriented approaches in revitalizing and restoring historical fabrics can enable a correct interpretation of the landscape narrative and the historical narrative of the place within historical fabrics and contribute to their sustainable stability.

The revitalisation approach in the field of architectural heritage conservation requires the identification and enumeration of all related values. However, little attention has been paid in processes of revitalisation to natural geography and human thought, namely, place values. Shortcomings in recognising and explaining these values lead to a loss of an influential natural environment and the integration of architectural heritage with its context. On the other hand, in order to protect the architectural heritage, it is essential to recognise the continuity of values over time on top of identifying all relevant values. This study aims to improve the knowledge of valuation and develop a value-oriented view in architectural heritage protection, as well as developing current classifications of values and introduce the concept of ‘continuity’. Adopting a qualitative approach and logical reasoning strategy, this study investigates the concepts of ‘place values’ and ‘continuity’ in architectural heritage, by re-reading related texts and theories, and then by analysing the data, the components of ‘continuity’, ‘Place value indices’, and their enumeration dimensions have been extracted as research findings and used to formulate the conceptual framework of ‘architect ural heritage revitalisation based on the continuity of place values’. Finally, by analysing the theoretical and field data obtained from the study of Choghaznabil Complex, the main question of the research is to do with the approach to revitalise the architectural heritage to perpetuate place values. Findings show that the relationship between the three indicators of ‘natural foundations’, ‘construction idea’ and ‘constructed edifice’ forms place values that can be identified in the four dimensions of landscape, structure, function and meaning in architectural heritage. Also, ‘dynamics’ and ‘conservation’ are found as the two components of continuity, and the continuation of place values is subject to the ‘dynamics’ of indicators applied to ‘sustainable development’ and ‘conservation’ approaches in the relationship between indicators with the approach of ‘disaster risk reduction’ in the revitalisation process.

People’s efforts to fulfil their essential needs such as security, human flourishing and self-esteem have effects on their environment Which had several consequences as well as transformations ranging from transformations in physical spaces (e.g. from traditional homes to residential complexes), to activity spaces (e.g. from workshops to industrial spaces), as well as in both physical and activity spaces (i.e. from traditional marketplaces to the virtual markets). Thus, these changes allow a continuity of living places through interactions with the built environment. The purpose of this article is to survey and analyse how the place is transformed through time and how it will be continued in interactions with people. In so doing, first, the literature of human-place interaction have been reviewed using documentary analysis method, based on interpretive-historical and comparative analysis approaches. Then, it has followed with classifying the texts into three categories, which will have been organized in parallel to the axis of time as follows: 1) Human life span, 2) The transformation of time regarding theories and the adopted theoretical framework, and 3) The documented history of civilization. The findings show that the place has always formed by human spatial experiences through time and consequently to living conditions. Therefore, various experiences have resulted in a variety of placemaking practices as well as urban settlements. Furthermore, large-scale transformations in spatial perception coincide with tipping points in human cognitive awareness including sensory, experimental, and rational cognition.

The genesis and development of Iranian Mosques during the history, is an ideal context to study the process of spatial changes in Iranian architecture. The turning point of the Iranian mosque progress is the transforming of simple Arabic Mosques to four-Iwan mosque in the Seljuk dynasty era at the first of the 11th century. After the time, Iranian architecture, focused on refinement and development the Iranian mosque type. Through their innovation, they succeeded to achieve a diverse and integrated spatial system. We frequently face some special terms such as transparency, expansion, fluidity, continuity and legerity, while reviewing some studies on spatial features of Iranian traditional architecture. These terms seem to be mostly overlapped in concept, which itself cause to misunderstand the differences. In the article after reviewing existing theories about spatial features of Iranian traditional architecture, through application of logical reasoning strategy, we concluded that all the terms can be organized under a pervasive concept which called as “spatial integration” in this paper. In the research to achieve a better perception of the Iranian architects approach to organize the space, first of all, we tried to organize and explain the concepts of the mentioned terms. Then, the terms were examined through analyzing a number of Iranian ancient mosques using analytic tools. The incorporation of Iwan and Dome into the simple Arabic mosques, in 11th century, led to the rupture of the open space of bedchamber, it also led to some functional conflicts for the prayers. The results obtained of this study showed that after the transition, architects to resolve problem, constantly follow the concept of spatial integration. It shall be divided to three main derivatives, visual integration, structural integration and visual-structural integration: - Visual Integration (Spatial transparency): Developing of visual connections between different spaces, through fading the mass around the spaces.
- Structural integration (Spatial continuity): Gradual conversion of a space to another space or Walking inside the spaces without facing any barrier.
-Visual-structural integration (Expansion): Retreating of walls and creating new spaces around a spatial core, full fading of spatial borders and maximum combination two spaces.
The paper also demonstrates despite of some viewpoints, the progress of Iranian traditional architecture never stopped in the different historical periods. In this way, spatial creativity during the Qajar period, at the end of tradition, situated in higher level compare to the past. This study also showed that how architectures can access a continuous and integrated space by innovating new spatial combinations.

Todays, the emergence and continuity of place meaning is significant in response to identity crisis. Additionally, it is clear that when a breakup occurred in the continuous flow of identity, a crisis appears, which is the focus point of this article. For this, the authors presented a conceptual framework for place meaning and indexes for its continuity, which could be a helpful guide in determining the priorities and continuity of place meaning. Considering this topic is really important as there is a large amount of literature on the meaning of place and its elements but there is not much on the continuity. On the other hand, regarding vast changes taken place in the Central part of Mashhad city, searching for the perception of continuity is essential. So, first of all, literature of place, place meaning and continuity as one of its major principles have been reviewed. Then our position in this amount of literature has been modified in the form of conceptual framework. In the conceptual framework a new conceptual triple model has been presented for place, which consisted of three components of space, time and human. In the proposed model, the meaning of place is considered as relations between these components. In addition, the concept of continuity as a principle governing place meaning is placed at the middle of the model. The primary criteria of continuity have also been described in this part. The concept of continuity has dynamics and stability in itself, simultaneously. These two are major dimensions of this concept. Stability in component’s relation and dynamic in the components themselves are different aspects of these two dimensions. Indeed, relations expected to be series of psychological generalities perceived through mental process, which are usually called the invisible theme, connecting meaning and material. In this article authors try to define and complete detailed indexes of these two major major dimensions of concept of continuity through case studies. Memory has a significant role in studying place meanings. It is the function of memory, which connects time and space and results in reforming the straight time axis to a curved line through placing meanings. This is why here, authors choose qualitative method and studied lived experiences of people. Therefore, next part explains the approach and methodology of the article. Overall approach here in the study of meaning is phenomenological semiotics. The techniques used in gathering data is qualitative interview around lived experiences of people and the techniques in analyzing data is interpretative phenomenology. Finally, considering the goal of this paper, which is a modification of criteria for continuity of place meaning, results were discussed. Results explained that stability of relations between different components of place seems to be more important than the stability of components themselves. Moreover, detailed analysis of interviews and implicated meanings revealed that the relation between space and human was more regarded. The focused indexes of this relation were vitality and content richness of activities.

Following the development and the qualitative and quantitative changes in communities, that have made substantial changes in historic environments; the authenticity concept has attracted attention in order to strike a balance between conservation and development approaches. The concept of authenticity has a fundamental role in balancing the plans and measures of historic urban heritage revitalization. Thus, the more consistent the new developments are with the concept of authenticity, the more integrated and balanced they will be with conservation. Authenticity possesses abstract origin and roots of the significance and value of the property and is as a transmitter of values and significance of cultural heritage has played the major role in the process of registration, conservation and management of cultural heritage. Authenticity as a multi-layered concept which has the role of transmitting values and significance of cultural heritage has found a special position in the process of recognition and conservation of heritage. As a result, developing a conceptual framework and following that, determining criteria for its evaluation in international documents and theories have been particularly emphasised. Thus, this paper; related to identification of authenticity, recognition components in cultural heritage conservation, poses its main question and works toward its main goal which is to develop a conceptual framework by determining the effective components in authenticity recognition based on analysis of international documents, conventions, and experts’ opinions. In this regard, this paper begins with reading and analysing international documents and conventions and theories related to the concept of authenticity in the field of cultural heritage, and then determines the aspects and dimensions explaining the concept of authenticity. Based on research questions and goals, the qualitative research methodology is chosen and with applying logical reasoning strategy as well as “content analysis” and “logical inference”; Moreover, reading and evidential observation based on books, papers and authentic documents are used as research tools.This paper aims to analyze the content by recognizing and categorizing international documents, conventions and theories. So, by determining the effective components in authenticity concept recognition; based on the literature review, the context for developing an authenticity conceptual framework in cultural heritage is provided. Based on the conducted analysis, five main components in authenticity, recognition are deduced that can be presented as two Tangible and Intangible aspects, as well as three dimensions of Stability, Continuity and Change. In addition, the evolution of heritage concept, from a solo monument to complexes, urban contexts, and beyond that to Cultural Landscape and Historic Urban Landscape, reveals that the more the scale of the view towards heritage changes from small to large; on one hand the more importance the intangible aspect gains. On the other hand, change and transformation which are inherent in heritage authenticity; beside the continuity of a stable condition, are more paid attention and discussed. Therefore, the current level of understanding of authenticity can be approached to develop a conceptual framework on the condition that the presented dual aspects and triple dimensions are considered in a complementary and consistent relation as an intertwined phenomena.

Industrial development, population growth and increase in commutation between cities and villages as well as the mass media and investigation in rural constructions made in the contemporary period, have brought about numerous instances of plans or constructed rural buildings with types of chaos in plan, choice of building system, organs, functional elements and quality of construction and performance. These chaos will be manifested when residents start to operate the buildings, causing their dissatisfaction and can be a factor of creating inappropriate social, cultural and economic conditions in future. Architecture as a container involving all aspects of man's life, will here cause discontent with an inappropriate realization. Part of this chaos whose results will be more evident at the time of operation, is ignoring or paying less attention to the goals of frugality in energy consumption and design in harmony with environment and climate which has a surprising effect on the welfare and hygiene of the residents and will influence customs, traditions and life style of the villagers beside economic outcomes. This impacts will eventually damage sustainability and finally the village. Rural sustainable development with economic-social and environmental approaches will be possible by gathering all aspects of the village. In order to establish sustainability in the village, the outlook should be from part to whole. Considering the subject of this study, housing as a part can act as a whole that if accurately planned and performed, can be a realization of sustainability and an appropriate step toward sustainable development. Being compiled by studies in available documents, this paper tries to elaborate the factors affecting changes in rural construction and its proper function in village development and take steps in continuing rural housing architecture and as a basic element, cause sustainability in villages by offering appropriate strategies.