جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « تغییرات اقلیمی » در نشریات گروه « هنر و معماری »

Among the 40 identified natural hazards, Iran is vulnerable to 30. Tehran, as the largest metropolitan in Iran, was fraught with perils of which drought and water stress are the most significant. Apart from, damaging the environment and creating or intensifying secondary natural calamities, drought can impair social, economic, political, and physical aspects of life. Unfortunately, the management based on the development of grey infrastructure has exacerbated the vulnerabilities and diminished Tehran’s resilience. This research aims to address the effective factors causing the risk of drought and water stress in the city of Tehran and asses these factors. The study attempts to scrutinize what are the most important priorities of vulnerability. Addressing priorities can serve as a basis for decision-making and multi-scale planning of drought risk reduction. Such urgencies contribute to adopting preventive measures rather than crisis management. The theoretical literature of the current research is analytical-descriptive, for which data was collected from books, articles, reports, and upstream projects. Also, to evaluate the risk landscape, the risk matrix was developed based on the interactive model, and then the most important causes of vulnerability were extracted, assessed, and analyzed using fuzzy cognitive maps (FCMs). Research findings and the main drought risk scenarios of Tehran show that at the micro level, “high waste of water resources”, “change of land use and destruction of natural infrastructure”, and “urban development disproportionate to water capacities” are the main drivers. At the macro level, this issue is caused by repeating the cycle of “physical-natural-perceptual” damage and discounting the city as a human-environmental system.

Today’s children will be women and men of the future, and these children will play a key role in the future of every country. It should be noted that cities and urban spaces can be good or bad places for children’s growth and development. Cities and urban spaces have young and sharp users whose perception of urban spaces is substantially different from other age groups’ perceptions. Nevertheless, a large number of existing cities and urban spaces are just built according to adults’ features and perceptions, and children’s characteristics, needs, activities, and perceptions have been neglected in the design and planning of plenty of existing cities and urban spaces. As a result, these cities and urban spaces are not apt spaces for children’s growth, and in some cases, they make children feel bored and behave abnormally; furthermore, they stifle children’s creativity. In effect, children as citizens of society have some rights, and they should not be overlooked in the creation of cities and urban spaces. Today, more attention is paid to children’s rights in society, and child-friendly cities are suitable places to achieve this important goal, and these cities are appropriate for children’s growth. In recent years, several cities in the world, including some cities in Iran, have sought to provide suitable conditions for children in the city and become a child-friendly city. It should be mentioned that child-friendly cities are a fairly new concept in Iran, and the only Iranian city that has been recognized as a child-friendly city by UNICEF is Bam. After the devastating 2003 earthquake in Bam, UNICEF, the government of Iran, and other institutions launched the child-friendly city project in Bam. This research aims to evaluate the child-friendly city project in Bam and to provide some policies to improve this project according to the indicators obtained from scholars’ opinions and global experience related to the subject of the research. This study is descriptive-analytical, and uses mixed methods and content analysis. The required information was gathered through documentary research. Results of this study show that safety and security, access to appropriate basic facilities and services, children’s participation, the existence of recreational and play environments for children, the existence of green and natural spaces and proper access to them, traffic calming and the existence of appropriate public transportation and pedestrian routes and cycle lanes, and the existence of suitable facilities and environment for children’s learning and development are the most important indicators of a child-friendly city. In addition, the study’s findings suggest that certain indicators of child-friendly cities, such as safety and security, access to essential facilities and services (health, education, and sports), availability of recreational and play areas for children, presence of creative spaces, conducive conditions for children’s learning and development, suitable housing, children’s participation, interaction with family, friends, and society, protection of nature and the environment, sustainable environment, increased awareness of children’s rights, availability of green and natural spaces with proper access, and measures to reduce traffic and improve public transportation and pedestrian and cycling paths, were taken into account in the design, planning, and implementation of the child-friendly city project in Bam. However, this project did not completely meet children’s needs and wills related to the indicators of the provision of public health, safety, and security, access to appropriate basic facilities and services, and the existence of green and natural spaces and proper access to them. Indeed, children were dissatisfied with the unsafe access routes to the child-friendly spaces constructed after the earthquake, the entrance of strangers into the children’s spaces, the small dimensions of tents and shelters, rain penetration into the tents and shelters, cold/hot air flow penetration into the tents, the odor of tents and shelters and toilets, the usage of dark tents in the child-friendly spaces, unhygienic and unsafe toilets, the absence of separate classes for different gender and age groups, the lack of suitable educational equipment, the usage of same educational equipment and curriculum for different age groups, the absence of appropriate educational equipment for disabled children, and the lack of green spaces in some areas. It should be noted that to improve this project, some policies, such as rebuilding access routes to child-friendly spaces, building some guard booths in some parts of children’s routes and spaces, considering climate factors in the design, and using vernacular architecture in this regard, utilizing large waterproof tents for the child-friendly spaces constructed after the earthquake, designing colorful tents emblazoned with children’s designs for the child-friendly spaces constructed after the earthquake, separating classes by gender and age, separating toilets and improving toilet hygiene, constructing more toilets, providing adequate suitable educational equipment for different age groups, supplying appropriate educational equipment for children with disabilities, and creating more green spaces, should have been adopted in this project.

Temperature changes in Iran and the increase in the emission of greenhouse gases in the cities and, as a result, the high emission of CO2 as a greenhouse gas will intensify the existing natural hazards such as water shortage and desertification, although these threats are still felt today, but it will be dangerous in the future, so it depends on taking precautionary measures to deal with this situation.

The main goal of the current research is to evaluate and feasibility of realizing the low-carbon city approach in Urmia city.

The research method is descriptive-analytical research. After extracting the indicators from the factor analysis method, the most important criteria and indicators of the low-carbon city were ranked, and then SPSS software was used to level the criteria. The information is also extracted by using library studies and by studying specialized resources, concepts related to global warming and the low carbon city and after knowing and evaluating the desired research with The use of documents, questionnaires, field observations and interviews with relevant experts and organizations, the city of Urmia has been evaluated for the realization and feasibility of a low-carbon city.

The results of examining the current situation showed that among the components of the low carbon city, the urban form component had the most inappropriate situation. Among the determining factors in the realization of a low-carbon city, the factor of transportation was the most important factor identified by experts, which is about 33% effective in the realization of a low-carbon city.

This factor shows that by improving the urban network, developing sidewalks, removing parking lots and promoting the use of clean and low-energy vehicles, it is possible to approach the standards of the low-carbon city and reduce the harmful effects of greenhouse gases. Finally, it is concluded that in order to improve the unfavorable situation of Urmia city, the factors identified in achieving a low carbon city should be considered by the planners, officials, architects and urban planners. At least it came close to the low carbon city realization standards.

Iran is one of top ten CO2 emitting countries in the world and as a signatory of the Paris Agreement, has to reduce 4–8 percent of the overall CO2 emissions by 2030. The building sector is one of the most cost-effective opportunities for CO2 emission reduction. Low-carbon buildings are designed and constructed to emit very little carbon during their lifecycle. This research aims to identify appropriate categories and criteria for assessing low-carbon building in Iran. These criteria were assessed using Delphi technique in multiple rounds. Thus, in this study, 30 Iranian experts were selected based on their experiences in the building construction industry and building sustainability assessment to participate in the Delphi process. The experts were selected from different backgrounds one-third from consultant companies, one-third from government authorities, and the remaining third from institutions and universities. The “interquartile range” and “Standard Deviation” were selected to measure the consensus and “Mean” was used to assess the importance of each criterion. Ninety-four criteria were classified into seven categories which are location and site, architecture, material and construction, energy efficiency, water efficiency, indoor environmental quality, and renewable energy. The most important criteria are "environmental design" and " improvement of the building envelope". This paper reviews policy, laws, regulations, and standards to understand the implementation platform of important criteria in each category:Location and site: It is recommended that low-carbon criteria be considered in the future national planning and land master plans. Architecture: There are regulations such as Code No. 19 (energy efficiency in buildings) and Code No. 4 (General building requirements) of Iranian national building regulations. It is proposed that in the future editions of Code No. 4, low-carbon building criteria such as "rethinking the form and shape of the building and height of stories" and "rethinking zoning and space planning" should be considered. Material and construction: There is an official policy incentive to the standardization of materials. Code No. 5 of Iranian national building regulations (Materials and building components) has environmental, health, and safety implementation requirements for conventional materials. Energy efficiency: Code No. 19 of Iranian national building regulations represents rules for the design and implementationof important criteria and there are legal incentives and governmental funds for implementation of Code No. 19. Water efficiency: There is an official policy incentive for optimization and monitoring of water consumption in different building types. Indoor environmental quality: It is recommended to compile thermal and visual comfort standards for buildings. Renewable energy: Iran has a great potential for renewable energy, but it is not economically viable. There are regulations and standards for implementing renewable energy. The output of this research is identification of low-carbon building criteria and assessment of the importance of each criterion based on the country's context. It would help architects to deliver the low-carbon design and it is useful for policymakers to direct building industry to a low-carbon future.

Natural hazards have always been a major challenge in achieving development. In response to this challenge, the concept of resilience has entered the scientific field. This concept seeks to quickly return to pre-crisis conditions. Today, in addition to geo-structural risks, the issue of climate change and related risks also threatens human societies, and this issue, along with the complexity of societies, shows the necessity of creating empowerment capacities to strengthen communities and deal with these risks. A resilient city is a city that supports the improvement of resilience in its offices, infrastructure, and social and economic life. These cities reduce vulnerability and provide creative responses to economic, social and environmental changes to increase long-term sustainability.In this regard, the current research tries to evaluate and analyze the comparative dimensions and components of the resilient city approach in the cities of Naqadeh and Qorveh, emphasizing the climatic changes, in order to clarify the level of resilience of urban areas. The main importance and necessity of the present study is explained in the following cases.- Explaining and describing the approach and concept of urban resilience as a targeted and effective framework with the aim of dealing with various environmental risks and achieving a stable, safe and ideal urban environment.- Comparative analysis of Naqadeh and Qorveh study areas for the first time in the field of scientific research- Explaining and verifying the basic challenge of climate change in today's urban societies (important and new risks in the field of urban science and scientific research)

The present research, with a practical purpose and a descriptive and analytical-adaptive method, tries to describe and explain certain boundaries (comparative comparison of the cities of Naqadeh and Qorveh), and in order to determine points of commonality and difference and achieve the goal of the research (determining a boundary durable and livable settlement) takes place. The statistical population and the sample size of the present research include groups of experts, university professors, managers and city officials, experts in the field of urban sciences and all native citizens of each of the study cities. The quantitative data analysis method is derived from the new and targeted Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests, Pearson Correlation Coefficient and Swara and Mabac techniques. In order to determine the correlation level of the factors, and the level of importance and priority of the research evaluation dimensions and components and to determine the best and final option, it has been selected.

According to the findings of the quantitative analysis of the research, the structural-physical and managerial aspects have gained the highest and highest level of importance and priority in the matter of urban resilience, respectively. Also, the component of having an orderly, desirable and consistent urban structure and texture has the highest level of importance and study value. Economic and socio-cultural dimensions have respectively the lowest level of importance and value and study priority in the scientific field of urban resilience. Also, the component of economic dynamism and diversity has gained the lowest and lowest level of importance and study priority. Finally, based on the MABAK method and the results of the MABAK test, the city of Naqadeh has a favorable and more suitable resilience situation compared to the city of Qorveh in relation to the dimensions and components investigated, emphasizing the challenge and crisis of climate change.

In the following, based on the findings and the current situation, we will present some targeted and effective proposals, strategies and policies regarding the improvement and promotion of environmental conditions and achieving a safe and resilient urban society in various dimensions of development. It is as follows.- Emphasizing the adoption of policies and programs with the aim of materially and spiritually supporting the people of Qorveh city in order to improve the environmental quality of buildings and physical structures (renovation, improvement and renovation of unsuitable and unsafe buildings).- Benefiting from experts and experts and knowledgeable officials in order to improve the level of effectiveness and achieve self-reliance in the urban management system of Qorveh city.- Adopting policies and strategies with the aim of improving the level of individual and social identity and strengthening the sense of belonging to the living environment in Qorveh city.- Emphasis on improving the level of solidarity, cohesion, unity and empathy in the city of Qorveh- Supporting the creation and development of diverse economic activities and functions in order to increase the mix of uses and with the aim of dynamism of the economic level in the city of Qorveh- Improving the quantitative and qualitative levels of the communication network and the access system in the city of Naqdeh and improving urban facilities (including the quality level of roads, the creation and development of bridges, tunnels, etc).- Improving the quality level of buildings and houses and the physical structure in the city of Naqadeh in order to improve safety levels.- and improving the level of effectiveness and support in the management and urban planning system and the implementation of development plans and measures in the city of Naqadeh

Climate change, especially the heating trend in recent decades, has increasingly affected human health and increased heat-related mortality and morbidity, mainly in cities. Implementing mitigation and adaptation strategies to climate change by managing blue-green infrastructure (BGI) can reduce the consequences of these changes. The research hypothesis is that increasing the BGI per capita in different city districts will reduce the temperature and the number of heat-related patients.

This paper aims to compare the effect of two indicators of BGI to decrease temperature and health risks.

We chose Qazvin city as the case study, and selected heat-related diseases, heatstroke, cardiovascular disease, stroke, and respiratory (dependent variables). After that, the numbers of monthly ambulance calls for the four mentioned diseases (April 2018 to August 2020) were analyzed in all six Qazvin districts. Next, MODIS data were used to conduct Qazvin's surface UHI  map during the mentioned period and show the BGI distribution on the city map, NDVI, as well as calculate the per capita and the percentage of the area of BGI (independent variables) in each city district by GIS. Then, We conducted a linear correlation analysis with the dependent and independent variables and employed Spearman's Rho as the correlation measure.

The results show an inverse correlation between BGI per capita and the number of ambulance calls for cardiovascular, stroke, and respiratory diseases. Molavi and Ferdowsi districts with the lowest BGI per capita and highest land surface temperature (LST) have the most patients, and Pardi's district with the highest BGI per capita and lowest LST have minimum patients. Such correlation is not valid for the percentage of the area of BGI. Therefore, urban landscape planning should pay more attention to the most densely populated districts to reduce health inequality due to climate change.

Climatic conditions of each location play an important role in the living quality and quantity of human and other living things, so any activity or macro-planning is not possible without knowing the climate, and climatic division or kn owledge of climatic zones in land planning and spatial planning is essential. The aim of this study is to predict climate change in ZayandehRood watershed based on IPCC scenarios and Köppen–Geiger classification. In this research, monthly temperature and precipita tion data simulated by TYNSC2.03 in the 21st century (2001-2100) has been used. For this purpose, ZayandehRood watershed divided and studied in the form of a network with dimensions of 45 x 55 km per unit. The results of the defined scenarios A1F1, A2, B1 and B2 indicate that the conditions of the watershed will move towards warming and desertification and the intensity of these changes is more evident in the upstream and downstream of the watershed. The results show that in all scenarios and time periods, Pixel 8, which is located near Fereydunshahr, will have the most changes. However, the extent of these changes is more evident in A1F1 and A2 scenarios, which include climate change from Dsa to Csa in both A1F1 and A2 scenarios from 2001-2025 to 2025-2050, and from Csa to Bsk from 20 51-2075 to 2076-2100. Given the conditions envisaged in the scenarios, mitigation measures, including reducing greenhouse gas emissions, upgrading and expanding clean technologies, and protecting forests, are essential to tackling climate change.

One of the main solutions to deal with climate change and its resulting crises in cities is urban resilience. Resilience refers to the ability of any urban system to withstand and recover quickly from multiple shocks and pressures and to continue to provide services. A resilient city is a city that is ready to rebuild the damage caused by any crisis, such as climate change, while maintaining its basic functions, structures and identity, as well as adapting and progressing against constant change. This issue has found a special place in various researches and international documents, and since Iran is exposed to many climatic challenges, the necessity of such researches is fe lt more than ever. In this research, the main question is how climatic resilience is formed in the city and how its dimensions, especially physical resilience, should be evaluated. Considering that Isfahan is exposed to climate change and based on different scenarios, wide changes in temperature and rainfall of this city are predicted for the coming decades, the present study has been designed and carried out to evaluate the physical resilience of urban neighborhoods to climate change through the case study of Naqshe Jahan Neighborhood in Isfahan. The first step was to study the theoretical framework of urban resilience and extract the in dicators of physical resilience. Then data collection was performed by methods such as documentary studies, interviews and observation and the data obtained were analyzed by GIS and SPSS software. Finally, the level of climate resilience was evaluated and analyzed in five categories of environmental- physical, urban structure, resistance and compatibility, density and access to services. In Naqshe Jahan District, the final score indicates that physical resilience to climate change is moderate. Therefore, strategies were proposed to improve it.

Global climate change and its effects are a matter of concern today. Climatic resilience has been proposed by many researchers as a solution to sudden climatic events. Since buildings emit a high percentage of greenhouse gases, and based on studies conducted on the growing trend of climate change, the issue of climatic resilience in cities and subsequently, the resilience of buildings has been raised. Therefore, it is necessary to address practical resilience strategies in the design of future buildings to respond to climate scenarios. By strategies, we mean components, factors and practices that are considered in the field of climate resilience in the construction se ctor. The present study aims to provide a complementary study to express the resilience strategies of future architectures. It is necessary to pay attention to the compone nts and strategies of resilience of future constructions according to the global climate ch ange trend in order to be used in design standards in construction. This study first deals with external and internal factors to express the resilience strategies of the building and then their subsets based on the impacts of climate change, and finally, by a descriptive-an alytical and qualitative method, the findings are presented as general strategies in the form of a table. The results are that all the components of a building from the beginning of design to the end of construction in different parts of the building are effective in its resilience and th e negligence in the building sector in terms of resilience affects various climatic events.

Cities are just as vulnerable to natural phenomena as they are the most influential human population centres on the natural environment. One of the important components of a sustainable city is its resilience to climate change and environmental hazards. This research aims to analyse the resilience of Varamin city by the Analytic Network Process (ANP) method and determine the effective indicators in its climate resilience. Varamin, a satellite city of Tehran in the southern plain of Tehran and adjacent to the desert plain with a hot and dry climate, is one of the major food suppliers of the capital. In this study, firstly, the key components and indicators related to climate resilience in Varamin were extracted using documentary and library research, field surveys and interviews with 44 experts and specialists in the field of urban planning, environmental planning and urban climate using the Delphi method and through a questionnaire. Afterwards, according to the stages of the Analytic Network Process method and the characteristics of Varamin city, the data and basic information were classified and consequently, the ANP conceptual model was developed. With four components and 33 indicators, the ANP model based on climatic resilience of Varamin city was generated using Super Decisions software and the results were then analysed. The outcomes obtained from ANP show that the highest priority in climatic resilience of Varamin city is related to the population living in informal settlements (including Omrabad, Lorabad, Goltapeh, Sakineh-banoo and Deh-Sharifa) with 0.22 normalized weight and 0.213 migration rate from the socio-economic component. Since the city of Varamin has a large share of the marginalized population and the attracted migrants are not able to provide housing in the formal markets, it is very important to increase the empowerment and improve the resilience of these settlements to climate change. Moreover, from the environmental point of view, the city of Varamin is threatened by climate change conditions due to the decrease of groundwater level and salinization of plain water resources. In addition, land subsidence is one of the major threats to the Varamin plain, as a result of vast agricultural lands, uncontrolled harvesting and abundant drainage of groundwater aquifers. Finally, considering the immigration, the physical growth of Varamin and the extensive change and conversion of land cover/land use balance changes the surface energy and water cycle of the region.

In current century, climate change has become one of the most important global challenges which is mostly due to the human activities and also the lack of paying attention to its environmental results. The negative consequences of climate change at different levels –from local to international- have caused various implementations in response to these changes in forms of climatic reduction and climatic adoption in recent years. In this regard, some urban approaches have responded to these challenges by using their principles that biophilic urbanism is one of them. Biophilic city can improve the quality of environment and also affects on responsing to the challenges of climate change by using the natural features.

This research investigates the nature of climate changes and review the campact city, blue urbanism, carbon-nutral city, renewable city and biophilic urbanism approaches and measure the biophilic capabilities of Tonekabon city (as a case study) in response to climate changes.

 This research has descriptive and analytical methods based on documental studies, observation and also survey. Meta- SWOT technique is  also used for analysis.

Among eleven biophilic capabilities which response to the climate changes, two capabilities of  “green space and urban forests conservation” and “urban greening programmes” have the most effects on responsing to climatic changes particularly flood event in Tonekabon city. Also prioritizing the urban environmental development in urban development plans  in coastal areas such az Tonekabon can provide the necessary backgrounds in order to overcome climatic challenges.

Utilizing the capabilities of biophilic city approach could be effective on overcoming climate changes in coastal cities of north of Iran such az Tonekabon. The biophilic capabilities of these cities in particular urban  forests and  green spaces have a significant role in reduction of warming and flood.