جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "خانه های کاشان" در نشریات گروه "هنر و معماری"

Today’s world has been forced to perform actions based on the principles of sustainable development to compensate for the damage caused by industrialization and the mechanization of nature. However, In Iran, a country with an ancient civilization, ideas based on thoughtful interaction with nature had existed before the emergence of modernism. One of the effects of this interaction is the construction of buildings suitable for local climates without using fossil fuels for cooling and heating. This would result in environmental protection. Coping with the climate in the hot and dry desert regions of Iran has long been one of the most important concerns of Iranian architects. Iranian houses are one of the most durable Iranian buildings. Describing the architecture of the house has a wonderful meaning for everyone and they are aware of its important role in life. Since a significant amount of time in a human’s life is spent at home, thus energy consumption in this area is very thought-provoking. This survey aims to investigate the old houses of Kashan city from a climatic perspective and energy consumption. The study examines each space and compares the min terms of passive energy factors to identify climate-friendly designs and to save energy consumption in Kashan homes. In this survey, Kashan city was selected as a sample of a location with a hot and dry climate. The physical features of houses in this city were examined to understand how they deal with climatic conditions. The data associated with the characteristics of twenty historical houses were collected through field surveys and library and documentary studies. The descriptive and analytical method was examined after creating a questionnaire to achieve passive energy solution factors in selected samples. This article first describes and introduces the different features of each house in Kashan, such as courtyard, porch, types of chambers, basement, etc. Then an adaptation between these places and passive energy is done. In the next step, each of the components of passive energy is defined so that it can be used in contemporary architecture to optimize energy consumption. Like traditional architecture in this climate, houses can be designed by the climate with the current climate technology.

With the advent of Islam and its emphasis on education, mosques became the main bases of education. With the spread of Islam in different lands and the development of science among Muslims, there was a need for a foundation to hold educational sessions. Emphasis on the importance of science and education by Islam, became the main motivation for Muslims to educate in various fields throughout history. In the beginning of Islam, mosques were the only place for Muslims to gather and start lessons.  In the Seljuk era, the establishment of Independent schools like Nezamieh, played a significant role in the development of educational centers and so Iranian became the first nation, amongst all Islamic contries, who built schools. Subsequently, during the Timurid era the schools functioned independently and were separated from the mosques. One of the most important and influential schools of this time is the Ghiasieh in Khargerd. In the following periods, Safavid and Qajar era, rebuilding of educational institutions and religious buildings started with the construction of “mosque-school” buildings which were a mixture of mosque and school functions in one building. One of the first and most important “mosque-schools” of Safavid era is Chaharbagh school which is located in the city of Isfahan. Henceforth in Qahar era, most of the Qajar schools were built in “mosque-school” format. On the other hand, the architecture of the Qajar-era contains too many important innovations which were influenced by deep changes of pre-modern era in Europe. Among these pioneers of architectural change in Qajar era, it is possible to mention the Agha Bozorg “mosque-school” in Kashan. The construction of the “mosque-school” of Agha Bozorg began during the reign of Mohammad Shah in Qajar era (1833-1856) on the remnants of the 1192 earthquake in Kashan. This school was built to become a place for prayer and lectures of Haj Molla Mehdi Naraghi,  known as Agha Bozorg. This building is somewhat innovative, and, from some others perspective, deconstructive. The reason for these innovations can be found in revising the concepts and patterns of domestical architecture in Kashan and re-applying them to this “mosque-school” which makes this building look like a mansion, not a mosque. A mansion for the students to live in.On the other hand, Kashan city includes some of the best examples of residential houses in Iran, which are designed to live in the harsh climate of desert using similar patterns that has formed through the centuries. In this research, ten Qajar mansions were chosen, which were built in a period of 10 years, before and after Aghabozorg “Moque-school”. This Period of time indicates the time frame in which a traditional mansion was built, because in some examples, due to traditional building methos, it takes 20 years to build a mansion in Qajar era. By comparing Agha Bozorg “mosque-school” parts, elements and patterns with similar elements in residential buildings of the same period, in Kashan, it seems that Agha Bozorg is a domestic building that is covered by a mosque`s face, and the architect of this building has considered the architectural design of the building with elements of Iran traditional mansions such as: Basement yard which is a yard in -1 level and beneath the main yard to reach the underground water and cool temperature of soil. This basement yard is a common element in Kashan masions. The other element is called Mahtabi, which means moonlight place, and is a platform above the main yard and is used to benefit the cool nights of desert. The other element is Badgir or wind catcher which is very rare in mosques and school and a popular element in Kashan houses. It`s Hard to find a mansion without Badgir in Kashan. In designing the façade of Aghabozor “mosque-school”, the architect, borrows the classic pattern of Kashan mansions with a big room in the middle which is called Panj-dari and two smaller rooms which are called Sedari. These names mention the rooms with 5 and 3 windows. Even the way to enter each room is taken from mansions, entering from the side of the room not from the front- unlike most of traditional schools. As a result, this school looks like a traditional mansion with a dome and a pair of minarets and, it seems that the architect, unlike all his predecessors, Ignores many classic patterns of a mosque, even the holy direction of Kiblah, and chooses the acclimate orientation. This climatic design is the only way for people in Kashan to survive the harsh weather, hot sun and sandstorms of the desert and architecture of all houses in Kashan is based on similar elements and patterns which were transformed into new functions in creative ways. So this building has essentially turned into a shell of a traditional mansion over “mosque-school” functions. A “mosque-school”, that benefits the climatic design of a house to make it a better climatic place for the students to live in.

The lack of proper understanding based on the fundamental and original notions of persistent architectural patterns of the house has led to disturbances in the fundamental structures of contemporary home architecture. The design of a home-based on sustained principles and archetypes has had complexities that have been taken into consideration in recent traditional architectural patterns have been one of the most prominent and important ways to meet the needs of their time. Among its achievements are climate and design adaptation, the proper use of natural energy, and the enjoyment of comfortable space for humans. It seems that by examining the nature of the archetypes, their applications in the residential design are represented. In this paper, after reviewing the basic principles of residential patterns in case studies, the design criteria used in them are extracted. The purpose of the research is identifing the old architectural patterns of the Kashan houses and its efficiency in designing modern residential architecture. The research method is based on case studies that analysise the content of the texts to identify the conceptual framework for understanding the design criteria. An overview of the role of patterns can be pointed out in terms of its functionality to meet the needs of its time, such as the central courtyard, the Godal Baghcheh (the construction of the main spaces at the negative level), spatial hierarchy, spatial expansion, etc. They are, for example, placing the outdoor space in the center of the house, orientation based on the use of natural factors such as sun, water and wind, roof tiling, sun light and even engaging such as colored glasses from a set of patterns which has a good response in terms of climate, style, aesthetics, and performance. Using the archetype in todaychr('39')s architecture, architect should pay attention to the reason for the emergence of the old patterns. What was the reason why each pattern was originated and what needs to be answered? Finally, how can they be improved by increasing their qualitative dimension with the continuation of them in the formation the spaces of todaychr('39')s homes? In addressing each of the dimensions we want to identify the criteria we can use to cite impact of each criteria to form a pattern-based space. The research is qualitative and analyzes the content of theoretical texts by the research samples. Finally, an analytical review of approaches and considerations consistent with the content of the concepts of theories is obtained to assess the qualitative criteria achieved. Issues raised through representation are examined. Using this method, the studied houses are considered based on the proposed criteria based on the shape structure. Therefore, in this section, the dimensions of the climate, spatial organization, relationship with the earth, materials, proportions and spatial geometry in the four dimensions will be studied to summarize the desired dimensions. Considering the basis of the research, which is based on qualitative analysis, sampling was selected randomly from houses built in the past and present in both Kashan and Yazd. In this regard, the principles based on architectural design patterns in the past and continuity in todaychr('39')s architecture is extracted. Then, based on the conceptual model presented, the criteria were classified into the components of natural structure, physical-space structure, and visual structure. After assessing the reliability of the components by the experts, the level of impact and more comprehensive principles were identified. Subsequently, the semantic analysis of each that was carried out in the studied samples. The results of the research show that the architectural patterns of the houses studied in natural, physical, spatial and visual structures through 15 concepts of hierarchy, spatial equilibrium, flexibility, introversion, collective activity, sensibility, security, energy efficiency, confidentiality, confinement, vernacular materials, static, natural varieties, natural elements, and architectural negative-level are recognizable. These concepts are introduced in the formulation of the criteria of spaceism, introversion, naturalism, and structuralism. These items are more likely to be found in the homes of Saleh and A house, Yazd. In the later spatial organization, lowering the level of clearance (architectural negative-level), the Govdal Baghcheh means the use of the yard in the center of the house and the use of natural lighting and communication with the open space can be viewed on a wider level. In the dimension of the space hierarchy, space communications are considered in two horizontal and high altitudes, open, semi-open, closed, and spatial space, based on space and movement. In the pattern of introversion, there was no direct visual relationship between the inside and the attention to the design of open spaces that could provide direct visual communication; the confidentiality of limiting the attainment of the mental comfort of residents in the home and the observance of safe privacy; spatial communication to develop the activities of the residents of the house is examined. Finally, by evaluating these criteria, the archetypes that can continue in the architecture of todaychr('39')s homes are presented in the form of an analytical-applied model.

As a result of acculturation and confusion in contemporary Persian architecture, houses constructed during this period do not conform to the social and cultural requirements of the local community. Hence, identifying identity-forming elements and concepts in the architecture of Kashan plays a key role in the process of constructing houses possessing an identity and responding to the cultural and social requirements of the local community. In order to identify and explain identity-forming elements and concepts, the qualitative method and the content analysis approach were employed to study two historical houses in Kashan. Based on the results, the identity-forming elements were divided into the natural and physical categories. In addition, identity-forming concepts and principles were determined, some of which confirmed the views of the scholars while others were consistent with such views to some extent. The identity-forming elements in the architecture of the houses of Kashan were divided into two parts of the natural elements and physical elements. The natural elements are water, wind, light, and plants. Physical elements are linking vestibules, Hashti, room, veranda, central courtyard, alcove, hall, wind catcher, and Howz-khāneh. The concepts and principles affecting the formation of housing in Kashan include introversion (i.e., the quality of being inward-looking), centralism, the relationship of architecture with nature, the application of geometric principles in the formation of spaces and visuals, attention to hierarchy and the prioritization of space, space flexibility, proportion and balance in the relationship of architecture to natural elements, and harmony with the climate of the region. Some characteristics and concepts were determined to be “relative” identity-forming features of houses in Kashan. These characteristics and concepts are as follows: Self-sufficiency (i.e., the use of local materials in the construction of the house) and humanized architecture (i.e., the practice of giving a human character to the construction), transparency, and continuity

Kāshan Kāshan is a city with remarkable houses. This paper provides a new consideration and analysis of composition of main spaces in Kāshan historical houses. There are common features in system of main space composition which comes to informative results. The conjunction of spaces together on one side establishes a coherent relationship between them, and in particular with the intermediate space. The spaces of each side that sit together are interconnected, but each segment is independent of others. This system is called "Spatial Composition" in this research. With this approach, and taking into account the main and important segments that have more spatial diversity, we arrive at the same spatial combinations that come around three major and most important spaces.
The paper is composed of 5 main parts. The first part examines the research background. In the second part, samples of Hall (Talar) and Covered space is considered. Following the third part, the base sample is selected from the samples. The fourth section considers the base sample. The last section, which is a summary of the three previous sections, examines the space composition, resulting in spatial patterns around the two main spaces of the Hall (Talar) and Covered space, and categorizes how the spaces are placed next to each other.

There are several reasons why the maintenance of spatial relationships is important in residential homes. Research in this area is being performed on more than 100 homes from the Qajar era in Kashan City to determine the presence of open, half open, and closed spaces, and based on these relationships shape grammar is being used to create a variety of designs. Shape grammar is a manufacturing system within which a set of rules leads from the desired form to the design.
In this study, three spatial types are considered: a courtyard space (open space), an eyvan (partial closed space), and a closed space. Based on these three spatial elements, design plans consist of three types: single court, double court, and complex. Spatial relationships within the homes are defined using the manufacturer’s specified rules and this algorithm. As it turns out, with the use of these specified rules and allowable spatial types an infinite number of design solutions can be provided. The use of shape grammar to interpret tradition home design in Kashan City lead to the creation of many new designs that are displayed through the use of a decision tree. The goal of this research is to allow for novel home designs while maintaining the essence of traditional Qajar home architectural style.

Kashan Historical Houses are unique complexes of Iranian historical architecture. The aim of this essay is to study these houses (Ameris, Tabatabaees, Borujerdees, and Abasis) from a semiotic (structuralist, cultural and poststructuralist) approach. The representation of cultural aspects (such as privacy, security, power, status, and respect) in the light of “introverted” and “veiled” architecture is the focus of this study. In the second part of the essay, I will pay attention to two major binary oppositions in semiotics: inside and outside, and culture and nature. The theses proposed for both binary oppositions could be considered as new in many respects and will result in some poststructuralist or deconstructive readings of these historical houses and some observations on the concept of “home”. All the pictures used for this research are taken by the researcher.