جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "سیل" در نشریات گروه "هنر و معماری"

Urban resilience, a prominent theory in the realm of urban planning, plays a significant role in bridging the gap between theory and practice in this field. Numerous scholars of urban planning have investigated resilience in their studies and they are exploring its meaning to be used in planning operations and in governance institutions. This surge of attention to the study of new concepts by planners has led to innovation, and finally, their tendency to improve the current conditions in cities. In this study, among the possible natural disasters in Karaj, the flood is chosen because of its importance and the considerable attention to it. It should be noted that the threat of flooding in Karaj deserves due attention because this city is located near the Karaj River and dam, and there is a possibility of river overflow and inundation, which could cause huge damages to urban facilities. In addition, any danger related to the Karaj River and dam could affect the water supply to Tehran, making this disaster more important. Therefore, it is essential to identify and extract the dimensions and elements of urban resilience, and a research in this field requires deep investigation. In this regard, this study seeks to identify the elements and dimensions of urban resilience against flood in Karaj city using theme analysis approach and quantitative evaluation by Structural Equations Modeling (SEM) method. This study is an applied research in terms of purpose, and a mixed methods research that conducted content analysis on the qualitative data collected by systematic review. This study used a Structural Equations Modeling (SEM) method in quantitative research with factor analysis approach. The population of qualitative research consisted of 161 national and international papers published in reliable scientific journals from 2002 to 2022, which included the keywords of ‘Urban Resilience’ and ‘Urban Resilience against Flood’. These papers were selected as samples by a judgmental sampling and were analyzed to get a general idea of effective dimensions and elements of urban resilience to flood in Karaj city. For this purpose, qualitative research, and in particular, content analysis was conducted. In addition, the population of quantitative research included senior and middle managers, operating officers of urban planning who worked in the ministry of road and urban development, faculty members and academicians, experts, practitioners and employees of research centers, as well as PhD students of urban planning field. Of which 400 were selected as sample by convenience sampling method, using the Krejcie and Morgan table. The instruments of collecting data in qualitative research were a checklist, and in quantitative research, a researcher-made questionnaire whose reliability was estimated at 0.844 based on the Cronbach’s alpha. The questionnaire included 60 items that were organized in a five-point Likert scale. In order to evaluate validity and reliability, the questionnaire was sent to the elites and the final version was designed after confirming the content validity index and ratio. The electronic link of the questionnaire was sent to the sample group, who completed and returned it via internet. For data analysis, MASQDA 13.28 and Smart PLS 3.2 were used. Goodness of fit (GOF=0.818) showed that the model fitted well with data. The results confirmed presence of social (β=0.925), economic (β=0.731), institutional/organizational (β=0.863), physical/structural (β=0.797), infrastructure/physical (β=0.946) and environmental (β=0.611) dimensions and their elements in the model of urban resilience to flood (P<0.01). Moreover, the results suggest that infrastructure/physical dimension has the most effect on urban resilience to flood and the elements and sub-elements of this significant dimension are provided in this study. It should be noted that the outputs of coding process need much attention, as they lead to the extraction of initial concepts. One of these concepts is ‘Increased urban capacities’ which was missed completely in the literature of urban resilience despite the considerable attention to this concept in engineering sciences such as civil and mechanical engineering. In fact, the researchers of this study believe that this concept involves some elements that imply that a city can cope with a natural or man-made disaster, if it is organized by elements of urban resilience. In other words, if the city maintains its function during the disaster, it can achieve a state that is better than the conditions of before the disaster.

One of the essential responsibilities of urban planners is to designate accommodating locations for the implementation of crisis emergency bases. However, the responsibilities may not be fulfilled unless following the identification of the land’s susceptibilities and limitations in terms of natural disasters, especially flood. In other words, fitting managing measures are impossible to design until the geographic status of the area on which a city is located. Success and effectiveness of any crisis emergency bases’ operation highly depends on the establishment and organization of elements in the relevant time and space. The condition of such elements should be planned based on specific principles and mechanisms. Any failure in complying necessary principles and directives during a process of finding appropriate locations for crisis emergency bases decreases their efficiency as well as leading to additional detrimental conduct, disorder, disturbance, etc. Hence, the present study attempted to evaluate locating priorities for crisis emergency bases in terms of effective criteria, including hospital, fire department, green areas, flood prone zones functions and gas stations, airports, watercourses and passages as well as sportive and religious functions, utilizing hierarchical analysis, fuzzy model and geographic information system. Ultimately, an application of all criteria along with field observation findings resulted in the formation of extensive scopes of priorities of locating proper sites for developing crisis emergency bases. Finding from priority scopes analysis indicated that west areas of the studied zone are more suitable for developing crisis emergency bases in comparison the remaining areas.

Problem statement:

 Providing temporary housing after a disaster is essential to protect the survivors and resume their daily activities, but it may not result in an actual housing transition. After three years of the flood in Chen-Soley, different forms of housing transition are observed. While in some cases, the residence transition has been done through the completion of the reconstruction of permanent housing or the incremental evolution of temporary housing, some affected households still live in temporary units or have returned to previously damaged houses, and their health and safety are at risk.

This study attempts to present a theory that can explain the transition of residence of the survivors from temporary to permanent housing in Chen-Soley village.

This research has used the qualitative approach and the grounded theory method to identify the factors affecting the transition of residence of affected households. Data collection was done through participatory observation and semi-structured interviews. Samples were selected through theoretical sampling and data analysis was carried out through qualitative data coding.

It is possible to redefine the pattern of Aq-Oi housing to transition the residence of survivors by recreating the meaning of the place. The paradigm model of the research shows that this matter depends on the causal conditions, including “the way of supporting housing provision” and “local economy,” providing “safety and security,” and “climate comfort”. Residents’ interactions regarding these conditions were classified into the categories of “community participation,” “capacities of Aq-Oi,” “sense of belonging,” “incremental evolution,” and “form of temporary housing”. Ultimately, the consequences of these interactions have appeared in the form of using “reusing options” of temporary housing, trying to “maintain cultural identity”, and, in some cases, “non-transition of residence”.

Today, most researchers use remote sensing techniques to study natural hazards and identify periodic changes, and the use of these techniques has always been a useful tool for researchers due to its accuracy and ease of use. Meanwhile, the study of floods as a natural hazard is often considered as a blue zone in satellite images with the help of various indicators. This study zoned the flood-affected rural areas in Hoveyzeh city using satellite imagery and remote sensing and normalized water difference index (NDWI). Thus, after preparing Landsat 8 satellite images for 2018 and 2019, geometric and radiometric errors were performed on them in Envi 5.3 as a preprocessing of this type of data. Base (2018) was identified and finally with its output in Arc Gis, rural areas affected by floods in Hoveyzeh city were identified. The results showed that out of 137 rural points in this city, 10 villages were seriously damaged in the flood of April 2017. This number of villages includes 19% of the total population of rural areas of Hoveyzeh city, which is 38% of the total population of the studied city, which is considered a high population. Thus, with the identification of affected rural areas in the study city, planning to improve the situation of these areas is necessary for planners.

In recent decades, resilience planning has been received significant attention by experts from most of the fields, especially landscape architects, in the face of flood and drought disturbances. The River Darakeh, as one of the urban rivers located in Tehran, is highly vulnerable to flood disturbance and its consequences despite the construction of flood-control infrastructures—channels and terraces on the riverbeds. This issue reveals the insufficiency of such plans in controlling the flood. Thus, it is necessary to plan and design the River Darakeh in order to reduce the risk of floods and increase the sustainability of the river. In this regard, this study seeks to fine an alternative approach instead of channels against the environmental problems and consequences of the floods of the River Darakeh. Therefore, this paper endeavors to find answers of the questions: is the new approach to resilience a viable alternative to one-dimensional and engineering approaches to the management of rivers? In order word, how can this approach transform the turbulent environment of the River Darakeh into a sustainable and environmentally and flood-friendly environment? Accordingly, this study employs the descriptive-analytical approach as well as a brief review of the related literature in order to gather various resilience indices. Then, design strategies based on the definitions of indices are extracted, and design solutions for the River Darakeh, as a case study, are presented in the face of flood disturbances. This study relies upon seven indices of resilience thinking—namely, redundancy, diversity, strength, connection, learning, self-organization, and variability—to present several strategies; including environmental and spatial diversity, high-level knowledge, the capacities and skills of indigenous people, the application of past generation’s experiences regarding past floods, strength of natural and human-made components, strength of the spatial relations and coherence of design components, and self-organization of social and ecological resources; for designing the River Darakeh to withstand against flood turbulences. This design and planning initiative includes different social and environmental dimensions which can be considered as alternative solutions for the flood control channels and the terracing on the riverbeds. The finding of this paper can be applied as a pattern for chaotic urban rivers in Iran and throughout the world in similar circumstances.

Resilience, a new approach to environmental disturbances, has attracted the attention of landscape architects in recent decades. This approach is an appropriate alternative to rigorous engineering approaches and has been extensively used in different landscape projects around the world.The Kan river, the main river of Tehran, is still vulnerable to flood disturbance even though its infrastructures have been improved to control the flood. Rigid and one-dimensional approaches to flood control not only has failed to control flooding but also destroyed the ecological and structural infrastructures of rivers. This paper seeks to investigate how the environmental resilience approach can affect flood management in urban rivers. It mainly focuses on the role of resilience thinking and its potential contribution to the regularization of the Kan river in response to flood disturbance. To this purpose, in this paper, four successful projects in the world were examined to extract the principles and strategies of resilience in the face of the river flooding. Planning and strategies were proposed based on these principles and guidelines for this chaotic river. Time, trial, threshold, learning, and diversity as the principles and cut and fill as well as wetlands as the strategies were extracted from the projects to address the disturbance of the river. As a variety of disciplines play a key role in flood control, the necessity for multidisciplinary integrated approach and planning is much felt. The integration of principles and strategies, planning, and organization of the landscape lead to a comprehensive and multidisciplinary program. In other words, the Kan river planning management requires a multidisciplinary approach which addresses landscape and ecological issues. This comprehensive and multidisciplinary planning based on flood resilience can serve as a model for other urban rivers that are vulnerable to flood disturbance.

The overall goal of research is to explain the factors influencing vulnerability zoning district 6 of Tehran and vulnerability in the face of natural disaster flooding. According to the study, the criteria for the vulnerability of cities through previous studies, library studies and Delphi method, interviews of experts will be identified. And then fits the criteria, through the digitization process navigation data to the appropriate format to be imported into GIS. To identify relationships between the standards and the structure of the techniques used DEMATEL. The structure can be obtained through questionnaires completed by experts. Because of the importance of parity is not the way to gain weight ANP criteria will be used. In this study, the MATLAB software for the calculation of the benchmark (DEMATEL techniques) and the application of the criteria used to calculate the weight Super decision. For spatial modeling and vulnerability mapping in Tehran from model-based sorting option is based on profiles that it has removed some restrictions on former methods. This model through the design and incorporation of an extension (extension) using the Python programming language to ArcGis software will be operational. At the end of the six different areas of Tehran in terms of vulnerability to natural disaster will flood zoning. The results showed that a sector with high vulnerability in areas with population density and urban fabric, with an area in the South East is on. Without access to areas after flooding in the vulnerable urban fabric is very important.

Population growth and development of urbanism in hazard-disposed areas lead to higher vulnerability to natural disasters in civil societies. Ignoring riparian zones in construction and development and hyper-grazing and non-standard agriculture by humans have a number of direct and indirect deconstructive influences. One of the crises that threaten the cities is the flooding due to the interference of human in nature. On the other hand، by consideration of major risk reduction factors، risk of disasters that leads to catastrophes may be predicted and procedures can be conducted to avert them. This act requires preparation، development، and incorporation of various local data. Geographic Information System، as an efficient tool in analyzing the local data، can be very effective in evaluating and zoning of this hazard. Tehran province is constantly under flooding threat because of its special geographic conditions. Unfortunately، because of heterogeneous development of the cities in recent years and ignoring the principal urban planning regulations، there exist serious sewerage complications. As a result، one of the crises that threaten Tehran province is flooding due to human interference in nature. Therefore، in order to control and decline these disasters، policies regarding land use allocation in riparian zone and watercourse، transport network development، and soil blowing control، should be adopted based on maps and probable hazards in riparian zones and watercourses. In this research، flooding risk due to human factors in Tehran province is investigated using ArcGIS Software، and then the extracted data are analyzed. To do so، the effective factors on flooding due to human factors، and preparation of contingency maps for vulnerable locations، are recognized. In this approach، initial data are provided first، and then the required layers are extracted from the data structure table in ArcGIS Software. Subsequently، the layers associated with effective coefficients in flooding due to human factors، such as land use layer، access network in riparian zones layer، and amount of soil blowing layer، are mounted on each other and contingency and vulnerability are generated separately. After that، flooding due to human factors and contingency maps were generated separately and factored based on their effects on probability and intensity of the disaster. The calculated layers are mounted on each other، leading to the final map، which shows the flooding possibility due to human factors mostly due to violating the riparian zones. Analyzing the flood hazard map of the province demonstrates that most of the residential constructions and even substructures like transportation networks are built in riparian zones and watercourses، having very high risk of flooding. This happens because urban planning and land use regulations and standards are ignored، and in case of a disaster، there would be a huge financial and life loss. Because of this، crisis management and vulnerability reduction of areas with high and very high risks require appropriate and practicable planning and policies such as reduction in density of human residences، transportation network، and facilities in riparian zones and watercourses، creating constructional laws for riparian zones، and following the agricultural standards.