جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « کشاورزی » در نشریات گروه « هنر و معماری »

By studying the topic of remote sensing, we are confronting to a  science that gives us comprehensive and complete information about the range or a phenomenon without physical contact with it. It also deals with quantifying the behavior of materials in interaction with electromagnetic energy. Actually , the science of remote sensing includes observing the earth from top to bottom (Earth observation systems. Along with other sciences, remote sensing helps other sciences, including archeology, as a helpful tool and as a strong knowledge with an interdisciplinary perspective.This method in archeology can quickly and accurately discover ancient artifacts deep in the earth and on the surface of the earth. Monitoring of ancient sites, by focusing on ancient sites and using satellites such as Spot, Corona, Landsat and Quickbird, is possible by analyzing satellite images and processing them.  Analyzing data from satellites is very useful and practical in order to investigate terrestrial phenomena such as vegetation, surface soils, rocks, water, cities, human phenomena, etc. In the western region of Kermanshah and Iraqi Kurdistan, many ancient remains related to agricultural facilities, including water supply systems, have been left since the Sassanid era, which can be identified with the Corona satellite in the past landscape of the region.  This article is trying to study the western region of Kermanshah and Iraqi Kurdistan by looking at the use of radar and thermal sensors for the archaeological knowledge of the environment and vegetation . and study the condition of soil, water and  pastures (land use) in relation to the remaining  facilities related to agriculture of the region. The study method of this article was library.

The present study examines a wide range of material components of agro-pastoralist communities in late antique Iran who inhabited an area of 250 thousand hectares in the southwest of Fars province. The components include residential buildings, walls, terraces, qanats, unidentified structures, and pottery sherds that exhibit characteristics of the late antiquity era. The structure of these componentsas well as climatic variables during the late antiquity era provide compelling evidence that the componentswere utilized by mobile societies who inhabited the regionseasonally. Furthermore, the architectural structures and seasonal settlements and their direct relationship to pastures and water-control systemsfor dry farming on steep slopes serve as additional proof of the social structure and economic approach (pastoral/agricultural) of the intended society. The primary goal and objective of this study are, respectively, to ascertain the socio-economic characteristics of agro-pastoralist societies in late antiquity, and explore their capacity to establish economic, social, and political institutions. The need for this research comes from the fact that most archaeological studieson this period focus on evidence from urban and rural settlements. Thus, analyzing data through GIS to interpret the systems of settlements and the correlation between material components and environmental behavior can provide a deeper understanding of the socio-economic structures of late antiquity for scholars of this field. The results of the study indicatethat the agro-pastoralist societies of this era had attained a level of complexity in their socio-economic systems and played a significant role in the broader socio-economic framework.

Rural housing is the most primitive and original form of housing for people with fixed habitation. It has developed and expanded due to the changes in the forms of nomadism, especially those that occurred based on agriculture and animal husbandry. of the society— are influential in encouraging economic changes. This study seeks to understand Rural housing reflects the concept that the spaces of livelihood and living are mostly interrelated and that there are no definite time boundaries between activities in rural life. The Iranian Land Reform, a prominent landmark in the 1960s, has been the starting point of major changes in the economy, social relations, migration, occupation, and urban development and marked a major shift in the physical form of rural housing. Three fundamental sources of noneconomic affairs —changes in the knowledge and science of societies, changes in technology, and changes in the public institutions and explain the process of economic change and how it affects rural housing. In this descriptive-analytical study, with the help of field and desk studies and investigation of the ideas of theorists, it was concluded that the process of economic change has only improved living spaces and increased facilities and local amenities for villagers, but livelihood production spaces in rural housing, as a link in the production system, has been neglected during these years. Moreover, in the spatial organization of rural housing, the only spaces that receive attention in the area of ​​livelihood are warehouses and stalls. However, in rural housing, a site also includes gardens, orchards and farms that are the most important parts of a rural house. This has changed the living patterns of residents and caused rural settlements to become semi-urban. Furthermore, the productive economy of rural life has turned into a consumer economy. Therefore, the need to use agricultural elements (gardens, farms, pastures and livestock) becomes an inevitable necessity in the architecture of rural housing.

Food production, food security and self-sufficiency are among the strategic concerns of communities around the world. FAO announced that in 2050 the amount of food production must be doubled. Villages are the primary responsible places for food production through agriculture and animal husbandry activities. Accordingly, the spatial organization of villages and rural houses has been highly influenced by food production activities. Current rural development projects in Iran, however, have paid little attention to this productive role of villages. The design of these projects is mainly inspired by modern urban planning and development models, imported from the West. Aside from the elimination of rural spatial and architectural identity as well as weakening of social relations, these projects undermine the importance of food production in these settlements. It is, therefore, critical to propose a conceptual framework for planning the future development of villages, while supporting their food production activities. The first part of this article examines the main characteristics of villages across the country to find out main factors and influential principles that shape these settlements. Theories of green urbanism have been adopted in order to identify those physical aspects of rural settlements that are related to food production activities. The findings of this study show that the concept of "agrarian urbanism" can provide a proper framework for the physical development of rural settlements. The idea of the physical development of human settlements based on production, consumption and trade of agricultural and horticultural products will strengthen the food production role of villages. This theory, proposed and developed by Duany and DPZ, aims at enhancing the quality of life within all transects mainly based on food production and provides some suggestions within the framework of green urbanism to shape and develop the spatial organization of different types of human settlements. This study adopts a deductive approach and is based on a literature review, which compares theories concerned with food production and their influence on human settlements in the context of Iranian villages.

City of Meybod, like other ancient cities of Iran, has the Sasanian’s urban system which consists of Kohandejh, Sharestan and Byruneh. Keshtkhans have formed, outside the Sharestan wall, in Byroonehs and have had a close relationship, from the beginning, with the city life. As the main mode of inhabitants’ subsistence, farming and animal husbandry would play an important role in the formation of the Meybod as a garden city so that by the expansion of the city and the formation of Byrunehs, it needed areas to assist farmers in farming and gardening and finally led to Keshtkhany towers in the fields and gardens. This suggests the importance of economic, social and political aspects of the time. As in the range of historical studies, it is almost hidden from researchers, in this paper, ten examples of this type of towers, scattered in Meybod, were identified by Interview with local informants and field-work method. It has been tried to analyze and present such architectures in two steps. In the first step, different parts of a Kshtkhvany tower are introduced and then the background of the formation, naming and the main factors of towers location is presented. After that, the relationship between architecture and this kind of tower is investigated from the view point of environment – frame. As the result, it is founded that Keshtkhany towers, consisted of Mill and Gombeh, are multi-functional. Such a comprehensive idea, from the view point of environment, frame, function, etc, can belong to an architect who has grown up with this kind of livelihood (farming); so he can convey his experience and knowledge to the next generation.

Practical education and experimental leaning, including farm training, are basic components of agricultural education. The purpose of this study was to assess effectiveness of practical on farm agriculture course in college of Agriculture of Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources. The survey method was employed in the study. The study population consisted of students who had taken the course (N=120). Through systematic classified random sampling method, 90 students were selected from different majors including: agronomy, horticulture, animal sciences, water engineering, soil sciences and plant protection. Questionnaire was employed to collect data. Following establishment of validity, the questionnaire was pilot tested and its reliability determined (?=0/90).The data resulted from this procedure was analyzed by using SPSS software. The findings of the study indicate that there is a significant correlation (99%) between major, father's job, teaching quality, quality of department activity, quality of the practical on farm agriculture course presentation and efficacy of the course as assessed by the students

The effects of omitting production subsidies from agricultural sector and the related industries in Iran are explored in this paper. To simulate the effects of this policy, a Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model for Iran economy was developed and the latest input- output table published in 2001 and the accompanying information regarding national accounts was used as database in the form of social accounting matrix (SAM). The simulation results indicate that omission subsidies affect urban households more than they affect rural households, i.e. urban households’ income and expenditure decline more than they do for rural’. Therefore, economic inequalities between urban and rural households are apt to decrease. Omission of production subsidies leads to increased production costs as well as increased producer prices of commodities and services which in turn results in inflation and a decrease in employment. On the other hand, implementing this policy leads to an increase in urban household's saving as well as and government's savings which provides investment opportunities in the economy. The overall results indicate that the adverse effects of removing subsidies from agricultural sectors and the related industries are not substantial and could be recommended.

The main objective of this study was an evaluation of the factors affecting the attitude of agricultural researchers as regards nanotechnology. The kind of research method of the study was a Descriptive-Correlational one. The statistical population of the study consisted of all the agricultural researchers of Iran National Research Institutes/Centers (N=983). A 278 member sample was selected using the Stratified Random Sampling method. A questionnaire was used to collect the data. The face validity of the questionnaire was established by a panel of experts in the field of agricultural extension and education at the University of Tehran. A pilot study (consisting of 30 members, out of the main sample) was conducted to establish reliability of the instrument. Cronbach's Alpha coefficient for scale of attitude of researchers toward nanotechnology was found out as 0.89. The descriptive results revealed that most of researchers were familiar with nanotechnology and its applications in agriculture at either a low or intermediate level. Based on Regression Analysis, 61.3% of variance of attitude of researchers toward nanotechnology was explained by the three variables of: familiarity with the applications of nanotechnology in agriculture, knowledge of the respondent concerning nanotechnology, and the number nanotechnology of related research projects performed by the respondent researcher.

Agricultural Sustainability (AS) in Farming Systems has turned into an extremely sensitive issue, which has attracted the attention of most researchers in recent years. The Main objective of this survey research was to assess the situation with regard to different levels of farming system sustainability among wheat growing farmers in Agricultural Production Cooperatives in Fars Province of Iran. All farmers who were members of agricultural cooperatives, were included in the study (N=2700) of whom 132 were selected through Proportional Stratified-randomization method. The reliability of the instrument was determined through Cronbach's Alpha (0.76). Study instrument was sent to the agricultural experts in Research Center, Fars Province to be tested for face validity. The results of Cluster Analysis Technique revealed that the Agricultural Production Cooperatives (APCs) in Arsenjan, Marvdasht and Darab Counties; Lar and Eghlid counties; and Abade county stood in unsustainable, semi sustainable and sustainable categories respectively. Also, results revealed that farming systems were categorized into three levels of sustainability namely sustainable (30.2%), semi-sustainable (43.1%) and unsustainable (26.7%).

A glance at rapid change in societies and the trend of global progress along with development and the necessity to go along in – direction with this growth, demanstrate the value of Entrepreneurship more than any other time. The purpose of this research was to study factors influencing entrepreneurship of agricultural graduates as viewed from viewpoint of the faculty members. Survey method was employed as means of gathering data. The statistical population of this study included the faculty members of University College of Agriculture & Natural Resources, University of Tehran (N=203) from whom a sample of 83 members was randomly selected. Reliability and validity of the instrument was determined through opinions of faculty members and application of Cronbach’s Alpha. The data were analyzed using SPSS software, version 11.5. The findings showed that the most important variables influencing entrepreneurship of agricultural graduates from faculty members’ viewpoint were motivation, creativity, and finance. Factor analysis showed that four most highly ranked factors influencing entrepreneurship of agricultural graduates were psychological, supportive services, educational, and business skills covering 28.76, 21.67, 18.91, and 18.76 percent of total variance (88.11%).

The purpose of this descriptive correlational study was to investigate the tendency level of youth in rural areas of Kermanshah Township to migration, and to determine the influencing factors. The statistical population for the study was constituted of the rural boys (15-28 years) of Kermanshah Township (N= 17544). A multistage sample of rural youth was selected (n=291). The findings indicated that 37% of rural youth had a high tendency to migrate to urban areas. Using factor analysis, the reasons for the migration were reduced to four main factors, namely: economic, infrastructural, cultural, and social. Based on factor analysis, the main methods to reduce the migration rate (of rural youth) are economic, infrastructural, cultural and social course of actions. Regression analysis revealed that attitude toward agriculture as an occupation, age, educational level, travel to urban areas, inter-personal relations, and family structure are predictors of the tendency toward migration. It is recommended that any rural development intervention program should be based upon rural youth's tendency towards migration, and its subsequent influencing factors.