attendance

The lack of urban spaces for children's presence and the insecurity of these spaces in urban environments have led to a different assessment of children's sense of belonging to urban areas, rendering these spaces inadequate for children's daily activities. Therefore, considering the fundamental role of the environment in shaping a child's personality and development, attention to children and their social needs within the contexts of cities and neighborhoods is one of the most important issues facing society today. From this perspective, child-friendly initiatives aim to grant citizenship rights to children, reduce violence against them, and more. Since urban facilities in social and cultural dimensions for children are very limited, if we can focus on planning in cities facing population concentration and various deficiencies, the process of children's interaction with their environment (in a broad sense) will be seriously affected. Thus, such planning represents an effort to create a healthy city for children and future generations. The importance of child-friendly urban planning goes beyond providing playgrounds; the interaction between children and their surrounding environment is a crucial factor (Aerts, 2018).This study aims to identify the strengths and weaknesses of the new and traditional contexts of cities and compare them concerning the principles and indicators of child-friendly cities. Through this approach, the research seeks to identify the components that effectively enhance the quality of public spaces to facilitate children's presence. The main question of this research is the extent to which the new and traditional contexts of cities respond to these indicators.

The method of this research is descriptive-analytical and quantitative. It includes a set of methods aimed at describing the conditions or phenomena under study and also examines the components of urban environment quality from the perspective of children's needs in both traditional and new contexts. this research is classified as developmental-applied in terms of its objectives. Initially, by reviewing available scientific resources (books, articles, and research projects), the principles and indicators of child-friendly cities were explored, leading to the formulation of a framework of indicators for child-friendly cities and the definition of several sub-indicators for each of the main indicators to facilitate a more thorough examination.A researcher-designed questionnaire was developed and finalized through interviews with 15 experts and specialists in psychology, architecture, and urban planning active in the research area. In the next step, 40 questionnaires, which had a calculated Cronbach's alpha of 0.916, were evaluated by the parents of the target child population. Based on theoretical studies and to achieve the research objectives, the proposed model of this stud 378 people were selected as the sample, including 193 students aged 6-9 and 97 students aged 10-12, 88 parents, teachers, and Psychologists who were studied using closed-ended questionnaires, interviews, and walking interviews (interviews conducted while walking in the space). The results obtained from the questionnaires were analyzed using SPSS25 software. The questionnaire included 68 questions in a Likert scale format. After analyzing the questionnaires, a Cronbach's alpha of 0.897 was achieved, and four variables with the highest scores were evaluated.

After reviewing the main indicators in the literature, the framework of components for child-friendly cities—essentially a summary of the main indicators from various sources—was developed in consultation with experts and specialists in psychology, architecture, and urban planning through interviews. This framework includes their frequency of occurrence along with sub-indicators such as the level of safety and security, children's access to essential services and facilities, the presence of suitable public transportation, the quality of spaces for cycling and pedestrian pathways, the existence and quality of green spaces and natural elements, and the level of children's interaction and participation in neighborhood affairs. These components were assessed in Region 1 (new context) and Region 2 (traditional context) of Rasht. Based on the conducted studies, the criteria for an ideal child-friendly space can be categorized into three sections: objective components, subjective components, and functional components. To evaluate these components, observational methods were used for the objective discussions, along with interviews, completion of questionnaires, and children's drawings to examine the subjective and functional factors. The analysis of the criteria for an ideal child-friendly space indicates that the objective and functional components were emphasized in the new context, while the subjective components were prioritized in the traditional context.

The quality of oversight is one of the most important elements of environmental quality in the management index for neighborhoods in Region 1. This is due to the relatively good safety and tranquility for children, parental supervision of children while in the space, the presence of local police, and the design and planning of spaces by officials. The quality of color, as an objective environmental factor, is a key element of environmental quality in the psychological index of this area. This is attributed to the use of murals on floors and walls in certain child-specific spaces in Region 1. Meeting the essential needs of children is a priority among the functional environmental factors. This is due to the high employment rate of parents, the ability to meet children's economic needs in the environment, the regional value of the neighborhood, and public and private investment in this area. Social security is a functional environmental factor in the new context, attributed to the absence of addicts and criminals and the greater presence of local police. Identity and sense of place are more pronounced in the traditional context, with the main reason being the validation of cultural traditions and the presence of residents in these neighborhoods. The findings from the comparative analysis of the two regions show that the components of safety, green spaces, accessibility, and pedestrian and bicycle-friendly pathways from a physical perspective, along with color, aesthetics, and legibility from a psychological perspective, have a better quality in neighborhoods with planned and new contexts compared to traditional neighborhoods. The investigations revealed that the analysis of the questionnaires aligns with the perspectives of experts and the analysis of children's drawings regarding child-centeredness in these two areas. The scores obtained from the comparative analysis indicate that considering the current conditions of Rasht City, Region 1, which represents the new context, has a higher desirability with an average score of 13.2. This is due to the better quality and higher satisfaction of residents compared to Region 2, which has an average score of 8.09, identified as the traditional context. Overall, the new urban context offers a more desirable environmental quality with an emphasis on child-centered urban spaces.

Statement of Problem: 

The mosque, as a place of behavior, establishes a deep connection with its audience. This connection has been an inseparable part of the mosquechr('39')s function for many centuries from the emergence of mosques until today.
Numerous factors play a role in the audiencechr('39')s behavioral and perceptual experiences in man-made spaces, including mosques. Among these factors, changes in shape, variety of types and physical structure in mosques are involved in the audiencechr('39')s behavioral and spatial experiences. In the last decade, we can see an increase in the formation of neighborhood mosques in Qazvin, but unfortunately most of these mosques lack the vitality, dynamism and the desired presence of the audience and have only become prayer spaces, which makes it impossible to create a connection between space and audience.

Aim of the research: 

The purpose of this study is to explore the type of typology and body of mosques on the perception of the audience so that the spatial experiences of the audience are affected by the type of Carcio geometry, proportions, peer and class accesses and spatial hierarchy. On the other; The diversity and adaptability of activities and perceptual mediators affected by the body of mosques on the presence of the audience in the mosque have been studied.

In the research, first; Data collection, by recording events and fieldwork techniques, has been studied in three mosques with a traditional structure of the central courtyard and three mosques with a class structure in the city of Qazvin. Space with depthmap10 software has been used by using spatial layout indicators and since to evaluate the weight of components affecting how to perceive and behave qualitatively, the above method can not be used alone through the survey method and questionnaire design and data analysis by Amous22 statistical software Correlation analysis is performed and significant relationships are inferred between the involved variables.
The research findings indicate that the types and physical components of architecture such as; Distribution and interconnection, depth, spatial connection, arrangement and relationship of internal accesses to diversity, activity adaptability and also the type of audience perception according to perceptual mediators (needs and preferences of the audience) with the duration of the stop and the presence of mosque audience, create a strong and direct relationship.

The quality of permeability is a physical indicator that is significant in the formation of a successful place, especially in the field of public spaces. On the other hand, given that this research considers the issue of attendance of a traditional bazaar, the quality of permeability at the edges, especially the entrances and the rows leading to them, can play a significant role here. The entrance of a space is the first place where many of its features are discovered. Accordingly, the issue of quality of permeability is considered in this research as an independent variable, and its role in people’s presence in the space of a traditional bazaar is examined as a dependent variable. This concept of permeability has been proposed in the existing literature in three forms: neighborhood quality, spatial continuity, and accessibility. 
Theoretical framework
According to the existing literature, the factors affecting permeability, especially in connection with urban contexts, can be examined in three areas, as follows.
- The quality of neighborhoods. The quality of neighborhoods in a spatial configuration means the functional compatibility of the uses that form that space so that the performance of one does not disturb or hinder that of another.
- Spatial continuity. Spatial continuity means the formal and functional connection of spaces with each other so that the environment is perceived by an external observer in a unified manner. This concept can be analyzed in an urban environment using indicators such as integration and connectivity.
- Accessibility. In the literature on architecture, the issue of accessibility can be examined in two areas: visual accessibility and physical accessibility. Visual accessibility means the ability to view a space from neighboring spaces. Physical access pertains to people’s ability to move within the space.

The current research adopts a combination of the qualitative and quantitative methods in data analysis. In the data collection section, the methods of documentary study, direct field observation, and interview with businesses and bazaar users were used, and in the data analysis section, the content analysis method and the space syntax software were used.
  In regard to the edges (independent variable), the three indicators of access quality (including physical access and visual access), spatial continuity, and the quality of neighborhoods were measured separately for each of the entrances. In the analysis of the quality of visual access, indicators were used such as the visibility of the entrances, the variety of uses in the bazaar that can be viewed from the entrance areas, and the amount of details on the space that can be viewed from the entrances. In the measurement of physical access, the degrees of enclosure and isolation of entrances in the bazaar were analyzed. In relation to the quality of neighborhoods, indicators such as the diversity and density of neighborhoods and the degree of their compatibility and interdependence were examined.

No research has been conducted on the issue of attendance of the bazaar and the effect of the quality of permeability thereon, hence the attempt to answer the research questions about how the quality of permeability affects people’s attendance of the bazaar.
 
- How does visual access affect attendance in the bazaar?
The more visible the details from inside the bazaar to the user through its inputs, the more widely people choose those inputs to penetrate the bazaar and, therefore, the greater the attendance of the bazaar. The results of this research demonstrated that the difference in level between the passage and the space inside the market and the increase in the visible surface due to the presence of linear geometries along the lines leading to the entrances raises the range of visibility before entry into the bazaar space.
 
- How does physical access affect attendance in the bazaar?
The first feature for people to identify about the entrances is their visibility from the surrounding roads. If people can see inside the space before entering it, they can choose whether they want to enter the space or not.
The second factor effective on physical access to the bazaar is the users’ willingness to use different entrances. In some cases, this increases the attendance of the bazaar, and in others, it decreases people’s desire attend it.
 
- How does the quality of the neighborhood affect attendance in the bazaar?
The existence of diverse uses and their density in those respects provides the possibility of meeting a greater range of client needs, which ultimately increases their attendance. Moreover, because they complement each other, users increase related nearby users’ attendance. However, the necessary conditions concerning the quality of neighbors are compatible with one another. This means that when incompatible users are placed together, they prevent people from attending the space due to the nuisance that they cause, besides their negative effects on each other’s functions.
         
- How does spatial continuity at the entrances of the bazaar cause attendance thereof?
The degree of spatial continuity at the bazaar entrances can be evaluated using the two indices of integration and connectivity. The values of these two indicators are directly related to the geometric and spatial qualities of the inputs and the lines leading to them.

The most important results of the current research can be presented as follows.
- The quality of access to bazaar inputs is considered as the most important factor affecting permeability, thereby increasing bazaar attendance. This quality can be examined in the form of the two concepts of visual access and physical access.
- The quality of neighborhoods can increase attendance in the bazaar in the form of the compatibility of and dependence between the uses of different bazaar lines and their density and diversity.
- Spatial continuity at the entrances and the rows leading to them in the form of their geometric and spatial features (increasing the widths of the entrance and the rows leading thereto, connecting the entrance with public open spaces and main passages, using linear geometry, reducing the depths of the rows, and integrating and connecting the lines leading to the entrance with other spaces) can increase bazaar permeability and therefore its attendance.

Urban passages are one of the most important urban spaces that have long been the main focus of citizens’ social attendance, particularly the youth. Young people can increase the dynamism and vitality of these spaces with their purposeful attendance. It is of great significance today to address the issue of young people’s attendance of urban spaces and its relationship with architectural components. It is an important step in reduction of the problems of the youth to identify the roles played by these elements in their attendance of passages. Their interaction with other citizens in the streets of the city of Shiraz, Iran can increase the vitality of the urban spaces and provide them with a valuable opportunity to manage their leisure time. The main purpose of this research was to assess the impacts of architectural elements on young people’s attendance of urban spaces. These elements include the shapes of the urban buildings, their colors, flooring types, furniture, and land use variety, and the locations and shapes of the gardens and fountains. The area under investigation is Afifabad Street in Shiraz. The street is 950 meters long and 13 meters wide with about 11 meters of sidewalk on each side. It extends from Qasr al-Dasht Intersection to Afifabad Garden. This urban passage provides a crowded, powerful commercial texture with shopping attraction. This study was aimed at investigating the environmental and functional quality components of its architectural design in order to increase youngsters’ attendance of urban passages. For evaluation of the impacts of physical architectural elements on young people’ attendance of urban passages and their liveliness in this applied research, expert views on the components of urban attendance were first identified through library and documentary studies with an emphasis on the youth. Then, the physical elements that enhance attendance of urban passages were examined, followed by an identification of the components of its reinforcement. In this descriptive-analytical research, the required data were collected through questionnaires obtained from a random sample of 400 respondents that resided, did business, or walked in Afifabad Street. The statistical analysis of the questionnaires was made using SPSS 24, and the important factors related to the environmental components were obtained using the method of factor analysis. The findings demonstrated that the urban furniture element was correlated with some other components such as public and welfare services, environmental components, functional characteristics, safety, and security. Spatial diversity and physical components were found to exhibit the greatest impacts on the attempt to increase young people’s attendance of Afifabad Street, where the correlation coefficient of the relationship was 0.64. It should also be noted that the factors most important to the youth included the concern for the cleanliness of the urban environment and the availability of public services, which can motivate their attendance of the urban area.